Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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RESOLUTION OF FACTORS AND PATTERN OF PERMANENT DENTAL EXTRACTION IN SELECTED DENTAL CLINICS IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN
Get PDFBack ground and objective: Tooth loss remains one of the mainly global problem. The current study aimed to investigate the causes of tooth extraction as well as to inspect possible interrelationships between tooth loss and numerous variables consisting of gender, age, education status and further risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, khat chewing and smoking habits.
Methods: The study retrospectively investigated 801 dental records from patients who had had as a minimum one tooth extraction. Patient variables consisting of gender, age, education status, hypertension, diabetes, khat chewing and smoking habits. The causes for tooth extraction were recorded as: periodontal disease, dental caries complications of endodontic treatment, impaction, trauma, orthodontic treatment, pre-prosthesis, and others (aesthetic causes, poor dental position, or indeterminate causes). The differences in the mean number of carved teeth per patient with patient variables included: gender, age, education status, hypertension, diabetes, khat chewing and smoking habits were investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: Of the 801 patient records reviewed, 1234 extracted teeth were identified. Males had a higher number of extracted teeth 665 (53.9%) than females 569 (46.1%). Males had more extractions (mean±SD=1.6±0.44, p=0.01). The highest rate of extracted teeth was identified between the age group 40-49 years (1.9±0.6 teeth). Lack of education, diabetes, high blood pressure, khat chewing and smoking habits showed a significantly more mean for tooth extraction (p<0.0001). The results showed that dental caries was the main cause of tooth extraction (53.1%), followed by periodontal disease (31.1%), and a complication of endodontic treatment (6.1%). Other reasons were considered minor.
Conclusion: Caries, and periodontal disease were the mainly frequent causes of tooth extraction. Additionally, this study demonstrated that age, hypertension, diabetes, khat chewing, and smoking were appropriate predictors of permanent tooth loss because these variables showed a statistically significant association.
Peer Review History:
Received: 8 June 2022; Revised: 12 July; Accepted: 23 August; Available online: 15 September 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL GRADE MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE FROM RAPHIA FARINIFERA INFLORESCENCE
Get PDFBackground and objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a multifunctional polymer frequently used in the biomedical, food, and chemical industries. Raphia Farinifera Inflorescence (RFi), used to make palm wine in many parts of Africa, is frequently discarded as waste. The current study examines the extraction and characterization of pharmaceutical-grade MCC from RFi (RFi-MCC).
Method: Extraction was achieved by first defatting before sequentially treating RFi with alkali, dilute sulfuric acid (acid hydrolysis), and bleaching (H2O2).The RFi-MCC powder properties such as the True density, tapped density, bulk density, angle of repose and hydration capacity were observed.
Results: Microcrystalline cellulose showed distinctive peaks in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The scanning electron microscopy with Energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) showed the variation in the elements, morphology of the fibers and the formation of RFi-MCC of approximately 100 µm. According to a thermogravimetric, BET and X-ray diffraction study, RFi-MCC degrades at 286°C, surface area of 1797.39 m2/g and 336°, and exhibit crystallinity index of 0.67 % respectively.
Conclusion: The findings show that the RFi fibers would be a valuable source of microcrystalline cellulose for utilization in the pharmaceutical, papermaking, and binder industries due to their powder characteristics, compressibility, and excellent swelling.
Peer Review History:
Received: 6 June 2022; Revised: 9 July; Accepted: 23 August; Available online: 15 September 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS: PREVALENCE, ASSOCIATED FACTORS AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF THE BACTERIAL ISOLATES AMONG POSTOPERATIVE PATIENTS IN SANA’A, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are infections that occur one month after a surgical operation or one year after implant surgery and a surgical procedure, either at the injury site or near the injury site. Despite SSIs are still a major problem causing increased morbidity and mortality globally, especially in developing countries, there is a dearth of information in Yemen.
Objective: This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of SSIs, associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates among post-operative patients in public and private hospitals in Sana’a, Yemen.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out on 309 postoperative patients, aged one year and over that underwent surgery in selected public and private hospitals between January 2019 and January 2020 in Sana’a. Patients’ demographic and clinical information were assessed using an interviewer-administered, pretested, structured questionnaire. Wound swabs and aspirates were collected, placed in Stuart transport media and transferred to the Bacteriology Department of the National Center for Public Health Laboratories in Sana’a for bacterial isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing..
Results: The mean age of postoperative patients was 34.0±18.3 (SD) years, age group 25-34 years was 93 (30.1%), and females were 105 (33.8%). Total 309 postoperative patients, 98 (31.7%) presented with SSI. Having postoperative antibiotics (OR=7.0, 95%CI: 4.1-12.0), dirty surgical wound (OR=10.5, 95%CI: 5.0-21.9), emergency surgery (OR=3.1, 95%CI: 1.8-5.1), amputation (OR=2.5, 95%CI: 1.1-5.7), excision (OR=2.2, 95%CI: 1.2-4.0), hospital stay > two weeks (OR=5.2, 95%CI: 2.3-11.1) and having diabetes mellitus (OR=2.2, 95%CI: 1.1-4.7) were factors significantly associated with SSIs.
Conclusion: This study shows a significant proportion of SSIs among patients in Sana’a, Yemen. Being a female, having a dirty surgical wound, amputation, excision, long hospital stays, diabetes mellitus, and emergency surgery appears to be the major factors associated with SSIs. The most common SSI bacterial etiology is S. aureus, sensitive to vancomycin and rifampicin.
Peer Review History:
Received: 10 April 2022; Revised: 13 May; Accepted: 14 June; Available online: 15 July 2022
Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Bountain Welcome Tebeda,Chemical Pathology Department, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Nigeria. [email protected]
Dr. Esther Marguerite Chase DJANGA, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. Department of Public Health. University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon. [email protected]
KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION OF HYPERTENSION AMONG STAFF OF A TERTIARY INSTITUTION IN NIGERIA
Get PDFBackground: Hypertension was a prevalent disease in developed countries, but has recently become a major disease of public health importance in developing countries.
Objective: Study assessed knowledge, attitude, and perception about hypertension among the staff of University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
Method: Cross- sectional study was conducted among the staff in July 2019. 256 staff was randomly selected across all the Faculties. Data collected using structured questionnaire include, demographic information, knowledge, perception and attitude about hypertension and statistical analysis carried out with SPSS version 20
Result: Total 54.7% (140) respondents were academic staff and 45.3% (116) non- academic. 61.7% (158) male, females constitute 38.3% (98). Male academic staff was 67.1% (94); most academic staff, 36.4% (51) was within 50-59 years, 28.6% (40) were between 40-49 years. Total 37.1% (43) non-academic staff were within 40-49yrs. Respondents have a good knowledge, 87.9%, of hypertension, but only 61% (85) of academic and 47% (54) non-academic staff knew that hypertension can be inherited. Total 40% (56) academic, 44.8% (52) non-academic claimed to have multiple source of information about hypertension. Knowledge on risk factors of hypertension was poor, 20%.
Conclusion: Knowledge level of respondents on hypertension was high, with moderate attitude but poor perception.
Peer Review History:
Received: 3 December 2021; Revised: 6 January 2022; Accepted: 8 February, Available online: 15 March 2022
Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Md. Monirul Islam, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Northern University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [email protected]
Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
UTILIZATION OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN HEALTH INSTITUTIONS OF KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
Get PDFBackground: Health Management Information System (HMIS) is one of the six building blocks of a health system designed to provide important data for continuous quality improvement at all levels of health care administration. It is a major source of information for monitoring and adjusting policy implementation and resources use. Some studies have been conducted in health data collection and ways to improve data quality, but little is known about utilization of HMIS in health services organization. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the utilization of HMIS and associated factors in the study area.
Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study conducted in public health institutions of Kembata Tembaro zone from March 1 to March 30, 2018. The sample size was calculated using single population proportion formula,and a total of 317 heads of units/departments of district health offices and health facilities were included. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using structured questionnaires, observational check-lists and interview guide by trained data collectors. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed using Enter method to identify factors independently associated with dependent variable. Statistical significant variables were declared at P-value less than 0.05 and Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were used for data interpretation.
Result: In this study, overall data utilization was 131(41.59%) with 95% CI of 38.9-46.1%. The data utilization was found to be 98(38.73%) and 33(53.23%) in the health facilities and health administrative units respectively. Training for HMIS [AOR (95% CI)=3.06(2.15-6.75)], availability of procedure manuals [AOR (95% CI)=3.67(1.78-9.01)], and Supportive supervision[AOR (95% CI)=5.30(3.05-11.53)] were found to be significant with HMIS utilization.
Conclusion: Utilization of HMIS in public health institution was lower compared to previous studies. HMIS training, supportive supervision and availability of procedure manuals were positively associated with utilization of HMIS. Health facilities and offices should avail HMIS manuals and capacity building of health workers through training and supportive supervision was recommended.
Peer Review History:
Received: 6 February 2022; Revised: 8 March; Accepted: 4 April; Available online: 15 May 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Awofisayo, O Abosede, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Message
Get PDFAccording to WHO 2020 reports, 10 top global deadliest diseases in 2019, which includeIschemic heart disease, or coronary artery disease (15.5%), Stroke (11.1%), Lower respiratory infections (5.7%), Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (5.6%), Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers (3%), Diabetes mellitus (2.8%), Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (2.7%), Dehydration due to diarrheal diseases (2.5%), Tuberculosis (2.4%), and Cirrhosis (2.1%), accounted for 55% of the 55.4 million deaths worldwide. In Africa, malaria is still a serious factor to reckon with, accounting for 229 million cases and 409,000 deaths globally in 2019. However, the arrival of COVID-19 has changed the dynamics of disease control and management, widening the long standing gaps among income classes, disrupting access to critical health services and medicine, and threatening our capacity to maintain already attained gains against these diseases in recent decades, as well as our targets for attaining sustainable development goals. While COVID-19 remains, these other diseases are not by any means in a hurry to disappear. In fact, they feel more at home than ever before, and may possibly have developed new survival strategies. Thus, COVID-19 has senior brethren.Co-morbidity with these deadly diseases is also not uncommon. Global economy has also been affected, leading to massive reduction in funding to sustain actions against these other deadly diseases, and to propel research aimed at providing solutions. With disruption to supply or access to essential medicines, increases in the development of resistance to drugs by infectious agents may be on the increase. Meanwhile, despite the challenges posed by COVID-19, the global response to this deadly pandemic comes with some lessons that can be applied to tackle the problem occasioned byother deadly diseases. Briefly, COVID-19 has brought to limelight the essential roles of research community in providing solutions to human problems, and the need for synergy among stakeholders, including academia, policy makers, industrialists, health professionals, among others. Also, COVID-19 has provided opportunities for researchers to think globally outside the box, reaching out beyond ones locality in search for solution to research questions. Furthermore, it provides opportunities to revisit abandoned or currently in use options, for the sole aim of repurposing or reengineering for the good of mankind. It provides opportunity to use / adapt research resources and control protocols that have been deployed to tackle COVID-19 for use in tackling or stemming the spread of these diseases. As it were with COVID-19, all known deadly diseases should now be treated as an emergency, requiring urgent attention with prompt information dissemination. Importantly, engaging in and encouraging more open access publications will enhance access to research data and fast-track the discoveries of potent solutions. In this regard, Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (UJPR) encourages open access publications and provides a platform for the dissemination of your research outputs on every aspect of pharmaceutical and related biomedical sciences. The UJPR is indexed in Copernicus, J-Gate, CAS, NCBI, CASSI, Publons, EuroPub, CrossRef, Directory of Science, among others. With seasoned editorial board members, who are experts in different fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences, UJPR peer-review process is very thorough and fast enough for your articles to be appreciated bimonthly
ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT STATUS OF PNEUMONIA IN CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH
Get PDFMethods: The study was conducted on 500 pneumonia patients at the Chittagong Medical College Hospital and Chittagong port city between 23 October 2021 to 8 December, 2021. While the data collection on the hypertension in resource environments has been expanding through use of the standardized surveys, slight is known approximately the how fine treatments are existence applied. The knowledge of gap in the diagnosis, treatment form, and proper vaccination in addition to practicing good fitness is necessary if suitable illness administration is to be developed.
Results: Studied through roughly questions asked to suspicious the patients in addition to patient’s guardian. Randomized sampling techniques were used to categorize of different ages from the different wards in addition to areas of CMCH and Chittagong port city. It has been found that out of 500 study participants, 277 (55%) were male and 223 (45%) were female. It has been also found that out of 500 participants about (65, 13%) patients suffer from pneumonia due to intake of cigarettes, patients were (292, 44%) suffer from due to bacterial infections, patients were (123, 25%) suffers from pneumonia due to fungi infection, and patients were (90, 18%) suffer from this diseases due to infection of liquor.
Conclusion: This is the brief study conducted in Chittagong Medical College Hospital that assessed Pneumonia patients to recovery complications. It assumes that outcomes of this research work will exertion as the baseline for the future studies in same context.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 December 2021; Revised: 6 January 2022; Accepted: 11 February, Available online: 15 March 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
PREVALENCE OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS AMONG ADULTS IN SANA’A CITY-YEMEN
Get PDFBackground and Aims: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic and human disease caused by species of Leishmania. Parasites are transmitted to the vertebrate host by the bite of a sand fly female (Phlebotomus longipalpis), where the infected promastigotes transform into amastigotes; and this is deadly if left untreated. The purposes of the current research were to reveal the prevalence and potential risk factors for VL in adults in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed during the period from January 2020 to November 2020. Individuals who come for a regular medical examination at Al-Zahrawi Medical Center, Althobhani Specialist Laboratories, Police Hospital, and University of Science and Technology Hospital. A target sample size of 300 was selected, and serum samples were collected from all subjects to determine the prevalence of anti-VL antibodies in human by immune-chromatographic assay using K39 recombinant antigen.
Results: The ages of the participants' ranged from 18-65 years, with a mean of 29.8±8.2 years. The positive rate of antibodies against Leishmania species by immune-chromatographic dipstick strip (rK39) was 6.0%. There was statistically important association linking male gender and contracting VL (8.8%, OR=4.1, CI=1.2-14.4, P=0.01). There was a significant association (<0.001) between the presence of dogs, rats, and goats in or around live houses and positive VL antibodies with an OR equal to 8.8.7.3 and 8.4, respectively. There were significant risk factors for garbage around the living house, there was also a significant association between displacement and the incidence of VL (P<0.001) (OR=8.6, CI=2.8–27.2).
Conclusion: Visceral leishmaniasis was highly prevalent in Sana'a city, and potential risk factors for VL were present with displacement, dogs, rats, goats, garbage, sleeping outside enclosed rooms, and sand flies in living houses. Further studies of human VL need to be conducted to clarify this issue in Yemen, to track and confirm potential reservoirs among canines and other animals, as well as to study vectors.
Keywords: adults, immune-chromatographic assay, prevalence, potential risk factors, recombinant antigen K39, Sana’a city, visceral leishmaniasis, Yemen.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 February 2022; Revised: 2 March; Accepted: 9 April; Available online: 15 May 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Nicola Micale, University of Messina, Italy, [email protected]
Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected]
IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, LIPID PEROXIDATION INHIBITION AND LIPID PROFILE MODULATORY ACTIVITIES OF HB CLEANSER®BITTERS IN WISTAR RATS
Get PDFBackground: HB cleanser® bitters is a polyherbal formulation with six medicinal plants as phytoconstituents which is being sold to the public for the treatment of various diseases. Hence, it becomes pertinent to evaluate the likelihood of health issues that may be associated with its consumption to provide information to the public on the biological activity and safety.
Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the in vitro antioxidant, lipid peroxidation inhibition and lipid profile effects of HB cleanser® bitters in Wistar rats.
Methods: In vitro antioxidant activity was carried using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation was also measured. Phytochemical evaluation was done. Twenty-eight male rats were allotted into four groups of seven animals each. Group A received 5 ml/kg normal saline while groups B, C and D were administered with 1 ml/kg, 1.03 ml/kg and 1.29 ml/kg of the bitters based on the manufacturer’s recommendation through the oral route for 28days consecutively. Lipid parameters assayed were total cholesterol, total triglyceride, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C).
Results: Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids and saponins. The antioxidant activity of HB cleanser® bitters was dose dependent as it significantly (p<0.05) increased with increase in concentration when compared with ascorbic acid. HB bitters®at 1000 µg/ml significantly (p<0.05) inhibited lipid peroxidation (78.21±0.53 %) compared to ascorbic acid (94.43±0.53 %) in-vitro. The bitters at 1.29 ml/kg exhibited a non-statistically significant (P>0.05) decrease of total cholesterol and total triglyceride (2.32±0.15 mmol/L, 0.92±0.13 mmol /L) with a marked increase in low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (1.32±0.20 mmol/L) compared to control.
Conclusion: The findings of this study have revealed that HB cleanser®bitters possesses good antioxidant activity and may increase low- density lipoprotein-cholesterol, therefore it should be used with caution.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 August 2022; Revised: 9 September; Accepted: 17 October; Available online: 15 November 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Rima Benatoui,Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, Algeria. [email protected]
Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
THE CYTOTOXICITY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ACANTHUS ILICIFOLIUS L LEAVES USING BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST (BSLT) METHOD
Get PDFAim and objective: Acanthus ilicifolius also known as jeruju is a plant that has a lot of bioactivity that can be used as a potential medicinal plant development. This study aimed to determine the cytotoxicity activity of ethanol extract of A. ilicifolius leaves.
Methods: This study used Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method using Artemia salina larvae with test solution series concentration of 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ppm and control without extract. A. salina was added to each test tube. After 24 hours, the larvae mortality was observed. LC50 assessment was analyzedwith probit analysisby Microsoft excel.
Result: The largest mortality percentage was shown at a concentration of 1000 ppm ethanol extract of A. ilicifolius leaves with an average mortality value of 80%, while the concentrations of 10 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 500 ppm had an average mortality value of 20%, 40%, 57% and 63%.The ethanol extract of A. ilicifolius leaves categorized as toxic with a LC50 value of 103,6 ppm.
Conclusion: It was concluded that ethanol extract of A. ilicifolius leaves has cytotoxicity activity potential.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 December 2021; Revised: 6 January 2022; Accepted: 9 February, Available online: 15 March 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]