Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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APPLICATION OF LUTEIN-ZEAXANTHIN OF EGG YOLK BASED HYDROGEL EYE MASK AS A PREVENTIVE EFFORT AGAINST COMPUTER VISION SYNDROME (CVS)
Get PDFAims and objectives: Computer Vision Syndrome(CVS) is a collection of symptoms related to eye disorders due to the use of computer-based digital devices. So substantial protection is needed against damage caused by exposure to blue light by digital devices. Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids that contain antioxidants so that they can overcome inflammation, have a calming effect and can maintain eye health. The purpose of this research is to produce a topical preparation in the form of a hydrogel eye mask from egg yolk which is useful for overcoming Computer Vision Syndrome(CVS).
Methods: This study formulated three formulas with the active ingredients of egg yolk extract 400µg, 600µg and 800µg using 8.75 g of sodium alginate base and 3.75 g of xanthan gum. Evaluation of the preparations included organoleptic tests, weight and size, pH, swellability, shrinkage, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion and stability tests.
Results: of the evaluation of the preparations hydrogel eye mask in the three formulas showed good physical characteristics and stability. The results of the evaluation that have been carried out show that the organoleptic test has no changes in color, odor and shape. Test the appropriate weight and size under the eye area. The pH test of the three formulas before storage was 7.3±0.15, 7.1±0.05, 7.1±0.17 and after storage 7.5±0.1, 7.4±0.1, 7.2±0.2. The expansion and shrinkage test showed an increase in weight every hour and a decrease in weight every 10 minutes. The homogeneity test showed the three formulas were homogeneous. The viscosity test is in a good range. The dispersion test of the three formulas before storage was 5.13±0.2, 5.07±0.15 and 5.18±0.28 cm and after storage was 5.05±0.13, 5.20±0.32, and 5.11±0.22 cm. The adhesion of each formula before storage was 4.23±0.51, 3.27±0.84, 3.28±0.62 seconds and after storage 3.24±0.38, 3.26±0.15, 2.96±0.77 seconds.
Conclusion: The three formulas produced have good pharmaceutical characteristics and stability so that they can be used to treat Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS).
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 August 2021; Revised: 6 September; Accepted: 13 October; Available online: 15 November 2021
Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Mohammad Bayan, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box: 1 Philadelphia University 19392 Jordan, [email protected]
Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
ACCESS TO MEDICINES STRATEGIES OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CONTROL PROGRAMME IN CAMEROON
Get PDFObjective: Access to cancer drugs is a public health concern in low and middle-income countries. In Cameroon, the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) faces various obstacles to ensure accessibility of cancer drugs. This research aims to analyse the strategies implemented by the NCCP to ensure drugs selection and supply chain management,and obstacles encountered at the central level.
Methodology: A qualitative cross-sectional situational analysis was carried out at the NCCP and the National Essential Medicines Supply Central (NEMSC)in Yaounde. For this purpose, tape-recorded interviews were conducted with key informants using two interview guides. After transcription, the verbal data were kept in a textual corpus and rendered in verbatim. The content analysis was done manually on the basis of a dimension matrix. SPSS version 20 was used to determine descriptive parameters like frequencies and means.
Results: 47% of the drugs retained were part of the National list of essential medicines. The NEMSC ordered 13 princeps. Among these, 35% had generics on the market. In logistics chain management, drug needs estimation and supply planning were based on approximation. As there was no sure information trackability and coordination between actors, not ensured. Also, a monitoring and evaluation plan had not been put in place. Furthermore, the only source of funding was the Government through the annual budget line. Limited financial resources allocated to supply was the main bottle neck, due to the high cost of the therapies and the ever-increasing demand. This resulted in a long stock-out(up to 15 months) for all the drugs and complete unavailability for others, like morphine, despite its great palliative care demand.
Conclusion: There are many challenges around cancer drugs accessibility in Cameroon. Therefore it is an urgent need to strengthen drug provision services within the NCCP.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 August 2021; Revised: 9 September; Accepted: 12 October; Available online: 15 November 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected]
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF PLASMA PROTEIN C DETERMINATION
Get PDFObjective: Protein C, a vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor, is involved in blood coagulation. Activated protein C inactivates Va and VIIIa and stimulates fibrinolysis. In this process, protein S serve as an important factor for activated protein C. Furthermore, excess protein S drives cancer cell proliferation and cell survival through oncogenic receptor Axl(Anexelekto). We determined ranges of protein C both in healthy individuals and distinct hospitalized patients.
Methods: A total of 100 patients with different diagnostic diseases and 50 healthy individuals were included in their plasma protein C determination. A rabbit antibody against human protein C was used for the quantitative estimation of plasma protein C antigen by using rocket immunoassay.
Results: In healthy individuals protein C antigen (PC:Ag) ranges o.6439- 1.4752 µ/ml. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) of length of rocket was calculated to be 12.45%. PC:Ag within laboratory variation was 11.47%. Plasma protein C antigen was destroyed at 56℃ for 30 minutes, whereas no significant decrease of protein C was found at 4℃ refrigerator for one week.
Conclusion: The results showed that plasma protein C antigen was considerably high in 22 diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, the PC:Ag was significantly decreased in 19 liver cirrhosis(p< 0.001) and was positively correlation with serum albumin levels(p< 0.05). In 20 acute leukemias, on the average,there was slightly lower values in PC:Ag, and accompanied with significant decrease of PC:Ag in 5 M5 subtype and in 9 hyper- leukocytes acute leukemias. However, the 3 acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with overt laboratory picture of DIC(disseminated intravascular coagulation) had protein C concentration no lower than the remaining 2 patients with infectious DIC, which suggested the coagulopathy in APL might be due to mechanisms different from other forms of DIC.
Peer Review History:
Received 2 October 2020; Revised 11 November; Accepted 20 December; Available online 15 January 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Idoko Alexander, Caritas University, Enugu, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected]
CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIA IN OROFACIAL ABSCESSES OF ODONTOGENIC ORIGIN
Get PDFBackground: Odontogenic infections vary from minor abscesses to superficial and deep infections that lead to acute infections in the head and neck area that may threaten the patient's life. The objectives of this study are to identify bacteria accountable for orofacial infection of odontogenic origin and patterns of their susceptibility to drugs in order to provide a superior understanding of dental infection management in Yemen.
Methods: The study was conducted on a selected group of patients, regardless of gender and age, who suffer from severe to moderate orofacial infections of odontogenic origin and were admitted to the dental clinic at the Republican University Hospital in Sana'a city. Sample of pus was collected and the bacteria were identified by cultivation in suitable medium and then identified by standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.
Result: A total of 118 cases were positive for bacterial culture, 63 males and 55 females ranged between 5 and 65 years of age, most of them in the age group> 45 years (39.8%), 51.7% had dental abscesses and 48.3% had periodental abscesses. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides species and Staphylococcus epidermidis were isolated from patients with dental abscesses, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides species, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogens from perio-Dental abscesses. The most prevalent bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (about 63% of the total isolates), more than 40% of which were resistant to ceftizoxime, calithromycin, augmentin, tetracyclines, erythromycin and oxacillin. While Staphylococcus epidermidis showed less antibiotic resistance than Staphylococcus aureus. As for the Bacteroids species, it was sensitive to metronidazole and clindamycin (100%), augmentin (98.6%), calrithromycin (94.4%) and finally vancomycin (76.1%).
Conclusion: An elevated occurrence of bacterial isolates was discovered, and Staphylococcus aureus was dominant.Most of the isolated bacteria were resistant to diverse classes of antibiotics. Appropriate antibiotics should be administered based on the bacterial isolates, culture sensitivity, and clinical course of disease.
Peer Review History:
Received 12 October 2020; Revised 18 November; Accepted 27 December; Available online 15 January 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Gulam Mohammed Husain, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders, Hyderabad, India, [email protected]
Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
LOCAL EXPERIENCE OF TELEMEDICINE: EXAMPLES OF CASES IN YEMEN
Get PDFBackground: The benefits of establishing a web-based telemedicine service in a resource-stressed society, linking health professionals in order to improve the quality and accessibility of healthcare and facilitate a further method of medical education through exchange of knowledge and experiences. Sub-standard communication facilities within a strained medical service across limited sites, combined with an inadequate understanding of the service further reduces provision. The on-going military campaign within the country exacerbates the problems facing medical staff, yet despite the difficult situation in the country there is a drive towards an increase in health facilities.
Objective: The aim of this research is to explore one of the first experiences in the use of telemedicine in Yemen by clarifying cases that have benefited from telemedicine and further exploring the potential for development of a network of TM to serve areas which lack sub-specialty services.
Methods: We carried out a review of both the first and second phases of our experience of TM services in Yemen. The first phase began in 1997 when we joined a newly established international company based in the USA with several offices in different countries. We got a huge, expensive digitizer that was supposed to transfer medical reports to second opinion sites in USA, UK, Jordan etc. The second phase began a few years later utilizing a free service, namely The Swinfen Charitable Trust, based in the UK; in which 300 cases in the first stage with 1-3 responses and about 80 cases with 5-50 responses and more in the second stage were involved and benefited from TM services.
Results: During the study period the process was seen to be generally very useful to patients helping the local doctor to give the correct decision on management and treatment; added to that cases had reduced travel and the specialist advice proved educational for the doctors who received their guidance.
Conclusion and recommendation: This study revealed that telemedicine services are generally underutilized in Yemen despite the good results achieved in many of the cases. Technical, administrative, and legal issues should be discussed in Yemen. Factors such as on-going problems with internet connectivity and consequent system reliability must also be considered. Knowing and identifying these factors is vital for considering any future in-depth studies and assessing the appropriate measures to fix the technological problems that face TM in Yemen are an on-going concern.
Peer Review History:
Received 11 December 2020; Revised 5 January 2021; Accepted 13 February; Available online 15 March 2021
Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
Dr. Evren Alğin Yapar, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Turkiye, [email protected]
ROLE OF AMBROXOL AS A PROPHYLACTIC AGENT AGAINST COVID-19
Get PDFCurrently the world is facing a pandemic disease, namely Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As finding recent drugs targeting COVID-19 will take a long time, so repositioning currently existing FDA approved drugs for treating this disastrous disease is an acceptable solution. It has been found that for SARS-CoV-2 to be infective, this necessitates splitting of the viral spike glycoproteins by the serine protease “type II transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2” that has shown to be widely expressed in pulmonary tissues. Thus, TMPRSS2 is suggested to be potential target for antiviral drug design against COVID-19. The mucokinetic drug “Ambroxol” has been reported as a potent inhibitor of TMPRSS2, thus it could represent a therapeutic as well as a prophylactic candidate against SARS-CoV2. This review gives a brief summary about ambroxol’s potential role against COVID-19’s TMPRSS2.
Peer Review History:
Received 2 December 2020; Revised 6 January 2021; Accepted 10 February; Available online 15 March 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
IODINE INTAKE AND CANCER
Get PDFObjectives: Iodine is a trace element that is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Both chronic iodine deficiency or iodine excess have been associated with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of follicular cells in thyroid gland and the influence of thyroid hormone (T3, T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) secretion. Increase rates of the thyroid cancer are increasing after radiation exposure to 131I in children or aldolescents.
Methodology: In respective published reports in literature and in combination of our previous study, dietary iodine excess goiter, iodine induced hyperthyroidism (IIH) and IIT, Iodine intake and the prevalence of papillary carcinoma (PTC), as well as the case-control and cohort studies of thyroid cancer and intake of seafood and milk products, were systematically reviewed. Relative factors that should be considered when studying the effect of dietary iodine in the development of thyroid cancer include screening programs, pathological criteria, diagnostic techniques, radioactive iodine, and standard of medical care in the studied population.
Results and conclusion: In current surveys, papillary thyroid carcinoma forms the largest group of thyroid malignancies, after iodine intake excess or iodine prophylaxis where an increase in the papillary: follicular carcinoma ratio was uncovered. Also, there is clear temporal relationship in many countries between introduction of iodine intake excess especially as to radioactive iodine and an increase in incidence of PTC. Iodine goiter, IIH and IIT were also noted. Autoimmune hashimoto's thyroiditis are linked to dietary iodine. Dietary iodine intake is another care of environmental relevance factor in thyroid diseases and papillary carcinoma. Available evidence of oncogenic thyroid hormone receptor mutants from animal experiments and clinical investigation have been a shift toward the oncogenic function of human thyroid carcinoma, and also its target therapy.
Peer Review History:
Received: 3 April 2021; Revised: 6 May; Accepted: 12 June; Available online: 15 July 2021
Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Prof. Dr. A. Hakan AKTAŞ, Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, Isparta-Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. Vladimir Zaichick, Radionuclide Diagnostics Department, Medical Radiological Research Centre, Obninsk, 249036, Russia. [email protected]
Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, [email protected]
CHILDHOOD URINARY TRACT INFECTION: CLINICAL SIGNS, BACTERIAL CAUSES AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
Get PDFBackground and objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the neglected infection in children from the side of study its clinical symptoms, causative organisms and their antibiotic sensitivity. This investigation searches for determine clinical symptoms frequency, prevalence rate, bacterial features, and antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial urinary tract infection in children attending private children’s health center in Sana’a city.
Methods: In a prospective study carried out over a 24-month period, 1925 samples from children patients suspected of having a UTI were investigated, of which 175 were culture-positive. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Isolated bacteria were identified by standard tests, and antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the disk diffusion method.
Results: Fever was the most frequent symptom that occurred (88%) while other UTI symptoms were less frequent than that reported in adult patients for UTI. The most common etiological agent was Escherichia coli (89.7%), followed Staphylococcus aureus (3.4%), Klebsiella spp (2.9%), Proteus spp (2.3%), and beta haemolytic streptococci (1.7%). Results of antimicrobial resistant for E. coli, as the most prevalent cause of UTI, to commonly used antibiotics are ranged from less than 3% for levofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin and cefoxitin to more than 75% for tetracycline, nalidixic acid, doxycycline, co-trimoxazol and amoxicillin .
Conclusions: The results show the most common symptom of UTI are fever and lack of more obvious symptoms of UTI in adult patients. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of the causes of UTI are highly changeable and constant surveillance of trends in resistance patterns of uropathogens among children is essential.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 June 2021; Revised: 5 July; Accepted: 9 August; Available online: 15 September 2021
Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Dr. Salfarina Ramli, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. [email protected]
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
MODULATORY EFFECT OF HARMINE ON SPATIAL MEMORY, FERTILITY VIA MAO INHIBITION, PREVENTING ANEMIA AND ANTI-NOCICEPTION UPON FOOTSHOCK STRESS AT THREE STAGES OF PREGNANT RATS
Get PDFAim and objective: Stress has overwhelmed the world, mortality due to stress is continually increasing, and pregnancy has known by its physiological modulation. This article has a clear explanation about the effect of the ß-carboline alkaloid harmine containing in the plant of Peganum harmala, it makes a huge debate in many countries as Iran, Brazil, Algeria, China, Australia about the main component that exerted abortion and until now there is no work resolved the matter.
Methods: In this study, we planned our experience, so that each sub-group treated with harmine, stressed with footshock or received the both, according to their pregnancy stages.
Results: Footshock stress as expected with its maximum intensity could be tolerated by the fetuses so could keep the rats pregnant along the main stage, damaged to several physiological parameters, but it makes a good pairing with harmine.
Conclusion: Harmine has enhanced the cognition during pregnancy, and exerted its anxiolytic effect too. Its decreasing effect of food consumption and enhancement of implantation was the main reason to confirm its raising estrogen levels from previous works, raising thrombocytes due to its enhancement of serotonin via its effect of monoamine-oxydase inhibitor MAO I. In other hand, footshock stress even its expected placentation defect but it seemed having an ameliorating effect on immune function during pregnancy.
Peer Review History:
Received: 6 August 2021; Revised: 8 September; Accepted: 11 October; Available online: 15 November 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Sunita Singh, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA, [email protected]
Idoko Alexander, Caritas University, Enugu, Nigeria, [email protected]
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF RUSSELIA EQUISETIFORMIS AGAINST PARACETAMOL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS
Get PDFObjectives: Liver diseases are among the health challenges facing many people and health care providers worldwide. In their search for solution to these problems, researchers are increasingly advocating the use of herbal preparations with proven efficacy in protecting against hepatic disorders. They also investigate medicinal plants with the aim of developing new drugs. Russelia equisetiformis is a plant which contains phytoconstituents that were reported to have biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and membrane-stabilizing properties. In this study, the effect of methanol extract of R. equisetiformis (MEREQ) on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated in rats.
Method: Rats were pretreated orally with graded doses (100 – 400 mg/kg b.w) of MEREQ for 7 days. On the 8th day, hepatotoxicity was induced in the pretreated rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of paracetamol (2 g/kg b.w). Rats were sacrificed on the 15th day; blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis, and the liver was excised for histopathological study. Biochemical parameters analyzed are alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, albumin, and bilirubin.
Results: Administration of paracetamol in the rats resulted in significant increase (p<0.05) in the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin compared with the control. Treatment with MEREQ significantly reduced (p<0.05) the levels of these parameters in a dose-dependent manner, compared with the untreated rats. No significant changes were observed in the serum levels total protein and albumin. Histopathological examination showed that administration of paracetamol caused distortions in the architecture of the liver, but the degree of degeneration of hepatocytes was reduced in the MEREQ-treated rats.
Conclusion: From the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that methanol extract of R. equisetiformis has protective effect on paracetamol-induced hepatic injury.
Peer Review History:
Received 1 October 2020; Revised 13 November; Accepted 20 December; Available online 15 January 2021
Academic Editor: Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]