Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT POLISHING METHODS ON THE COLOR STABILITY OF PORCELAIN: AN IN-VITRO STUDY
Get PDFBackground and aim: As a result, an ongoing study is required to determine the effect of different polishing methods on the color stability of feldspathic porcelain surfaces exposed to four staining solutions at different time intervals in order to determine the most appropriate polishing method that results in better color stability for long periods, which was the goal of this study.
Material and methods: This in-vitro study included 80 disc-shaped feldspathic porcelain specimens which were self-fabricated, all the specimens were auto glazed to close any pores, then randomly divided into 4 equal groups of 20 specimens. Specimens of the unpolished group (control group) underwent a removal of their glaze layer, another group was untreated (auto glazed), whereas the other two groups were prepared based on two polishing systems (over-glazed and polished). Specimens of each group (n=20) were divided into 4 groups (n=5) to be immersed in 4 staining solutions (distilled water as a control group, prepared khat extract, prepared red tea, Delsi soft drink). The color measurement of each specimen was assessed before immersion and after 1, 7 and 14 days of immersion.
Results: The interaction between unpolished porcelain surfaces and khat extract or red tea showed significant higher increase in color change over time (p<0.05), whereas their interaction with Pepsi or distilled water showed no significant differences (p> 0.05). The interaction between over glazed or auto glazed porcelain surfaces and each stain showed no significant differences over time (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Time plays an important role in the discoloration of feldspathic porcelain. Khat has the highest staining ability followed by red tea; however, Pepsi has the lowest staining ability due to the lack of colorant. Over glazed and auto glazed groups showed better prolonged color stability of porcelain surfaces than the polished group; however, the polishing method can be an effective and more preferable alternative as it has acceptable ∆E values and is free from the limitations of glazing methods.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 June 2023; Revised: 11 July; Accepted: 29 August; Available online: 15 September 2023
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sheikh Abdul Khaliq, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan, [email protected]
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PATIENTS IN TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN SANA’A CITY, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground and Aims: One of the most common infection among critically ill patients is bloodstream infection (BSI). The present study was conducted to inspect the clinical manifestations, and septic organisms in the intensive care units of university hospitals in Sana'a city, Yemen. Also to compare clinical characteristics, mortality and risk factors for positive case versus negative case for bacterial growth among sepsis patients.
Subjects and methods: From January 1 to April 30, 2022, a cross-sectional study was undertaken on sepsis patients hospitalized in intensive care units at four hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect specific medical data for each subject. Patients suspected of having sepsis underwent tests such as blood culture, complete blood count, and C-reactive protein. Gram staining was used to identify organisms, and the VITEK II Bacterial Bioprinting System was used to study them. This study included 145 intensive care unit (ICU) patients who displayed one or more indications of sepsis.
Results: Of the 145 ICU patients with suspected sepsis, 87 (60%) had culture-confirmed sepsis. The bulk of the identified bacteria (57.5%) were Gram-negative. In the ICU, the most prevalent sepsis agents are E. coli (23%), Klebsiella species (12.6%), and Burkholderia cepacia (7%). The most common Gram-positive pathogens are Staphylococcus epidermidis (27.6%) and S. aureus (10.3%). Significant positive culture outcomes were found with rapid onset of sepsis (OR=3.3, p=0.002), decreased urination (OR=2.2, p=0.02), older patients (OR=4, p=0.001), and death (OR=7.8). The commonest symptoms among the cases were fever (66.9%), increased heart rate (67.6%), confusion (62.8%) and respiratory distress (52.4%); the mortality rate was 29%.
Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria were the most common cause of sepsis, and substantial positive culture results were associated with early onset, decreased urination, older patients, and death. Sepsis's incidence, mortality, and morbidity rates in Yemen are likely underestimated because it is infrequently reported as a primary diagnosis (typically as a consequence of cancer or another illness). More research into the frequency and risk factors of sepsis in ICUs is recommended.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 June 2023; Revised: 6 July; Accepted: 29 August; Available online: 15 September 2023
Academic Editor: Dr. Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
DETERMINATION OF MINERALS IN LAVANDULA STOECHAS L. SUBSP. CARIENSIS (BOISS.) ROZEIRA BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
Get PDFBackground and objective: Medicinal herbs are sources of bioactive plant secondary metabolites such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoids, tannins, anthracenes, alkaloids, terpenes. Herbs and herbal extracts are important sources for minerals that can create health effects in human diet. The infusion and decoction prepared from Lavandula stoechas L., subsp. cariensis known as Karabaşotu in Turkey, are used in traditional medicine. The objective of the present work was to comparatively determine the mineral content of dried aerial parts L. stoeachas L. subsp. cariensis and its water extract which is prepared by 2% infusion.
Methods: The aerial parts of Lavandula stoechas L., were air-dried and grounded. 2% infusion was prepared by distilled water and water was evaporated until dryness. The water extract and the plant powder were analyzed for heavy metals and trace elements by Spectro-IQ II instrument.
Results: The analyzed samples differed significantly in terms of mineral contents. The powdered aerial parts of L. stoechas L. subsp. cariensis and its water extract are characterized by high contents of potassium, calcium, sodium, chlorine, phosphorous and magnesium. Iron in powdered plant material (576.6 ppm) was found to be almost ten times higher than the water extract (51.7 ppm). Microelements such as copper (78.8 ppm) and zinc (3169 ppm) accumulated at higher levels in the water extract of L. stoechas L. subsp. cariensis.
Conclusion: The mineral content of the water extract and the powdered aerial parts of L. stoechas L. subsp. cariensis are quantitatively determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for the first time. L. stoechas L. subsp. cariensis collected from other regions of Turkey will be comparatively analyzed by XRF spectrometry in our further studies.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 August 2023; Revised: 10 September; Accepted: 27 October; Available online: 15 November 2023
Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF RICINUS COMMUNIS AND THE NEED FOR NOVEL FORMULATION OF THE EXTRACTS: A REVIEW
Get PDFSome drugs from plant and animal sources have proven to be efficacious, safe, and effective therapeutically. They are potential alternatives to synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs in treating diseases, especially the chronic types. Ricinus communis is one such plant that has been used traditionally for centuries as a medicinal plant in the treatment of a wide range of ailments and disorders like stomach aches, flatulence, constipation, and gallbladder pain. Others include dysmenorrhea, rheumatism, arthritis, backache, muscle aches, and toothache. In addition, other uses include chronic headaches, insomnia, placenta expulsion, and anti-fertility. However, there is a deficiency of novel formulations of the extracts to maximize their therapeutic benefits. The phytochemicals in Ricinus communis are extracted via direct expression of the seed and solvent of both the seed and the different plant parts. Some solvents used for extraction include ethanol, petroleum ether, methanol, ethyl acetate, toluene, benzene, hexane, and chloroform. The constituents of the extracts depend on the plant part used, the solvent employed, and contact time. The phytochemicals found in the various extracts include tannins, saponins, phenols, alkaloids, glycosides, phytate, fatty acids, steroids, oxalate, and volatile constituents. These extracts are found to elicit a wide range of pharmacological activities against bacteria, fungi, cancer cells, worms, conception, constipation, pain, and malaria. In addition, some of the pharmacodynamic activities are laxative, uterine contraction, antiasthmatic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant. The extracts are also useful in bone regeneration, wound healing, liver protection, and a host of other pharmacological actions. Novel products of Ricinus communis are not available. Subjecting the extracts to advanced drug delivery formulations such as lipid-based drug delivery technologies would accentuate the dissolution, absorption, and bioavailability of the extracts of Ricinus communis just like other herbal formulations currently in the market. Therefore, there is a crucial need for formulation scientists to explore novel nano-drug delivery technology to formulate extracts into medicines for the improvement of public healthcare.
Peer Review History:
Received: 7 August 2023; Revised: 11 September; Accepted: 24 October; Available online: 15 November 2023
Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Ali Jaber, Laboratory for Research and Development of Medicines and Natural Products, RDMPN, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon, [email protected]
Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
SEROPREVALENCE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND HEPATITIS A VIRUS AMONG ORPHANAGE CHILDREN IN SANA’A, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground: The epidemiological association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been evaluated by different groups with conflicting conclusions.
Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis A virus and H. pylori infection among children of an orphanage in Sana'a, and to identify the socio-demographic factors associated with their prevalence, both individually and simultaneously.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out among 200 orphaned children who lived at Ahmed's orphanage in Sana’a City, Yemen during the period from October 2022 to February 2023. The stool and blood specimens were collected and the required data were filled in pretested questionnaire. By using the immunochromatographic assay technique, the seropositivity of the HAV antibody was screened in blood plasma while the H. pylori antigen was detected in stool. The obtained results were analyzed using SPSS software.
Results: Out of 200 participants; 2(1%) were positive for anti-HAV and 63(31.5%) for H. pylori antigen. The HAV and H. pylori infections, respectively, were significantly higher in the group aged 10-12 and 13-15 years, attending a primary and preparatory school, living with 3-5 individuals/room, their family infected with hepatitis A and H. pylori, and received a blood transfusion. The high risk of hepatitis A infection was in children who their family was infected by HAV and received a blood transfusion while H. pylori was in subjects who had a history of hospitalizations and whose family infected by H. pylori.
Conclusion: The high number of children suffering from both H. pylori and HAV antibodies among orphans in Sana'a indicates a high prevalence rate in the community. It is possible that this high prevalence reflects a prevalence specific to this group or age, and this connection is real.
Peer Review History:
Received: 9 February 2023; Revised: 13 March; Accepted: 27 April 2023, Available online: 15 May 2023
Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PALONOSETRON HYDROCHLORIDE JELLIES
Get PDFAim and objective: Dysphagia is one of the most common diseases mainly in geriatric and podiatric populations. As swallowing is the main difficulty in dysphagic patients, in that situation medicated jelly preparations are the best alternative to conventional doses forms (tablets and capsule doses form). This research article is aimed at the formulation and evaluation of Palonosetron hydrochloride oral jelly to avoid swallowing related issues in paediatric and geriatric patients and to improve its bioavailability.
Methods: Two methods i.e., congealing and heating were chosen to prepare sucrose-based jellies. All prepared formulation were evaluated on different parameters like physical appearance, drug content, pH and dissolution study, stability study etc.
Results: All formulation was found free from any type of gritty particles. Out of all formulations MJ1 was found best formulation on the basis of drug release profile i.e., 79.22% within 30 mins. Accelerated stability studies also confirmed that MJ1 and MJ2 are the best formulations.
Conclusion: This study concludes that Palonosetron hydrochloride can be delivered successfully by the means of jellies to avoid first pass metabolism.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 April 2023; Revised: 8 May; Accepted: 28 June 2023; Available online: 15 July 2023
Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
Dr. Ogbonna B. Onyebuchi, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, [email protected]
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION, NOOTROPIC AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT OF EXTRACTS FROM AGAVE SPECIES
Get PDFBackground: The systemic administration of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a pharmacological model to evaluate different processes associated with neurodegeneration; it is capable of causing an increase in the oxidative state in the brain and increasing the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (ACh-E), involved in the degradation of acetylcholine (ACh). This cholinergic transmission system participates in memory processes, a crucial symptom in neurodegenerative disorders, and its modulation with scopolamine turns out to be an essential tool in the evaluation of plants. Species of the genus Agave are considered a natural resource of economic and cultural importance in Mexico. They possess compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-neuroinflammatory activities.
Methods: Extracts of A. tequilana (At-A), A. angustifolia (Aan-A), A. americana (Aam-A) at 125 mg/kg were administered to male ICR mice with LPS to evaluate the ACh-E inhibition, the concentration of the antioxidant enzyme Gluthatione Reductase (GR) and the prooxidant enzyme NADPH Oxidase (NOX). Also, the nootropic effect of these extracts on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment was evaluated.
Results: The three Agave species studied decreased the ACh-E enzyme activity, Vmax value, and KM. These products increased the GR concentration from 0.173±0.003 (vehicle) to 0.642±0.002 µMol/mg in At-A, which was the highest one. Regarding NOX, only the A. tequilana extract decreased it (0.513±0.002µMol/mg)compared with Vehicle (0.621±0.008µMol/mg). A. tequilana and A. americana species significantly improved the retention latency parameter (260 seconds) during the passive avoidance test.
Conclusion: Agave species showed promising results in developing novel drugs for neurodegenerative disease therapy.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 June 2023; Revised: 9 July; Accepted: 28 August; Available online: 15 September 2023
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATION OF ANTI OXIDANT POTENTIAL OF PHYTOSOMES FORMULATIONS OF MORINDA LUCIDA BENTH
Get PDFIntroduction: Lucid morinda (L) A medium-sized evergreen tree of the Morinda genus, the Benth (M. lucida, Rubiaceae) is a tropical West African rainforest plant that is also known as the Brimstone tree. In several West African nations, it is utilized in traditional medicine to cure a variety of human ailments. Phytosomes are freshly developed herbal formulations that have superior bioavailability and effects than traditional phyto molecules or botanical extracts because they are more readily absorbed. The goals of the current study were to evaluate ethanolic leaf extract of M. lucida's phytosomes, in vitro antioxidant properties, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses, and phytosome formation.
Methods: The ethanolic plant extract and cholesterol-containing phospholipids were used to make the phytosome. The entrapment efficiency, particle size and size distribution, optical microscopic research, stability tests, and in vitro dissolution investigations were used to characterize phytosomes. Alkaloids, glycosides, sterols, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins were found by phytochemical examination.
Results: The ethanolic leaf extract of M. lucida contained 0.721 mg of total phenols and 0.464 mg of total alkaloids per 100 mg. Using industry-standard procedures, the ethanolic leaf extract's in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated against the DPPH assay technique. Combining phospholipids and M. lucida can have a synergistic impact, which can be measured using the DPPH model for free radical scavenging activity. The optimised batch F10's particle size and entrapment efficiency were found to be 223.30±0.41 nm and 76.46±0.61 nm, respectively.
Conclusion: It can be employed as a targeted medicine delivery system in the future for applications such as liver, brain, heart, etc. protection. The use of novel approaches rather than traditional methods for delivering herbal drugs increases the bioavailability of polar extracts and boosts patient compliance.
Peer Review History:
Received: 7 October 2022; Revised: 13 November; Accepted: 24 December 2022, Available online: 15 January 2023
Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
Dr. Hasniza Zaman Huri, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, [email protected]
PREVALENCE OF SIGNS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS IN HEALTHY ASYMPTOMATIC COMPLETELY EDENTULOUS INDIVIDUALS AND THE EFFECT OF DENTURE ON TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS
Get PDFBackground and objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a multi-factorial issue characterized by signs and symptoms that eventually restrict or may impede an edentulous patient’s physiological activity. The current study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of TMD among edentulous individuals, and their association with risk factors such as gender, age, educational level, habitual Khat chewing, economical status, duration of edentulousness, the age, and vertical dimension of occlusion (OVD) of the present dentures.
Materials and Methods: This study involved a thorough evaluation of 400 edentulous Yemeni patients who were undergoing prosthetic treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry Sana'a University and the University of Sciences and Technology, 114 with denture and 286 without denture. This evaluation of TMD signs and symptoms was performed using the Helkimo index. The outcomes were analyzed by correlating the research variables and the prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMD using chi-squared tests.
Results: The study’s findings showed that signs and symptoms of TMD were 82.5% and 55.3% among complete denture wearers and 80.4% and 49.0% among non-denture wearers, respectively. Furthermore, the most frequent sign and symptom was the joint sounds. This study revealed a statistically significant association between the prevalence of TMD symptoms and patient gender and between TMD signs and symptoms and OVD in denture wearers.
Conclusion: The current study supports the need to evaluate the potential impact of TMD on completely edentulous individuals and to take caution while receiving dental therapy and prosthetic rehabilitation.
Peer Review History:
Received: 6 December 2022; Revised: 9 January; Accepted: 24 February 2023; Available online: 15 March 2023
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz, Mexico, [email protected]
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
DEEP BITE MALOCCLUSION: EXPLORATION OF THE SKELETAL AND DENTAL FACTORS
Get PDFBackground and objective: A deep bite malocclusion may be due to skeletal and dental factors. The analysis of the etiological factors may have an influence on the treatment plan. The aim of this study was to exploration the most common dental and skeletal factors that contribute to deep bite malocclusion in Yemeni individuals, as well as the correlations between them.
Material and methods: a cross-sectional prospective study was conducted to evaluate 136 individuals with deep bites using study casts and lateral cephalometrics (62 males and 74 females), with ages ranging from 18 to 28 years, with the Onyx program used for analysis. The recorded data was collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed by SPSS.
Results: The Gonial angle and Jarabak index form the highest contribution to skeletal deep bite (59.3%), and the least contributing factors were the decreased saddle angle (3%), followed by decreases in the inclination angle) Pn line- PP) (11.1%). On the other hand, the most contributing dental factor to the deep bite was an exaggerated curve of spee (63.5%), followed by a decreased clinical crown length of the Lower first molar (52.6%), and the least contributing dental factor was an increased clinical crown length of the maxillary incisors. There was more correlation between skeletal factors than dental factors.
Conclusion: Deep bite malocclusion was characterized mostly by counterclockwise rotation of the mandible and increased spee curve. Understanding the most common dental and skeletal contributors will help clinicians treat patients with deep malocclusions more successfully.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 February 2023; Revised: 11 March; Accepted: 29 April 2023, Available online: 15 May 2023
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
Dr. Khaled A AL-Haddad,Orthodontics, Pedodontics and Prevention Department Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]