Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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BACTERIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIABETIC FOOT INFECTION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MULTIRESISTANT ISOLATES TO HYDRAULIC EXTRACTS FROM ALLIUM SATIVA, ALLIUM CEPA AND CANNABIS SATIVA
Get PDFBackground and objective : Diabetic foot infection is one of the most serious complications of diabetes and its persistence is the result of the ineffectiveness of antibiotic therapy due to the exponentially increasing of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The study aimed at investigating the antibacterial effect of the aqueous extract of some plants on the antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from diabetic foot wound infections.
Methods : A 6-months cross-sectional study from July 2021 to January 2022 at the Yaoundé Central Hospital, was undertaken with diabetic foot wound patients. All samples were appraised to determine presence of infectious agents using standard methods for isolation and identification of bacteria. Subsequently, Antibiotic resistance was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods. Finally, extracts of Cannabis sativa leaves, Allium cepa and Allium sativum bulbs were obtained with water and their antibacterial activities were evaluated by the microdillution method on liquid medium.
Results : 20 patients whom 14 men were included, with a sex ratio of 2.33, and their mean age was 52.5±9.6 years. 60% of these patients presented wounds in grade III and were of several types : purulent (48.57%), moist (31.43%) and dry (20%). 35 strains were isolated. The predominant GPB were S. aureus (34.29%) followed by Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (14.29%), and Bacillus Spp (2.86%). Among the GNB, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.46%), Serratia Spp. (8.56%), Escherichia coli (8.56%), Enterobacter Spp. (5.71%), Proteus Spp. (5.71%), Klebsiella Spp., Yersinia Spp. and Salmonella Spp. in proportions of 2.86% each. A high rate of antibiotic resistance was recorded for Oxacillin (100%), Vancomycin (83.34%) and Augmentin (55.56%). Sensitivity tests on liquid medium showed that MIC ranged between 3.12-25.00 mg/mL, 6.25-25.00 mg/mL and 1.86-25.00 mg/mL respectivelly for A. sativa, A. cepa and C. sativa. Alliums were much more active on GNB. Although these results are low, they could be an alternative for the diabetic foot infection treatment.
Conclusion : Alliums were much more active on GNB Although these results are low, they could be an alternative for the diabetic foot infection treatment.
Peer Review History:
Received: 3 February 2022; Revised: 7 March; Accepted: 14 April; Available online: 15 May 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
PHARMACOGENOMIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRESCRIBING THE ANTIDEPRESSANT FLUOXETINE: A REVIEW IN PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
Get PDFThe worthwhile intellectual synthesis proposing that nothing makes sense except in light of context has also revolutionized pharmaceutical science putting patients’ genomic context at the center of attention in a rapidly developing area known as pharmacogenomics. As a result, an alternative approach to medicine referred to as personalized medicine was born considering the individual-specific genomic context the hardcore of any diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic intervention. Therefore, a considerable need has been created to address questions based on the underlying genotypic characteristics of patients. Depressive spectrum disorders are a cluster of closely-linked psychiatric disorders with a growing incidence rate across the world. Although there are multiple therapeutic approaches to treating depressive spectrum disorders, pharmacotherapy is still considered one of the most effective strategies. Among the therapeutic antidepressant drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are most widely prescribed. Fluoxetine (FLX) is a highly valued SSRI which is broadly ordered by psychiatric practitioners to treat miscellaneous psychological disorders, including depressive spectrum disorders, anxiety spectrum disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Although FLX therapy can bring about a positive therapeutic effect on a considerable proportion of depressed patients, it does not elicit a favorable response in 30-40% of patients owing to the presence of genomic variations negatively affecting the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of this medication. This challenging fact has led us to conduct current research on how genotypic variations at the inter-individual level can heavily affect the response to FLX therapy.
Peer Review History:
Received: 7 April 2022; Revised: 12 May; Accepted: 13 June; Available online: 15 July 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
EFFECT OF STANDARDIZED EXTRACTS OF CECROPIA OBTUSIFOLIA BERTOL. ON METABOLIC SYNDROME IN MICE
Get PDFBackground: In Mexican traditional medicine, Cecropia obtusifolia is extensively used, from central to southeast regions, to treat diabetes and some inflammation-related disorders, including renal illness and obesity.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of the hydroalcoholic and methanolic extracts, standardized in chlorogenic acid, on some metabolic syndrome-related signs induced by hypercaloric diet in mice.
Methods: C57BL/6 mice were administered the hydroalcoholic or the methanolic extract for 8 weeks. The data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test.
Results: Methanolic extract was able to reduce insulin resistance, clotting time, adipose tissue content, food consumption, weight gain, and hypertension. It also decreased renal inflammation, as assessed by the quantification of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. On the other hand, the hydroalcoholic extract, vs negative control, decreased IL-6 (-60.4%) and TNF-α (-82.1%) and increased IL-10 (39.1%).
Conclusion: Overall, the methanolic extract had higher efficacy, since it reduced insulin resistance and visceral fat and showed a tendency to reduce clotting time, which may be related to improve liver function.
Peer Review History:
Received: 8 June 2022; Revised: 14 July; Accepted: 27 August; Available online: 15 September 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Nazim Hussain, North East Frontier Technical University, Arunachal pradesh, India, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF VALSARTAN AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE BY FIRST-ORDER DERIVATIVE- ZERO CROSSING UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD
Get PDFBackground: Antihypertensive drugs are widely used to treat high blood pressure in patients. The aim of this study is to prepare various mixtures of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, to create a matrix effect in the drug, and to determine the determination of these active substances in drug samples after optimum conditions by first-order derivative spectroscopy method.
Method: In the first-degree derivative spectrophotometry method applied, valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide were dissolved in methanol and 100 mgL-1 solutions were prepared, and then the mixtures of these solutions were determined in spectrophotometry. After mixing, tablet (drug) sample was prepared and absorbance values were recorded and the first derivative spectrophotometric method was applied to the values obtained.
Results: As a result of the spectrophotometric determination of various mixtures of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide used in the study, it was determined that the first-order derivative spectrophotometric method applied gave very consistent results.
Conclusion: The first-order derivative spectrophotometry method used in the study can be easily applied in routine analyzes in drug research laboratories.
Peer Review History:
Received: 4 June 2022; Revised: 11 July; Accepted: 28 August; Available online: 15 September 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, [email protected]
Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, [email protected]
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN SANA’A CITY, YEMEN USING WHOLE BLOOD INTERFERON-Γ RELEASE ASSAY
Get PDFBackground and aims: Tuberculosis (TB) is a critical problem of public health. Diagnosis and screening of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections (LTBI) are essential to control their spread. The goal of the study was to clarify the prevalence and risk factors for LTBI using IGRA among healthcare works (HCWs) in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Methods: The cross-sectional study was performed in three chosen tertiary hospitals in Sana'a city. Healthcare workers who participated in this survey were asked to complete a questionnaire and donate 5 ml of blood to perform the IGRA. A total of 180 healthcare workers were involved in this study; aged 20-60 years, 45.6% males and 54.4% females. Blood samples were collected and then tested by Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays that measure the presence of specific M. tuberculosis reactive T-cells sensitized by a previous infection with M. tuberculosis using the Quanti FERON-TB Gold In Tube assay (QFT-GIT). The data were evaluated for the positive association of interferon-gamma.
Results: The overall positivity rate IFN-γ of our healthcare workers was 20%, and for females it was 28.6%, with an associated odds ratio equal to 3.7, CI=1.5-8.7, P=0.001, while for males it was only 9.7%. Positive rates IFN-γ increased with increasing age, as a high IFN-γ positive rate occurred in the 50-60-year age group was 50%, with OR=5.5, CI=2.2-13.6, P < 0.001. There was a significant association between IFN-γ positive latent tuberculosis and unimmunized childhood BCG (OR=2.2, CI=1.03-4.7, P=0.03), diabetics (OR=4.2, CI=1.5-12, P=0.003), smoking (OR=2.7, CI=1.2-6.1, P=0.009) and contacting cases with active TB (OR=4.1, CI=1.4-12.2, P=0.007).
Conclusion: It was found that the rate of LTBI among HCWs is high in Sana'a, central Yemen. Factors at both the institutional and individual level can influence the prevalence of LTBI among HCWs. Since contact with active TB patients has been identified as a risk factor for LTBI, more effective TB infection control measures are necessary in health care facilities and congregate settings and to create awareness about TB risk factors in hospitals and as an occupational hazard.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 August 2022; Revised: 11 September; Accepted: 24 October; Available online: 15 November 2022
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10
Reviewers:
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected]
KNOWLEDGE, CHARACTERISTICS, WORK SITES OF HEALTH PRACTITIONERS FOR CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19, IN KHARTOUM, SUDAN
Get PDFBackground and objective: COVID-19 was first identified in December 2019. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization Emergency Committee and originated in the Hubei Province of the People's Republic of China, and on March 11, 2020. This study aims to describe the characteristics and work locations of health practitioners who apply chest physiotherapy for coronavirus patients and the extent and types of complications for coronavirus patients in Jabra and universal isolation centers in Khartoum.
Methods: A total of 109 participants from Jabra and universal isolation centers in Khartoum completed a questionnaire based survey on the Knowledge and practices and outcome of Physiotherapy for COVID-19 patients. The questionnaire was self-administrated and distributed by personal contact. Convenient sampling method was used for data collection and the distributions of responses were presented as frequencies and percentages.
Results: Total 109 individuals participated in this study; females (56%) were more than males. 28.4 % worked in isolation center for 3 -6 months while 23.9 % were worked for 6-9 months. 33 % from physiotherapists received patients aged 40-50 years old, while 23.95 received patients aged more than 60 years old. The intensive care unit was the most common site for chest physiotherapy (41.3%). Complications to isolation center patients occur as stated by 59.6% and the most common complications mentioned were shortness of breath (37.6%), followed by repeated chest infections (22.9%). Chest physiotherapy is very important for COVID-19 patients in isolation center as stated by (53.2%).
Conclusion: As overall, COVID-19 presents challenges to inpatient care and participants know that physiotherapists play a fundamental role throughout help patients to prevent very serious complications and patient hospitalization. Physiotherapist in hospitals must be well-oriented regarding specific care to both provide the best patient care and reduce infection risk and
Peer Review History:
Received: 3 August 2022; Revised: 14 September; Accepted: 20 October; Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
INTERLEUKIN-1β LEVELS IN THE HUMAN GINGIVAL SULCUS: RATES AND FACTORS AFFECTING ITS LEVELS IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS
Get PDFBackground and objective: Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) affords a exceptional window for investigation of periodontal condition as the levels of inflammatory mediators, which consequences owing to the increased local destruction of connective tissue structural elements. This study aimed to explore the interleukin 1β (IL-1β)) levels in the human gingival sulcus in healthy normal people; and the effect of host factors as age , gender, type of tooth used in pro-inflammatory biomarkers.
Methods: Eighty seven patients, 54 (62.1%) female and 33 (37.9%) male (aged 12–34 years; mean 19.58±4.4 years), participated in this study. Each subject underwent a session on professional oral hygiene and received oral hygiene instructions. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sampling was conducted (baseline). GCF was collected from the Central incisor, the Lateral incisor, the Canine, the First premolar and the second premolar in this study.
Results: In total, the mean±SD of central incisor IL-1β was 32.16±4.83 pg/ml, with a mode equal to 28.01 pg/mL, the median was 32.71 pg/mL, and ranged from 20.98 to 41.25 pg/ml with the 75% interquartile range (IQR) equal to 35.94 pg/ml. For males the mean±SD of central incisor IL-1β was 31.6±5.51 pg/ml VS 32.5±4.4 pg/ml of females. For the lateral incisor, canine, first premolar, second premolar:
Conclusion: This study provides the upper limit of normal values for interleukin 1β (IL-1β) levels for subjects aged 12–34 years in the GCF. These upper limits of normal values will guide dentists in Yemen when they consider the diagnosis of periodontal disease, as well as its role during orthodontic tooth movement where they play important role in osteocyte activities (e.g, osteoclasts and osteoblasts), and will provide useful baseline data for future studies of interventions against periodontal disease, and teeth movement by orthodontics appliances, in Yemen.
Peer Review History:
Received: 9 August 2022; Revised: 13 September; Accepted: 20 October; Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Rima Benatoui,Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, Algeria. [email protected]
Dr. Gulam Mohammed Husain,, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders, Hyderabad, India, [email protected]
CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE LIVESTOCK ACQUIRED METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (LA-MRSA) ISOLATES FROM DIFFERENT SWINE FARMS IN ENUGU METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
Get PDFAim and Objective: Globally, livestock animals, particularly swine, calves and poultry are colonized by Livestock acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (LA-MRSA). This study was aimed at screening for multi-drug resistant in LA-MRSA strains isolated from swine from selected swine farm within Enugu metropolis.
Methods: A total of 307 pig nasal swabs samples were collected, from farm A (76), farm B (116) and from C (108) in Enugu metropolis. Then within 1 hour of collection, samples were transferred to the Caritas University Microbiology Laboratory unit for bacteriological analysis using a standard microbiological isolation and identification protocol. Isolated S. aureus and LA-MRSA strain were phenol-typing screened and identified for MRSA using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method with 1 μg oxacillin/30μg cefoxitin antibiotic Disc and Tetracycline Disk Test respectively. Antibiogram studies of LA-MRSA against several antibiotic discs and multiple antibiotic resistance indexes were determined.
Results: Results showed overall isolation rate of 76.2 % S. aureus comprising of 90.5 %, 80.3 % and 62.9 % in Farm B, Farm A and Farm C respectively, total MRSA detection rate of 125 (40.7%) comprising Farm A 50.0 %, Farm B 46.6 %, Farm C 30.6 %. LA-MRSA were identified in 84(27.4%) of swine with high proportion of 29(38.2 %) in Farm A followed by Farm C30(27.8%) and Farm B 25(21.6 %). LA-MRSA from Farm A Nursery: 27.3%, Weaning 0.0 %, Grower 77.0 % while Farm B Nursery 24.1 %, Weaning 0.0 %, Grower 7.3 %, finisher 100 % and Farm C Nursery 28.0 %, Grower 34.5 % and finisher 53.3 %. LA-MRSA isolates exhibited a significantly (p≤0.05) high % resistance within the range of 50-100 % against tetracycline, erythromycin, cefotaxime, clindamycin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and exhibit MDR with MARI value ≥0.3 but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin 77.8 %, amikacin 100 % and imipenem 100 %.
Conclusion: LA-MRSA strains increased levels of MDR phenotype suggest that the emergence of LA-MRSA in swine up keeping could be promoted through veterinary antibiotics. Thus, to prevent antimicrobial resistance in both animals and humans, joint cross-examination of multi-resistant livestock acquired S. aureus, with an incorporated ‘One Health’ advancement are needed for effective curbing and control measures for LA-MRSA infections.
Peer Review History:
Received: 8 August 2022; Revised: 12 September; Accepted: 23 October; Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, [email protected]
Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, [email protected]
GINGIVAL RECESSION IN RELATION TO MUCOGINGIVAL DEFORMITIES AND OTHER PREDISPOSING FACTORS AFFECT FEMALES IN LOWER ESTHETIC ZONE
Get PDFBackground: Gingival recession (GR) is one of the most common esthetic problems affecting the middle and older aged peoples. GR can lead to many changes as root caries, hypersensitivity, erosions, abrasions, plaque retention and aesthetic dissatisfaction. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of gingival recession in relation to mucogingival deformities in lower esthetic zone.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on a sample of 290 females. The participants were interviewed for personal habits and examined for intraoral distribution of gingival recession and its various predisposing factors.
Results: The prevalence of gingival recession in lower anterior teeth was 234, 80.69 %.Around half of the participants had Millers' class I GR (n=146, 49%), thin gingival phenotype (n=168, 56.9 %), mucosal and gingival labial frenum attachment(n=132, 44.7%, n=148, 50.2%). Most of the participants had a sufficient attached gingiva (n=246, 83.4%) and normal vestibular depth(n=278, 94.2%). GR were statistically significant with vestibular depth, gingival biotype and attached gingiva (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: Gingival recession in lower aesthetics zone was high in females especially Miller class I gingival recession due to thin gingival phenotypes. Most of Yemeni females have adequate attached gingiva, normal vestibular depth with a frequent mucosallabial frenum in lower anterior teeth.
Peer Review History:
Received: 3 August 2022; Revised: 10 September; Accepted: 18 October; Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTIALLY PURIFIED TYROSINASE ISOLATED FROM BITTER KOLA (GARCINIA KOLA)
Get PDFObjective: Tyrosinase is a glycosylated, copper-containing oxidase that catalyzes the first two steps of mammalian melanogenesis as well as enzymatic browning events in damaged fruits during post-harvest handling and processing. Human skin hyperpigmentation and enzymatic browning in fruits are both undesirable. In this study, the properties and inhibitory effect of some compounds on bitter kola tyrosinase were investigated.
Methods: Bitter kola tyrosinase was isolated and characterized using standard protocols. Partial purification was carried out on Sephadex G-100 loaded column chromatography.
Results: Bitter kola tyrosinase was purified with a specific activity of 3.5 U/mg protein, purification fold of 2.4 and a yield of 34%. The optimum pH value was found to be 6.0 while the optimum temperature value for maximum enzyme activity was observed at 60°C. The enzyme was stable at 40oC for 20 minutes. Metals such as NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 had inhibitory effect on the activity; though MgCl2 and CaCl2 had minimal effect. Also, EDTA, β-marcaptoethanol and glutathione greatly inhibited the enzyme activity at all the tested concentration.
Conclusion: The properties of bitter kola tyrosinase compare very well with the tyrosinase from other sources. Also, the study was able to establish the inhibitory effect of some compounds and this could be applied in food processing industries.
Peer Review History:
Received: 11 October 2021; Revised: 9 November; Accepted: 13 December; Available online: 15 January 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Nazim Hussain, North East Frontier Technical University, Arunachal pradesh, India, [email protected]
Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]