Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS USAGE BY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS OF MEDICAL GROUP IN BASRA, IRAQ
Get PDFBackground: Psychological disease is strongly prevalent among college and university students worldwide with negative impacts on students’ life. Specifically, medical group students have long time of study with suffer from competitive ambience and sleep privation, that lead to out of the way from perfect learning environment. When medical students are abused psychotropic drugs that lead to defect on performance, health, life style and interpose with their concentration.
Aim: to investigate the prevalence rate of depression and anxiety in university students of medical group in Basra, and estimate the rate and type of psychotropic drugs consumption by them.
Method: The study data was collected from 376 students of medical group at College of Medicine, College of Dentistry and College of Pharmacy of Basra University by questionnaire forma.
Results: The prevalence rate of mental disorders was low about and many factors that affected on psychiatric state of them like gender, age, Family and friends Relation, missing one of parents etc. Among medical group students that used sedatives and hypnotics about (46%) than other psychotropic drugs like serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRIs) (42.9%) tricyclic antidepressants (21.4%), and atypical antipsychotic (7.1%).
Conclusions: Medical group students are more likely to consumption antipsychotic drugs by physician prescription or self-medications. Therefore, there are required more interesting and pursuits for college students especially medical college students for amelioration their college and social lives.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 February 2024; Revised 15 March 2024; Accepted 26 April; Available online 15 May 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
VERNONIA AMYGDALINA LEAVES INCORPORATION INTO HIGH FAT DIET EXHIBITED HYPOGLYCEMIC, HEPATOPROTECTIVE, AND WEIGHT LOWERING EFFECTS IN MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE INTOXICATED WISTAR RATS
Get PDFBackground and aims: Insulin resistance (IR) and obesity (Ob) are hallmarks of metabolic syndrome while high-fat diet (HFD) and monosodium glutamate (MSG) consumption have been implicated in both IR and Ob. In current study, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, and weight-reducing effects of dietary Vernonia amygdalina (VA) in MSG-intoxicated HFD fed wistar rats was investigated.
Methods: Male wistar rats (36) were randomly allocated into six groups of six rats each, each weighing between 150 and 250 grams on average. The animals were given 5%, 10% dietary incorporated VA (VAHFD), and Orlistat 10 mg/kg for 4 weeks after being treated orally with MSG 8000 mg/kg for the first 8 weeks while on HFD. Changes in the experimental animals' weight, liver histology, total protein and albumin concentrations, and fasting blood glucose concentrations were all noted, and the data was analyzed for statistical significance using appropriate techniques.
Results: Peak fasting blood glucose concentration was recorded for the MSG-only group at the end of the study period while 10% VAHFD was greater than Orlistat 10 mg/kg in reducing it. Hepatotoxicity was observed in rats fed the HFD or HFD + MSG while the 10% VAHFD was comparable to Orlistat 10 mg/kg in protecting the liver both of which were greater than the 5% VAHFD. The Orlistat group showed a peak reduction in weight gain from week 9 to the end of week 12, followed by the 5% VAHFD > 10% VAHFD.
Conclusions: Following co-intoxication with MSG + HFD, dietary VAHFD was effective in managing hyperglycemia, hepatotoxicity, and weight gain, however, there was no additive effect on toxicity from MSG + HFD co-intoxication on the various studied parameters.
Peer Review History:
Received 4 February 2024; Revised 11 March 2024; Accepted 19 April; Available online 15 May 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]
FORMULATION AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF METOCLOPRAMIDE LOZENGES BY USING THE QUALITY BY DESIGN (QBD) APPROACH
Get PDFObjective: Conventional dosage forms may not be suitable for all patients, especially those facing difficulty with swallowing, which results in reduced adherence to medication, impacting treatment outcomes. This study aimed to formulate and characterize metoclopramide lozenges using the quality-by-design approach to provide a patient-friendly alternative.
Materials and Method: Formulations were optimized using response surface methodology and a Design Expert, focusing on Metoclopramide, Citric Acid, and Carboxymethyl Cellulose, with hardness and dissolution as primary response variables. The experimental design involved 20 runs, six replications of the central point, and a quadratic model for improved model fitting, with adjustments made through transformation and numerical hill-climbing algorithms.
Results and Discussion: Formulations of metoclopramide lozenges were obtained through a systematic quality-by-design approach. Using numerical optimization, the formulation with the highest desirability score of 1.00 was selected, yielding a hardness of 14.55 kg and a dissolution time of 1.25 minutes. The optimal coded values were 1.53223 grams for Metoclopramide (A), 4.84302 grams for Citric acid (B), and 18.5048 grams for Carboxymethyl cellulose (C). The optimized formulation was subjected to in vitro testing to validate its performance, yielding a hardness ranging from 13.98 to 15.00 kg/cm2 and a dissolution time ranging from 1.11 to 2.23 minutes. The effectiveness of the QbD approach was confirmed as outcomes closely aligned with the targeted responses.
Conclusions: The Quality by Design approach was found effective in optimizing the formulation of metoclopramide lozenges. Using the Design of Expert and Response Surface Methodology, an optimized formulation was obtained with the desired hardness and dissolution rate.
Peer Review History:
Received 26 April 2024; Revised 4 May 2024; Accepted 28 June; Available online 15 July 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Hatem Sameir Abbas, Al-Azhar University, Egypt, [email protected]
PREVALENCE OF PAROTID TUMORS AMONG YEMENI PATIENTS IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground and aims: Parotid gland tumors (PGT) are a moderately scarce group of tumors with a broad range of histopathological manifestations and clinical characteristics. To date, most epidemiological studies on salivary gland tumors including PGT are limited in Yemen and this is one of the first studies, so the aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of different tumors affecting the parotid glands and the effect of age and sex on their distribution.
Methods: Epidemiological information as well as demographic data, anatomical site, and histological analysis of PGT were analyzed. The data analyzed included age, sex, site, and histological diagnosis. Data were collected from all histopathological centers covering the majority of Sana'a city between 2019 and 2023.
Results: A total of 284 cases- 69% benign and 31% malignant tumors were examined. Both benign and malignant tumors showed a little male inclination (52.5%) and a peak occurrence between the third and fifth decade. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (36.4%) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (11.4%) are two common malignant tumor types. Benign parotid tumors include pleomorphic adenoma (71.4%) and Warthin tumors (11.2%) of benigns. Other malignants and benigns are less frequent.
Conclusions: This study presents the first retrospective study to date to analyze PGT data from health centers spread across Sana'a city. These results should serve the same as the basis for prospect studies assessing the epidemiological geography of these tumors in Sana'a in particular and Yemen in general.
Peer Review History:
Received 18 May 2024; Reviewed 12 July 2024; Accepted 23 August; Available online 15 September 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Asmaa Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Khalifa, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
HYBRID HYDROGELS INCORPORATING NANOPARTICLES, THEIR TYPES, DEVELOPMENT, AND APPLICATIONS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NANOGELS
Get PDFNanogels have become significant in biomedical science research due to various unique characteristics. Hydrogels are three-dimensional crosslinked polymer networks that swell by absorbing aqueous solvents. These polymeric networks with sizes from nanometers to micrometres incorporate features of both hydrogels and nanoparticles, exhibiting high efficiency in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing. The synthesis process involves the chemical and physical crosslinking process, and the nanoparticles can be incorporated either during gelation or in situ. The resulting hydrogel nanoparticle composites exhibit high drug encapsulation capacity, adjustable swelling behaviour, biocompatibility, and responsiveness to stimuli like pH, temperature, and enzymes. They are of uniform size and less toxic, ideal for controlled and targeted drug delivery, and improved therapeutic effectiveness. Newer developments have highlighted its applications in cancer therapy, cardiovascular treatment, wound healing, and neurodegenerative disease management. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the types of nanogel, the development process and wide-ranging applications, along with insights into future developments in this promising field.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 July 2024; Reviewed 11 September 2024; Accepted 19 October; Available online 15 November 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Mohsen Ali Al-Hamzi, Thamar University, Factuality of Dentistry, Yemen. [email protected]
Md. Monirul Islam, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Northern University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [email protected]
EXPLORING HEALTHCARE MEDICATION-SKILLS, PROFESSIONALISM AND OPPORTUNITIES OF PHARMACY-BASED HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS IN MALAYSIA
Get PDFBackground: Through qualitative and quantitative methods, this study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolving role of pharmacy-based healthcare providers in Malaysia and highlight strategies to optimize their impact within the healthcare framework. The evolving landscape of healthcare in Malaysia has placed increasing emphasis on the role of pharmacy-based healthcare providers in delivering patient-centered care. As healthcare systems worldwide shift toward more integrated approaches, pharmacists are uniquely positioned to contribute through their expertise in medication management and patient education. This study explores the current state of medication skills, professionalism, and the opportunities available for pharmacists in Malaysia.
Objective: This study investigates the knowledge, professionalism, and perceptions of pharmacy-based healthcare providers among students at University College MAIWP International (UCMI) in Malaysia.
Method: A total of 341 students participated in a survey assessing their understanding of pharmacists' roles, responsibilities, and contributions to healthcare.
Results: The findings indicate a strong recognition of pharmacists' importance in medication management and patient care, with 93.5% acknowledging their role in helping manage medications effectively. Despite a consensus on the necessity for higher education in pharmacy, 89.2% of respondents believed a high school diploma suffices to become a pharmacy practitioner. Additionally, both male and female students demonstrated similar levels of awareness regarding the diverse responsibilities of pharmacists beyond traditional roles.
Conclusions: The study highlights the need for greater integration of pharmacy professionals into the healthcare system and calls for enhanced educational initiatives to elevate the understanding of pharmacy roles among the general public and healthcare providers.
Peer Review History:
Received 21 July 2024; Reviewed 13 September 2024; Accepted 25 October; Available online 15 November 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Rima Benatoui, Applied Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Annaba, Algeria. [email protected]
Sheima Nadim Kadhim, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of pharmacy, University of Basra, Iraq. [email protected]
MOLECULAR MODELLING AND VIRTUAL SCREENING APPLICATION TO THE COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF ANTICANCER INHIBITORS WITH A FAVORABLE PHARMACOKINETIC PROFILE AGAINST E6 PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 16
Get PDFBackground: Worldwide, cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common women cancer. It is crucial to develop more effective treatments for this disease. We aim at designing new anticancer compounds with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, targeting the E6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16 E6).
Methods: Computer-Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) has been carried out by the elaboration of a Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) model of molecular complexation, through the correlation between the relative Gibbs free energy (rGFE) and the observed biological activities of a series of flavonoids inhibitors separated in training (TS) and validation sets (VS). Starting from the 3D crystallographic structure of the oncoprotein HPV16 E6 (Protein Data Banck (PDB) input code: 4GIZ), enzyme – inhibitor complexes were built by in situ modification of the native ligand (FLAV1, IC50exp= 850 nM), replacing substitution R-groups at nine different positions R1 – R9.
Results: The complexation QSAR model equation (pIC50exp=-0.5494 × DDGcom+5.9983 (1); n=16; R2=0.98) explains 98% of the variation in biological activity by that of rGFE of the analogues used. The subsequent 3D pharmacophore model (PH4) generated from the active conformations of FLAVS (pIC50exp= 1.0177× pIC50pre – 0.0927(2); n=16; R2=0.90) was used as a virtual selection tool to identify new analogues from a virtual library (VL) reaching two digits nanomolar range predicted activity.
Conclusions: The combination of molecular modelling and in silico screening of VL using the PH4 pharmacophore has led to the discovery of new promising anticancer candidates, with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles against HPV16 E6. Among them, the top two predicted respective inhibitory powers IC50 pre (50 nM and 61 nM).
Peer Review History:
Received 11 July 2024; Reviewed 16 September 2024; Accepted 20 October; Available online 15 November 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Ogbonna B. Onyebuchi, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, [email protected]
Prof. Syamsudin Abdillah, Pancasila University, Indonesia, [email protected]
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF CUSCUTA REFLEXA
Get PDFBackground: The aim of the study was to identify functional groups and antioxidant activity of the Cuscuta reflexa (C. reflexa) stems extract. Due to the reach of medicinal components, it has been using among Indian subcontinent people to treat various chronic diseases for ancient era. However, there are lacks of study on antioxidant activities of C. reflexa with its potential therapeutic compounds, therefore this study motivated to investigate more on its stems extract for further explore.
Methods: Soxhlet extraction method was employed to extract phenolic compounds from C. reflexa stems. The effect of extraction time (1-4 h) and concentration of ethanol (45%, 60%, 75% and 90%) on the percentage of yield, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) was investigated. The functional groups of phenolic compounds were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). DPPH and ABTS•+ radical scavengers were used to evaluate antioxidant activity.
Results: Data showed the highest percentage of yield (10.22±0.14% w/w), TPC (64.11±0.17%, mg GAE/g d.w.) and TFC (41.08±0.34%, mg QE/g d.w.) at 3 h with 75% ethanol. FTIR results revealed the presence of functional groups associated phenolic compounds which are the band at 1260 cm−1 illustrations the C–O groups of polyols existence and C – O –C of ester for presence of quercetin which represent the hydroxy flavonoids in the extract. DPPH and ABTS•+ radical scavengers were showed very potent antioxidant activity with IC50 295.12±1.33 and 245.43±0.78 μg/mL.
Conclusion: Phenolic and flavonoids enriched C. reflexa extract may play a potential role as a natural nutritional and therapeutic source in Bangladesh.
Peer Review History:
Received: 9 October 2023; Revised: 10 November; Accepted: 29 December; Available online: 15 January 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
THE PROJECTILE CALIBER AND TYPE DETERMINATION BY SUPERIMPOSITION ON THE EXIT CRANIAL VAULT DEFECT
Get PDFA case of group identification of a firearm projectile using a comparative study by the overlay method is presented. Morphological characteristics of the exit gunshot bullet fractures are generally used to establish the direction and number of shots. Identification was carried out by exit gunshot injury to the bones of the skull vault of the skeletonized corpse. The shape and size of the gunshot perforated fracture displayed the caliber of the bullet and its lateral profile. Examination of the bone remains established a single penetrating gunshot bullet wound of the 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) and the skull.
In this case the entry injury, located on the anterior arch of the atlas and the basilar part of the occipital bone, did not have identification significance.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 October 2023; Revised: 6 November; Accepted: 27 December; Available online: 15 January 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Rima Benatoui, Applied Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Annaba, Algeria. [email protected]
Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MICE LIVER AND KIDNEY ON ORAL ACUTE TESTING OF WHITE RADISH TUBER LYOPHILISATE
Get PDFBackground and aim: Radish tuber (Raphanus sativus L.) is one of the plant species often consumed by society as a vegetable. Currently, its use is beginning to expand as a medicinal plant, including its use for diabetes, pharyngitis, sinusitis, cardiac fibrosis, diuretics, and bacterial infections. This study aims to determine the histopathology of the liver and kidney organs in male albino mice (Mus musculus) by testing the oral pungency of white radish (Raphanus sativus L.).
Methods: This experimental study used 12 mice weighing 25–30 grams, divided into 4 treatment groups: Group 1 was administered aquadest, Group 2 received a dose of 400 mg, Group 3 received 800 mg, and Group 4 received 1600 mg of the medication. The treatment was carried out for 14 days, and then the mice were euthanized to see the histopathology of the hepatic and kidney tissues.
Results: In the histopathology of the liver and kidney in treatment groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, the results were normal, mild, moderate, and severe damage, respectively. In kidney histopathology, there are signs of damaged tissue, such as bleeding, edema, and inflamation cells.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the higher the dose of white radish lyophilizate, the greater the potential to cause toxicity to the liver and kidney organs.
Peer Review History:
Received 3 December 2023; Revised 29 January 2024; Accepted 27 February; Available online 15 March 2024
Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]