Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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THE PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS COLONIZATION IN THE ORAL CAVITY OF ADULTS
Get PDFBackground and aims: Long-term carriers of S. aureus are thought to make up between 21% and 30% of the human population. The bacteria are present in the mouth mucous membrane, the lower reproductive tract of females, the nose, and the typical skin microbiota. S. aureus can cause a wide range of ailments, from mild skin infections like cellulitis, boils, carbuncles, folliculitis, abscesses and scalded skin syndrome. Finding the prevalence of S. aureus in the oral cavities of adult dental patients as well as any possible contributing factors was the aim of this study.
Methods: One hundred patients—fifty-nine with natural teeth and fifty with prosthetics—who attended dental clinics run by the Sana'a University Faculty of Dentistry participated in a cross-sectional study. The buccal mucous membranes of both groups were sampled, and the swabs were cultured on both selective medium (Mannitol salt agar) and medium supplemented with 5% blood. After that, all cultured plates were incubated at 37°C with oxygen for 48 hours, after which the bacterial growth was identified using conventional techniques.
Results: Compared to female patients (41%), male patients had an oral colonization rate of S. aureus of 58.9%; for the younger age group (24–34 years), it was 70% with OR=3.7 (p=0.003). There was a significant link (odds ratio = 4.9) between detachable prostheses, prosthesis wearers with more than six years of experience (OR=17, p<0.001), and smokers who regularly lit up (OR=7.3, p= 0.03). Furthermore, a significant association was discovered between the practice of consistently ingesting large amounts of sugar (OR=5.7, p=0.01) and the growth of S. aureus in the oral cavity.
Conclusion Healthy persons had a high frequency of Staphylococcus aureus in their oral cavities, and the infection was linked to certain behaviors such as smoking, chewing Qat, using prostheses, and patients who were younger in age. Also, the study emphasizes how crucial it is to practice proper oral hygiene because Staphylococcus aureus can primarily cause possible systemic infections through the mouth cavity.
Peer Review History:
Received 3 February 2024; Revised 10 March 2024; Accepted 23 April; Available online 15 May 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
Dr. Mohsen Ali Al-Hamzi, Thamar University, Factuality of Dentistry, Yemen. [email protected]
HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN AT JIBLAH UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN JIBLAH CITY, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground: Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a worldwide public health concern. About half of the transmission routes of chronic HBV infections in endemic areas are through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), with HBV infection primarily occurring during infancy and early childhood. One of the most important steps in lowering the prevalence of chronic HBV worldwide is MTCT prevention. The majority of MTCT is caused via natal transmission, therefore immunizing babies against disease is a highly effective method of preventing natal transmission.Objective: This study was conducted to study the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus among pregnant women attending Jiblah University Hospital in Ibb Governorate, Yemen.
Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted and 154 pre-designed questionnaires and serum samples were collected from October to December 2023 to detect seroprevalence and associated risk factors for markers of HBV (HBsAg) among pregnant women at Jiblah University Hospital in Jiblah City, Yemen. Sera were tested for HBsAg by quantitative ELISA.
Results: The study reported that, the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus was 2.6%. The prevalence of HBsAg was more prevalent in illiterate pregnant women. Educational status has been revealed as a predictor of hepatitis B virus infection.
Conclusion: This study revealed a moderate level of risk of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 February 2024; Revised 10 March 2024; Accepted 21 April; Available online 15 May 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef – 32 Tahrir St, Egypt, [email protected]
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF OIL EXTRACT OF MERIANDRA BENGHALENSIS LEAVES FROM YEMEN
Get PDFBackground: Twenty three genera and twenty three species of the Lamiaceae family are native to Yemen. The greatest antibacterial efficacy against a wide range of pathogens, including Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Escherichia coli was demonstrated by Lamiaceae essential oils. The primary components of Lamiaceae essential oils, including as carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, and caryophyllene, may be responsible for these characteristics.
Method: The plant green branches and new leaves were sliced into little bits. A Clevenger-style all-glass equipment was used to hydro distills the essential oil for five hours in order to separate it from each component. After being moved to a glass vial with a screw top, each oil was dried (with Na2SO4) and kept at 4°C in the dark until analysis. For assessing antibiotic sensitivity, a variety of bacterial and fungal strains kept in stock culture at the Al-Mamoun laboratories center were utilized, including: Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli) and Fungi Candida albicans. In dichloromethane (DCM), the essential oil that had been previously synthesized was diluted 1/5, 1/3, and 1/ 1 v/v.
Result: The plant has significant effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and, Candida albicans. In addition, the extract has high effect on Candida albicans than on bacteria. And their more effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae than Escherichia coli.
Conclusions: Result showed the plant has significant effect on staph. Aureus, E coli, Klebsielle, Candida albicans. The extract has high effect on Candida albicans than bacteria. Also the extract has high effect on Klebsiella than E. coli. The oil extract has more effect on gram negative than gram positive.
Peer Review History:
Received 21 March 2024; Revised 3 May 2024; Accepted 25 June; Available online 15 July 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Jucimary Vieira dos Santos, Hemonorte Dalton Barbosa Cunha, Brazil, [email protected]
Dr. Kamal Elbssir Mohammed Ali, Hail University KSA, [email protected]
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS ON THE DEACETYLATION PROCESS OF CHITOSAN CHARACTERISTICS FROM MUD CRAB (SCYLLA SERRATA) SHELL WASTE
Get PDFAim and objective: The aim of this study was to determine the yield value, moisturization, ash, and degree of deacetylation by the variations in deacetylation temperature effect on the quality of chitosan.
Methods: In the synthesis process of chitosan, the first step was demineralization, followed by deproteinization. Afterward, the deacetylation process synthesized the material with temperature variations of 80, 100, and 120ºC. Furthermore, it was characterized by moisture, ash content, and degree of deacetylation. The last step was the Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrophotometer (FT-IR) to determine the complete chitosan synthesis.
Results: The results of this study showed that the chitosan yield and water content met the requirements of the quality standards of chitosan. The values obtained were high, which was affected by the temperature. However, the ash content and degree of deacetylation did not meet the requirements of chitosan quality standards. FTIR data showed that the -OH functional group, a -NH group, and no -C=O group from the amide group were found to have characteristics of chitosan formation. Conclusion: Mud crab shell waste is a potent raw material for making chitosan. The study also reported that the production of chitosan from mud crab shell waste is affected by temperature.
Peer Review History:
Received 19 May 2024; Reviewed 24 July 2024; Accepted 27 August; Available online 15 September 2024
Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Hüsniye Kayalar, Ege University, Turkey, [email protected]
Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES ON RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE AMONG CARDIAC PATIENTS IN AMRAN CITY, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground: All three layers of the heart—the pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium (including the valves)—may sustain irreversible damage as a result of rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Rheumatic heart disease is the result of valvular damage caused by an abnormal immune response to group a streptococcal infection, usually during childhood. The study aims to achieve the assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) on rheumatic heart disease among cardiac patients in Amran city, Yemen.
Method: The descriptive analytical method was used. The questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data the research sample was (121) of those accompanying rheumatic heart patients in clinics and medical centers in the city of Amran, and they were selected in a simple random method. The data was analyzed and processed statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program (SPSS) and many statistical methods, and after conducting the data analysis process and testing the study hypotheses.
Result: The study found that heart patients in Amran have knowledge about rheumatic heart disease causes and symptoms, but lack knowledge about risk factors and disease history. Most suffer from arthritis and do not practice regular exercise. There were no significant differences in opinions about rheumatic heart disease and risk factors among heart patients due to variables like gender, age, education, and living conditions. Rural residents showed statistically significant differences.
Conclusions: The study reveals that patients with rheumatic heart disease have the highest knowledge about the causes and symptoms, but also the risk factors associated with the disease. The knowledge of the disease's history is the most common, followed by rheumatic fever. Arthritis is the most common risk factor. The study found no significant differences in opinions among heart patients in Amran, but significant differences were observed in rural residents' opinions due to factors like gender, age, and living conditions.
Peer Review History:
Received 13 May 2024; Reviewed 14 July 2024; Accepted 22 August; Available online 15 September 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dina Abd Elfattah Eldakhs, Pharos university (PUA), Egypt, [email protected]
Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
DETERMINATION OF SOME PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES OF ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE GRANULES IN ALBINO RATS
Get PDFAim and Objectives: Malaria is an infectious disease that is caused by plasmodium parasites which is rampant in Sahara Africa and children under 5 years of age are highly vulnerable to this infection by malaria. So the need for the formulation of dosage form for this population using naturally occurring excipients to replace imported ones being currently used by our local manufacturing industries in-order to formulate novel, readily available, affordable and effective antimalarial medicine for children.
Methods: Using the local excipients and its hybrid, the formulated artemether-lumefantrine granules for oral suspension were administered to albino rats, blood samples were collected at predetermined time 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 h respectively and drug contents; artemether-lumefantrine were determined within the stipulated period.
Results: Some pharmacokinetic parameters determined were; maximum concentration, Cmax, time to reach the maximum concentration, Tmax, half-life, t1/2, area under the curve, AUC, and mean residence time, MRT, which were for artemether-lumefantrine were 3.9, 3.4, μg/L; 3.2, 6.0 h; 12.5, 14 h; 75.8, 168.5 μg/L.h; 24, 24 h respectively, for the marketed artemether-lumefanthrine granules for oral suspension.4.1, 3.2 μg/L; 1.4, 3.0 h; 3.0, undefined h, 67.0, 65.7 μg/L. h; 18, 18 respectively for hybrid formulated artemether-lumefantrine granules for oral suspension and 3.1, 3.8 μg/L; 2.5, 12.5 h; 4.8, 15 h; 20.2, 281.6 μg/L .h; 18, 18 respectively for the extracted pectin formulated granules.
Conclusion: Optimized formulated artemether-lumefantrine granules were superior to the marketed product in terms of pharmacokinetic values being closer to those of earlier workers.
Peer Review History:
Received 13 May 2024; Reviewed 16 July 2024; Accepted 22 August; Available online 15 September 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
TREATMENT OF COMMINUTED MANDIBULAR FRACTURE WITH CLOSED REDUCTION AND MANDIBULAR FIXATION VERSUS OPEN REDUCTION AND INTERNAL FIXATION
Get PDFBackground and aims: Injuries from firearms remain a serious public health concern, contributing significantly to our society's morbidity, mortality, and costs. Securing an airway, controlling bleeding, determining other injuries, and conclusively repairing the traumatic facial abnormalities are the four primary phases in the care of patients with gunshot wounds to the face. This study aimed to compare the effects of two treatment approaches for mandibular gunshot injuries: closed reduction and maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) against open reduction and internal fixation.
Methods: Between 2020 and 2023, mandibular fractures were found in two equal groups at the Military Hospital in Sana'a, Yemen, where the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery conducted the study. Twenty patients in group A received treatment by closed reduction and maxillo-mandibular fixation, and another twenty patients in group B received treatment by open reduction and internal fixation. Then complications following surgery were studied. Every patient had made a follow-up call between the second and eighth weeks; following the surgery, both groups' cases of postoperative infection, malocclusion, non-union or malunion of fracture fragments, facial asymmetry, exposed plates, and bone resorption were recorded and assessed radiographically and clinically.
Results: The study analyzed patients with mandible fractures, focusing on G.S.I. and bomb explosions. Most injuries occurred in the body, with parasymphsis being the most common site. Bone exposure was prevalent in 95% of patients. After a two-week follow-up, the ORIF treatment method was associated with more post-operative complications than the CR-MMF treatment method. Wound contraction was more common in the ORIF group (22.5%), followed by bone loss (15%). Plate exposure, nonunion, and malunion were more prevalent in the ORIF group.
Conclusions: In comparison to open reduction with internal fixation, it was determined that closed reduction is the most efficient and dependable management strategy for treating comminuted fractures of the mandible brought on by gunshot injuries. It also has a lower rate of complications.
Peer Review History:
Received 18 July 2024; Reviewed 13 September 2024; Accepted 20 October; Available online 15 November 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Adebayo Gege Grace Iyabo, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Haddad, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla, Yemen, [email protected]
COMPARATIVE ANTI-TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF SAMBUCUS NIGRA L. FLOWERS AND FRUITS EXTRACTS
Get PDFBackground: Sambucus nigra or also known as Black elderberry or European elderberry is been used for the teatment and prevention of various diseases. The plant posseses health beneficial effects such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcerogenic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antiviral and antiinflammatory. However, there is limited report on the antitrichomoniasis activity of S. nigra.
Objectives: The study aimed to comparatively analyze the in vitro trichomonicidal effects of various extracts prepared from both fruits and flowers of S. nigra. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and minimum parasiticide (MPC) values of the extracts against metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis 50143 strain were determined by the liquid microdilution method using 96-well microplates.
Results: After 48 hrs incubation with parasites, the highest activities were observed for 70% hydroethanolic extract, chloroform extract and methanol extract of fruits with IC50 values of 513, 531 and 566 µg/ml, respectively. Fruit extracts exhibited higher activity than flower extracts, and no activity was observed in methanol extract of flowers.
Conclusion: This study is the first comparative analysis of the anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of elderberry extracts. This study will serve as a reference source in isolating the components of elderberry fruits with antiparasitic activity.
Peer Review History:
Received 23 March 2024; Revised 6 May 2024; Accepted 27Metronidazole June; Available online 15 July 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
ASSESSMENT OF THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF CANALIS SINUOSUS IN THE ANTERIOR MAXILLA TO AVOID SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS
Get PDFAims: The study's objective was to evaluate the canalis sinuosus (CS) anatomical structure in the front maxilla in order to prevent surgical problems in an adult Yemeni population sample acquired using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to assess 226 participants' CBCT pictures. 452 sides in total were assessed. There were 140 females (61.9%) and 86 males (38.1%) among the samples. The age distribution was 18–34 years (65%) and over 35 years (35%), with a mean age of 32.13. Version 25 of the Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for all statistical analyses.
Result: It was discovered that 160 right (35.4%) and 175 left (38.7%) of the 226 patients and 452 sides had CS. Among these individuals, 117 (51.8%) had unilateral CS and 109 (48.2%) had bilateral CS. The CS was 8.12 mm from the nasal cavity floor (D1), 6.99 mm from the buccal cortical bone ridge (D2), and 13.47 mm from the crest of the alveolar ridge (D3), as the mean distances were measured. Males and females had somewhat higher mean values for the linear measurements D1 and D3, but females had slightly higher mean values for the linear measurement D2. The CS had a mean diameter of 1.11 mm. Left central incisor area was the most commonly observed location of CS, and palataly was the most frequently recorded location of CS.
Conclusion: Since the CS is present in 100% of adult Yemenis, it is imperative that general practitioners and maxillofacial surgeons become more knowledgeable about the position and structure of the CS.
Peer Review History:
Received 19 May 2024; Reviewed 12 July 2024; Accepted 23 August; Available online 15 September 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
STUDY OF SOME FLUOREN-9-ONE THIOSEMICARBAZONES: SYNTHESIS, CATALYTIC EFFECTS AND SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION
Get PDFAim and objective: Nowadays, Schiff bases have shown a remarkable importance in medicinal chemistry research. Semicarbazones, thiosemicarbazones and their derivatives are important Schiff base ligands with biological properties. Fluorenones are important organic compounds used in many different fields. Here, we reported the synthesis of fluoren-9-one thiosemicarbazones (F1-F4).
Methods: For their synthesis, we first carried out a theoretical study based on the physical properties (reasonable pharmacokinetics and drug availability) of the compounds using Lipinski's rules. We also varied the reaction conditions using several reagents (HCl, 1N; H2SO4 conc. and GAA) and ethanol in order to optimize reaction yields. Structure of each molecule was characterized by spectrometrical analysis (MS and IR, and especially NMR 1H and 13C).
Results: During the course of the study, we observed an increase in reaction yields in the presence of the less aqueous acids, particularly with GAA, which gave the best yields (89, 77, 91 and 96%) for molecules F1, F2, F3 and F4 respectively.
Conclusion: We noted that compounds presented essential properties to exhibit pharmaceutical activities. They could have a variety of pharmaceutical activities on pathogens resistant to existing treatments.
Peer Review History:
Received 15 July 2024; Reviewed 10 September 2024; Accepted 23 October; Available online 15 November 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Dr. A. Hakan AKTAŞ, Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, Isparta-Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. Wafa Mohamed Al Madhagi, Sana’a University, Yemen, [email protected]