Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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LETHAL DOSE AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE ACUTE AND SUB ACUTE EFFECTS OF CALLIANDRA PORTORICENSIS ROOT BARK METHANOL EXTRACT ON THE VITAL ORGANS OF ADULT MALE ALBINO RATS
Get PDFBackground: Calliandra portoricensis (C. portoricensis) is also known as snowflake acacia or powder-puff and belongs to the family mimosaeae. Toxicology can be defined as the study of the harmful, poisonous and adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals constituents found in plants, which may increase the chances of mortality or weakness in the general health, physically as well as mentally.
Objective: To evaluate the results of the oral administration of C. portoricensis root bark methanol extract on the vital organs of adult male albino rats.
Methods: Acute oral toxicity studies were performed according to the organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD), 2002. Thirty-five male albino rats (160-180g) were divided into seven groups with five rats per group. Group G were given a single oral limit dose of 5000 mg/kg b.wt of C. portoricensis root bark methanol extract while group A control animals received an equivalent amount of distilled water. Group B, C, D, E and F where administered 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg b.wt of C. portoricensis root bark methanol extract respectively for 7 days. The C. portoricensis root bark methanol extract was administered orally using a calibrated 1ml syringe with attached polythene cannula. At different stages in the study, rats were sacrificed and the vital organs such as stomach, kidney, liver, small intestine and pancreas were excised and fixed in 10% formalin for Histological examination.
Result: Rats given CPRBME showed toxicity symptoms including writhing, dullness, decreased locomotion, fatigue etc. 2-4 hours after administration of CPRBME in groups B – F as compared to group A. Also there were severe diffused vacuolar degeneration, necrosis of hepatocytes, necrotic-erosion of mucosa membrane and various degree of kidney tubular degeneration compared to the control group A. The spleen of both control and treated groups had no visible lesion.
Conclusion: The present results of the study showed that acute and sub acute administration (14 days as seen in this study) of C. portoricensis root bark methanol extract may impede the proper function of vital organs.
Peer Review History:
Received: 4 December 2021; Revised: 13 January 2022; Accepted: 8 February, Available online: 15 March 2022
Academic Editor: Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF DEPRESSION AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS IN YENAGOA, SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Get PDFBackground: Depression is a mental health condition that affects approximately 350 million people worldwide. People living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) are at increased risk of developing this condition. Identification of location-specific factors is crucial to minimizing this presentation in this sub-population.
Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence, severity, and associated sociodemographic and comorbidity of depression among people living with HIV and AIDS in a laboratory setting in Yenagoa, southern Nigeria.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out on 282 PLWHA, aged 18 years and over. They receive HIV screening services in the laboratory of the Federal Medical Center, Yenagoa from March to April 2017. Sociodemographic data of respondents and selected comorbidities were collected using a modified structured questionnaire from the World Health Organization STEPS tool. Retrieving CD4+ count results from the laboratory registry, and height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. The presence of depression was assessed using the Patients Health Questionnaire-9 tool and performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with depression with a 95% confidence level.
Results: The mean age of the respondents was 40±8.8 years and most of them were females 195 (69.2%). Seventy-five (26.6%) of the respondents were depressed, of whom 10 (13.3%) had severe depression, while 41 (54.7%) had mild depression. The most common symptoms of depression were fatigue (30.1%) and dysphoria (28.7%). There was an association between depression and CD4+ count <350 cells/µL with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 2.04 (95%CI: 1.14-3.63) and underweight with an aOR of 2.56 (95%CI: 1.01-6.47), while HAART with an aOR of 0.38 (95%CI: 0.18-0.84) was associated with decreased odds of developing depression.
Conclusion: Depression appeared among a significant proportion of people living with HIV and AIDS in Yenagoa, southern Nigeria, and fatigue was the most common symptom of depression. Lack of HAART, low CD4+ count, and being underweight appear to be the major factors negatively associated with depression. There is therefore a need to ensure people living with HIV and AIDS continue to receive HAART to improve CD4+ count and increase BMI.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 February 2022; Revised: 7 March; Accepted: 12 April; Available online: 15 May 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
IN-VITRO BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY FOR MARKETED INNOVATOR AND THREE BRANDS LOCAL MANUFACTURING CIPROFLOXACIN HYDROCHLORIDE TABLETS IN YEMEN
Get PDFBackground and objective: This study is focused to evaluate the in vitro bioequivalence of three brands of ciprofloxacin 500mg tablets from local producer and marketing in Yemen, with innovator brand using in vitro dissolution study under biowaiver conditions by UV spectrophotometer.
Method: The Dissolution profile has been evaluated by testing in dissolution media were USP buffer solution at pH 1.2 (hydrochloric acid solution), pH 4.5 (acetate buffer solution) and pH 6.8 (phosphate buffer solution). Also, further general quality assessment tests of these tablets like weight variation, disintegration time hardness, friability and assay test were accomplished according to proven methods.
Results: All brands conformed to the official specification for uniformity of weight, friability and disintegration time. Content uniformity of chosen tablets shown that all samples contained over 99% (w/w) of labeled chemical content. The profile dissolution finding of all the tablets formulation and the innovator brand were further analyzed with difference factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2).
Conclusion: These results indicated that the generic Cipro® (C) tablets included in this study was bioequivalent with the chosen innovator brand at 0.2N hydrochloric acid solution, pH 1.2 and the other generic brands bioequivalent with the chosen innovator brand at this medium. Also, the results showed that the three generic ciprofloxacin tablets involved in this study were bioequivalent with the selected innovator brand at pH 4.5 and pH 6.8.
Peer Review History:
Received: 7 August 2022; Revised: 16 September; Accepted: 23 October; Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Evren Alğin Yapar, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Turkiye, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
ASSOCIATION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS BY LIMITED MATERIALS: PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN YEMEN
Get PDFBackground and aims: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease with damage to many organs due to the production of auto-antibodies, including auto-antibodies to renal antigen, vascular tissue antigens, brain antigens, ribosomes, nuclear antigens, and phospholipids. This study was conducted to determine patient characteristics and clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus and to find out the association of positive IgG with high titer of EBV-VCA with clinical features of SLE patients.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 142 patients with SLE diagnosed based on American College of Rheumatology criteria were selected. All were included in the study after obtaining informed consent for participation. Whole blood samples were taken and serum was separated to determine anti-EBV IgG antibodies using the ELISA method and assessment with the SLE.
Results: Female represent 81% of the total patients, while male represent only 19%, with ratio male: female equal to 1: 4.3, most of the patients were adults over 20 years old, with mean age ± SD was 35.8 ± 13.7 years. The most common signs were joint pain (95.1%), fever (92.3%), persistent fatigue (83.8%), followed by joint swelling (69.7%), photosensitivity (54.4%), renal involvement (52.8%), weigh loss (49.3%) and alopecia (49.3%), while other SLE signs were less frequent.
Conclusion: EBV may have an important role in SLE pathogenesis and activity, SLE male: female ratio equals 1:4.3, most patients were adults over 20 years of age, and the most common signs of SLE were joint pain, fever and persistent fatigue.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 August 2022; Revised: 11 September; Accepted: 19 October; Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Rima Benatoui,Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, Algeria. [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
FOODINFORMATICS OF VANILLIN-RICH DRINK AGAINST CANONICAL TARGETS OF BREAST CANCER
Get PDFAim and objective: Vanillin-rich drink (Vimto®) is a popular drink among women. The aim of this study was to evaluate anti-breast cancer potential of Vimto®.
Methods: the chemical composition of Vimto® has been determined by gas chromatography and foodinformatics used to identify its putative binders to canonical targets of breast cancer. The binding affinity (kcal/mol) of the target proteins of breast cancer and the phytocompounds was computationally obtained.
Results: Major aliphatic hydrocarbons of Vimto® were hydroxymethyl furfurole, tetradecane, hexadecane, dodecane, octadecane and 9-octadecenamide while aromatic hydrocarbons were vanillin, benzoic acid, diisooctyl phthalate, butanoic acid, piperonal, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and germacrene D. 9-octadecenamidebound firmly to HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) and warrant experimental studies. All aromatic hydrocarbons expect benzoic acid and vanillin showed reliable BA with HER2. Germacrene D showed acceptable binding affinity with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrone sulfatase. Benzoic acid and diisooctyl phthalate showed strong BA with phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and AKT (protein kinase B), respectively. Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisooctyl phthalate have been docked with HER2. Butanoic acid and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate showed binding affinity with aromatase. Benzoic acid and diisooctyl phthalate, and bis (2-ethylhexyl) are not safe compounds while bounded to target proteins of breast cancer.
Conclusions: To sum up, Vimto® is an amalgam of safe compounds possess possible anti-breast cancer, however it needs further experimental and biosafety evaluation.
Peer Review History:
Received: 6 December 2021; Revised: 7 January 2022; Accepted: 13 February, Available online: 15 March 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Rima Benatoui, Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, BP12 E L Hadjar–Algeria, [email protected]
Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, [email protected]
DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID MALIGNANCY USING TRACE ELEMENTS OF NODULAR TISSUE DETERMINED BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS
Get PDFBackground: Benign (TBN) and malignant (TMN) thyroid nodules are a common thyroid lesion. The differentiation of TMN often remains a clinical challenge and further improvements of TMN diagnostic accuracy are warranted. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibilities of using differences in trace element contents (TEs) in nodular tissue to diagnose thyroid malignancies and to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for most informative TEs in the diagnosis of TMN.
Methods: Contents of TEs such as bromine (Br), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), iodine (I), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), and zinc (Zn) were prospectively evaluated in “normal” thyroid (NT) of 105 individuals as well as in nodular tissue of thyroids with TBN (79 patients) and to TMN (41 patients). Measurements were performed using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis.
Results: It was observed that in TMN tissue the mean mass fractions of I and Zn were lower while the mean mass fraction of Rb was higher than in NT and TBN tissue. It was demonstrated that the I contents is nodular tissue is the most informative parameter for the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. It was found that “Sensitivity”, “Specificity” and “Accuracy” of TMN identification using the I level in the needle biopsy of affected thyroid tissue (87±5%, 96±2% and 94±2% respectively) were significantly higher than that made using ultrasound screening and cytological test of fine needle aspiration biopsy.
Conclusions: It was concluded that determination the I level in a needle biopsy of TNs using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis, is a fast, reliable, and informative diagnostic tool that can be successfully used as an additional test of thyroid malignancy identification.
Peer Review History:
Received: 4 February 2022; Revised: 9 March; Accepted: 28 April; Available online: 15 May 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, [email protected]
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ASTAXANTHIN LOADED SELF NANO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SNEDDS)
Get PDFAim and Objective: SNEDDS (Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System) is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant which forms nanoemulsions spontaneously when comes in contact with gastric fluid thereby increasing the solubility of active substances. Astaxanthin is one of the active substances having low solubility so it suits well with this nanoformulation. This study aims to formulate and characterize Astaxanthin SNEDDS.
Methods: This research is a laboratory experimental research using spontaneous emulsification method.
Results: Astaxanthin SNEDDS was made in 3 formulations by using the ratio of surfactants and co-surfactants that were characterized to produce a transmittance value of F1 91%, F2 90%, and F3 95%, with a particle size of F1 183.75 nm with a PDI 0.272, F2 195.25 nm with a PDI 0.341, and F3 105.75 nm with a PDI 0.392. The entrapment efficiency (%EE) of Astaxanthine SNEDDS was found to be as follows; F1, F2, and F3 had 94.62, 94.35, and 95.57% EE respectively. The results showed that F3 with a surfactant concentration of 72% and co-surfactant 18% was the best formula in forming SNEDDS.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the higher the surfactant concentration, the greater its ability to reduce the interfacial tension of the oil droplets so as to obtain small particle sizes and high entrapment efficiency values.
Peer Review History:
Received: 22 April 2022; Revised: 3 May; Accepted: 12 June; Available online: 15 July 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Mohamed Salama, Modern University for Technology & Information, Egypt, [email protected]
CYTOTOXIC EFFECT, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL, AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF PLEIOGYNIUM TIMORENSE SEEDS
Get PDFObjective: The aim of the current research was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Pleiogynium timorense seeds against different human cancer cell lines, its antioxidant activity and to investigate its phytoconstituents.
Methods: Ethyl acetate extract of Pleiogynium timorense seeds was assayed for the cytotoxic effect against liver cancer cell line (HepG2), ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3) and prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) using SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging assay using Trolox as a standard. The phytochemical components of the plant extract were examined using various phytochemical screening methods. The polyphenolic contents of the extract were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Results: The result revealed that the seed extract exhibited very potent effect against HepG-2 cancer cell line with IC50=1.62 μg/mL, and against SKOV-3 cancer cell line with IC50 =6.37 μg/mL, while a moderate effect against PC-3 cancer cell line with IC50=46 μg/mL, by comparing with that of Doxorubicin. Moreover, IC50 values of Trolox and the seed extract were 24.42 ± 0.87 and 90.4±0.32 μg/ml, respectively. The results revealed the presence of the flavonoids, tannins and triterpenes and/or sterols in the seed extract. While, it revealed the absence of coumarins, alkaloids, saponins and carbohydrate and/or glycosides from the extract.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the current study highlights the effect of ethyl acetate extract of Pleiogynium timorense seeds as antioxidant and a potent cytotoxic agent against different human cell lines aiming to be the first step towards the discovery of safe natural anticancer drug.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 April 2022; Revised: 9 May; Accepted: 12 June; Available online: 15 July 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
PREVALENCE AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE UTILIZATION OF ANTENATAL CARE IN SANA’A CITY, YEMEN
Get PDFBack ground and objective: Antenatal care (ANC) is a health care intervention intended to ensure the safety of pregnancy. According to the World Health Organization, at least four ANC visits are recommended for a healthy pregnancy. However, whether this recommended number of visits was followed or not in the urban or rural areas of Yemen is not known. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the prevalence of, and the associated factors of ANC utilization by pregnant women in the city of Sana’a, Yemen.
Methods: This study is an Institutional based cross-sectional descriptive study of married pregnant women practices toward ANC services. The sample size was calculated by Epi-Info to be 452 participants; multistage sampling was adopted. Data was collected direct interviews using a structured questionnaire with close-ended questions. Local language questionnaire was used. The questionnaire consists of several parts (Demographic characteristics, obstetric history, and practices (utilization of ANC) at 10- Health centers of Sana’a City, Republic of Yemen. Epi-Info was used for data analysis, χ2 was calculated and p. value < 0.05 was considered as a cut off for significance of deference.
Results: The response rate was 99.1%. Only 214 (47.3%) of the respondents have adequate utilization of ANC. Adequate ANC utilization was high in educated mother, educated husband, high and moderate income, mothers with children >5. According to obstetric factors, adequate ANC utilization was high in mothers whose age at first pregnancy was more than 20 years, primigravida and primipara.
Conclusion: The study results highlight the need to increase the number of ANC visits, and the importance of using an appropriate model to determine the important socio-demographic factors that ANC service providers shall focus on to improve the health of the unborn baby and the mother during pregnancy.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 June 2022; Revised: 10 July; Accepted: 29 August; Available online: 15 September 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
DETERMINATION OF ATTITUDE OF COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS TO MEDICINE INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
Get PDFBackground: The current global economic recession and harsh practice environment have imposed a demand on community pharmacy to ensure efficient and effective drug stock (inventory) management to enhance cost savings for valuable professional profit advantage.
Objective: This study presents the determination of the attitude of community pharmacists on medicine inventory management.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey of 125 community pharmacists selected using a simple random sampling method. The primary data were collected with the aid of a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The sample size was determined using the Taro Yamane’s formula for a finite population. The questionnaire comprises three main sections to study the attitude of community pharmacists to medicine inventory management and are designed using simple statements on a Likert-type scale with five alternative responses having weights scores of 0-4. The collected data were subjected to descriptive and inferential analysis with a significance level of 5% using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL).
Results: The response rate was 125 (96.2%) and the questionnaire reliability was 0.97. Most respondents were located in Warri 69 (75.2%), with almost evenly split sex categories with the male 70 (56.0%) being slightly more, age distribution almost bell-shaped with the 30-39 years range being the modal range. Most of the survey respondents were superintendents 98 (78.4%), computer 79 (63.2%) usage in their premises with 67(84.8%) being used for inventory management purposes. Community pharmacists showed a negative attitude (MWA=2.46) towards inventory management with a significant association with the gender respondents (x2=9.32, p=0.01) however, males being more negative than females. The result shows that the community pharmacists in Delta State had a negative attitude towards inventory management. Adequate training through self-development is highly advocated.
Peer Review History:
Received: 6 June 2022; Revised: 13 July; Accepted: 25 August; Available online: 15 September 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Rusmir Baljic, Clinic for infectious diseases, Clinical center University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. [email protected]
Dr. Govind Vyas, Compliance & Regulatory Officer Inva-Tech Pharmaceuticals LLC, New-Jersey, USA, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]