Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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EVALUATION OF ORO-DISPERSIBLE TABLETS (ARTEMETHER- LUMEFANTRINE AND AMOXICILLIN TRIHYDRATE) USED FOR SOME COMMON CHILDHOOD DISEASES (MALARIA AND PHEUMONIA)
Get PDFBackground: Generic substitution of a brand of medicine for others, with the hope that they have the same therapeutic effect is difficult for health care providers and consumers.
Aim: This study was able to evaluate the authenticity of label claim of eight samples of artemether-lumefantrine and two samples of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets available at Ogige market Nsukka and Ogbete main market, Enugu.
Method: The following tests were carried out; hardness, friability, modified disintegration time, wetting time, water absorption ratio and weight uniformity. The compliance of each sample to the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) requirements were recorded.
Results: The friability test showed that all the tablets passed the test with less than 1% friability loss. The mean hardness ranged from 1.65±0.47 to 5.35±0.67 kgf for artemether-lumefantrine tablets, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets ranged from 4.00±0.93 to 6.10±0.91 kgf respectively. The tablet diameter and mean thickness of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 9.00±1.53 to 11.00±1.0 mm and 2.00±1.15 to 4.00±1.53 mm respectively, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate ranged from 8.00± 0.9 to 10.00±1.0mm and 3.00±2.08 to 4.00±1.53mm respectively. The disintegration time of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 1.50±0.1 to 3.52±0.01 min and 2.06±0.02 to 3.30±0.03 min for amoxicillin trihydrate respectively. The study discovered that several generic brands of artemether-lumefantrine and amoxicillin trihydrate tablets in Nigeria could be sub-standard products.
Peer Review History:
Received: 9 June 2022; Revised: 11 July; Accepted: 17 August; Available online: 15 September 2022
Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Mohammad Bayan, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box: 1 Philadelphia University 19392 Jordan, [email protected]
Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
NEONATAL BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS IN TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground: Ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) is the most widespread eye infection occurring in the first 28 days of life. Although most of these cases are benign, some may progress to systemic complications or blindness if left untreated.
Objectives: The current study was conducted with the aim of revealing the bacteriological causes of conjunctivitis in neonates and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of these bacteria.
Subjects and methods: The study included all neonates at the age of 1 to 28 days presenting at the neonatal nurseries with Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and level II care beds in three hospitals; Authority of Al-Thawra General Hospital, Al-Kuwait University Hospital and Al-Sabeen Maternity and Child Hospital in Sana’a city, Yemen. A full history was taken from each nurse and mothers of the neonates included in the study in which the findings were recorded in a predesigned questionnaire including socio demographic, maternal clinical information and therapeutic interventions. To isolate the causative agent, the conjunctival swabs were inoculated on proper media and bacteria were identified by standard microbiological methods and antibiotic resistance was done for the isolates.
Results: 203 swabs were collected from newborns with eye discharge over a nine-month period. Positive growth rate was 51.7%, males were more affected (57.1%), 80% of affected neonates had low birth weight, 71.4% of preterm infants were most affected (p <0.01). There was a significant relationship between invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation with neonatal conjunctivitis (p<0.05). Gentamicin showed good in vitro sensitivity to all bacteria isolated, Staphylococcus aureus (83%), Escherichia coli 84.6%, with P. aeruginosa it was 60%.
Conclusion: The vast majority of cases of neonatal conjunctivitis were mild with a high level of occurrence, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the major bacterial agents, neonatal conjunctivitis most likely to be a hospital-acquired infection. There was a significant association between phototherapy, non-invasive ventilation and incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis . Gentamicin had high activity against the bacteria isolated in this study.
Peer Review History:
Received: 4 October 2021; Revised: 10 November; Accepted: 12 December; Available online: 15 January 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. Jucimary Vieira dos Santos, Hemonorte Dalton Barbosa Cunha, Brazil, [email protected]
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF FIVE HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
Get PDFBackground: The emergence and extend of antibiotic resistance, together with the development of new strains of illness causes, are of enormous alarm to the global health community. Successful treatment of a illness involves the development of new pharmaceuticals or some promise source of novel drugs. Universally make use of medicinal plants of our community could be an outstanding source of drugs to fight off dental caries. This study is focused on discovering the antibacterial properties of the plants that are frequently being used as traditional medications.
Methods: Five methanol extracts from Salvia officinalis, Commiphora myrrha, Boswellia carteril, Saussurea lappa and Dracaena cinnabari were examined for their antibacterial activities against most common bacterial oral pathogen, Streptococcus mutans. The antibacterial testing was carried out by using the disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution assays.
Results: Methanol extracts of the five plants were effective against Streptococcus mutans with diameter zone of inhibition ranging from 63.6 to 21.0 mm. The results of the microdilution assay confirmed that the Salvia officinalis, Commiphora myrrha, Saussurea lappa and Dracaena cinnabari were effective against the Streptococcus mutans, exhibiting MIC values, ranging from 0.310 to 0.156 mg/ml.
Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that the methanol extracts of plants used in this study have an antibacterial effect even at low concentration against the carcinogenic Streptococcus mutans bacteria, and they may be possible to combat Streptococcus mutans to increase the effectiveness of oral hygiene practices by incorporating the extracts of these plants into anti-caries such as Toothpastes and mouthwash.
Peer Review History:
Received: 9 December 2021; Revised: 6 January 2022; Accepted: 11 February, Available online: 15 March 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
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Get PDFScientific discoveries rely on creative thinking, and dissemination of the scientific findings. UJPR provides platform for scientific dissemination of research finding in wide areas such as pharmaceuticals, chemoinformatics, medicinal chemistry, biomedical informatics, aryuvedics e.t.c. UJPR is an international journal with vigorous review process that meet international standards. The journal has outstanding editorial and review board members with reputable experience in their area of expertise. UJPR is indexed and in more than 40 well known indexing services such as CAS, CASSI (American Chemical Society), DRJI, BASE, Directory of Science, ROAD, ESJI, COSMOS, Academic Keys.
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IN-VITRO ANTICOAGULANT EFFECT OF AERIAL PARTS EXTRACTS OF YEMENI FAGONIA SCHWEINFURTHII HADIDI
Get PDFBackground: Blood coagulation is a quick and effective process that results in the creation of clots, which demands to monitor. Many illness disorders include an abnormality in blood coagulation. This study examined the in vitro effects of methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts from aerial parts of Fagonia schweinfurthii Hadidi on healthy human volunteers' blood coagulation.
Methods: The Secondary metabolites were extracted from dried and crushed F. schweinfurthii aerial parts using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. Additionally, the extracts were tested in vitro at different concentrations (10-100 µg/ml) on the blood coagulation profile, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (a PTT) of apparently healthy human volunteers.
Results: Methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts of F. schweinfurthii aerial parts significantly (p˃0.05) prolonged PT and PTT in the blood of healthy human volunteers with Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts recorded the largest prolongation of PT and PTT correspondingly. The highest PT and PTT prolongation was achieved at 100µg/ml, and the least prolongation time was obtained at 10µg/ml.
Conclusion: These findings displayed that F. schweinfurthii aerial parts contain phytochemical constituents with anticoagulant characteristics and could be used to treat blood clotting disorders.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 April 2022; Revised: 12 May; Accepted: 14 June; Available online: 15 July 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Hüsniye Kayalar, Ege University, Turkey, [email protected]
STORAGE EFFECT ON THE GC-MS PROFILING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM LEAVES OF ANNONA SQUAMOSA L.
Get PDFAim and objective: Medicinal plants, their biological activities, and their phytochemical contents are important for finding safe and potent new compounds for therapeutic use. In order to investigate the chemical contents and to evaluate the storage effect on the antioxidant activity of Lebanese Annona squamosa (AS) leaf essential oil, the current study was undertaken.
Methods: Shade-dried leaves of AS were taken from Batroun (Lebanon), and the essential oil (EO) was extracted by hydrodistillation. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was used to analyze the composition of the EO. Concerning the antioxidant activity, two different methods namely radical scavenging activity (DPPH test) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used.
Results: A total of 21 compounds were identified. The majority of the identified compounds belong to sesquiterpenoids. β-elemene (11.39 -14.14 %) and β-carophyllene (10.15 – 15.56 %) were the most abundant components. On the other hand, the storage of the plant materials containing the EOs or the EOs themselves leads to a loss in the volatile compounds, which is reflected in the bioactivity as shown in the results of the antioxidants assays. The EOs demonstrated antioxidant activities with IC50 lower than 9 μg.mL-1. DPPH test and FRAP test exhibited a strong positive correlation (r=0.99).
Conclusion: The obtained results suggest that EO extracts from AS have an antioxidant to protect people. Thus, the EO of fresh samples of AS can have interesting applications in versatile areas such as the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Peer Review History:
Received: 4 April 2022; Revised: 10 May; Accepted: 12 June; Available online: 15 July 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Dr. Nazim Hussain, North East Frontier Technical University, Arunachal pradesh, India, [email protected]
PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC STEM EXTRACT OF BOMBAX BUONOPOZENSE P.BEAUV (SILK COTTON TREE)
Get PDFBackground: The aim and objective of this study was to evaluate methanolic extract of Bombax buonopozense (stem) for antimicrobial and phytochemical screening.
Methods: The methanolic stem extract of B. buonopozense with documented ethno-medicinal applications were fractionated in different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water) and subjected to phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity against some disease-causing microorganisms including gram positive and gram negative (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli). The antimicrobial tests were carried out in triplicates, the data obtained were subjected to one-way ANOVA using statistical package for social science (SPSS).
Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, saponins, saponin glycosides, Tannins, hydrolysable Tannins, steroids and triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols and volatile oils. Each fractions of the extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against all the organisms tested. MIC values of each fractions revealed strong inhibition against all the organisms tested. The methanolic stem extract of B. buonopozense in chloroform, water, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and n-butanol showed the following MIC values. S. aureus. 6.25, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 12.5. E. coli 100, 100, 50, 6.25 and 12.5. Salmonella spp. 3.125, 12.5, 25, 3.125 and 12.5 respectively.
Conclusion: This study shows that the extract posses’ antimicrobial properties which can be used as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 August 2022; Revised: 11 September; Accepted: 19 October; Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
TRENDS AND CAUSES OF MORBIDITY IN PART OF CHILDREN IN THE CITY OF SANA'A, YEMEN 1978-2018: FINDINGS OF SINGLE CHILDREN'S HEALTH CENTER
Get PDFBackground and aims: Yemen has made notable progress in dropping child mortality over the past four decades. In spite of this, due to political instability and the foreign aggression on the country in the past ten years, the incidence of diseases and deaths escalated. The mortality rate of children under the age of 5 in Yemen is still high compared to many low and middle countries (LMIC). Alternatively, patterns and causes of child morbidity in Yemen have not been well inspected. The aim of this study was to investigate the trend of morbidity and causes of disease among children ≤16 years old in Sana'a city, Yemen from 1978 to 2018 based on data from a single child health center.
Subjects and methods: Data was collected from a private children Health Center in Sana'a. Data collection and analysis was performed for 4 months starting from 15/6/2020 and ending on 9/26/2020. The records included clinical and laboratory investigations for children who visited the out-patient clinic of the medical center. The study included 8,861 clinical diagnosed cases, 4,833 males and 4,028 females, between the ages of less than one year and 16 years. The frequency distribution of the different variables and the ratios of cases containing data on these variables were analyzed and their significance (P-value) was calculated using Chi-squared "N-1" test.
Results: Between 1978 and 2018, respiratory diseases were the most common accounting for 44.3% of the total causes, followed by gastrointestinal diseases (30.3%), and other diseases such as skin diseases, nutritional disorders, and urinary tract infections by 5.2%, 3.9% and 3.9 % respectively. In addition, central nervous system diseases (CNS) (3.1%), hematology (1.7%), and heart disease (1.33%) were rare childhood diseases.
Conclusions: Respiratory diseases and gastrointestinal diseases remain among the main causes of children's diseases in Sana'a, Yemen. These findings call for better newborn and child recovery and survival interventions that focus on the key factors that lead to childhood disease.
Peer Review History:
Received 7 October 2020; Revised 15 November; Accepted 28 December; Available online 15 January 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Ali Awad Allah Ali Moh. Saeed, National University, Sudan, [email protected]
Dr. Gulam Mohammed Husain, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders, Hyderabad, India, [email protected]
Dr. Sunita Singh, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA, [email protected]
A REVIEW: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE TO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HCN LEVEL IN CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ) LEAVES
Get PDFCassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the food resources that many people consume as vegetables in some regions. People believe that it has natural antioxidant compounds such as phenolic and flavonoids. Also, it contains HCN elements known as toxic compounds. However, HCN levels can be reduced by dry heating and boiling. Phenolic and flavonoids are not resistant to heating and are easily oxidized. This article aim to assess the effect of temperature to antioxidant activity and the decrease of HCN level of cassava leaves. The pretreatment heating by oven (dry heating) and cooking (boiling heating) greatly affects to the antioxidant activity and the reduction of cyanide acid (HCN) level in cassava leaves. This article may be useful for any one or any researcher to determine pretreatment heating temperature and heating method to process prepare cassava leaves.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 October 2020; Revised 13 November; Accepted 24 December; Available online 15 January 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
CLINICAL FEATURES, AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTIONS, RISK FACTORS AND THE TYPE OF BACTERIA ISOLATED IN PERIODONTITIS PATIENTS IN SANA'A, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground: Periodontitis is an inflammation caused by plaque in the surrounding dental structures. It is a major factor in adult tooth loss. There is lack of information on associated clinical features, risk factors and microbial etiology of periodontitis in Sana’a, Yemen.
Aim: The study focused on associated clinical features, risk factors and the separation and classification of bacteria in periodontitis and associated risk factors amongst patients attending dental clinics is Sana’a city.
Methods: First, 296 patients were admitted to the dental clinic at the Republican University Hospital and private dental clinics in Sana'a during a period of nearly one year, which began in December 2019 AD and ended in November 2020 AD, when they were diagnosed with dental diseases, then 49 of them were selected who are suffering from periodontitis, of whom 22 are males and 27 are females. Sterile paper points were used for the sample collection. Standard culture and biochemical techniques were used for the isolation and identification. Structured questionnaires were used to record clinical features, demographic variables and other risk factors of periodontitis.
Results: A total of 130 microorganisms were isolated from 49 patients with periodontitis. Male patients accounted for 14.4% and females 18.9% of the all 296 patients who attended our clinics. There was no important association between sex and periodontitis occurrence while there was significant association the younger age groups (45.4% in <26 years of age). The most common signs and symptoms were swollen or puffy gums (91.9%), bleed easily gums (96%), halitosis (96%), painful chewing (87.8%), pus between teeth and gums (71.4%), loose teeth or loss of teeth (44.9%), gingival recession (83.7%), spitting out blood when brushing or flossing teeth (79.6%), and tender gums (93.9%).
Conclusion: This study is new in Sana'a city. The clinical features of preiodentitis in Yemen and the risk factors are similar to those reported in the literature elsewhere, but the isolated bacteria differ in frequency from those reported elsewhere, as some upper respiratory tract pathogens such as Streptococcus pyogenes are commonly isolated in this study. Knowledge of the clinical features, bacterial causes of gum disease, and risk factors is the key to successful periodontal therapy.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 December 2020; Revised 8 January 2021; Accepted 11 February; Available online 15 March 2021
Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected]
Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected]