Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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THE DYNAMIC BINDING HYPOTHESIS: A NOVEL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING CONSCIOUSNESS
Get PDFThe Dynamic Binding Hypothesis (DBH) offers a framework for understanding consciousness as a product of synchronized neural oscillations across brain regions. This integration of brain activity, modulated by attention, working memory, and social context, is proposed as the basis of conscious experience. DBH suggests that disruptions in these synchronized oscillations may underlie consciousness disorders. Personalized medicine can enhance DBH's application by tailoring treatments based on individual neural characteristics. By using genetic data, biomarkers, and advanced diagnostics, therapies for consciousness disorders can be targeted to individual variations in neural oscillations. Furthermore, DBH and quantum biology offer complementary views. Quantum biology explores how quantum phenomena might influence neural activity, suggesting that quantum effects in microtubules and photons in neural communication could contribute to the neural synchronization central to DBH and consciousness. While insightful, DBH is not without limitations and should be considered alongside other theories to achieve a comprehensive understanding of consciousness. Integrating insights from various perspectives may be the most effective approach to unraveling this complex phenomenon.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 December 2024; Reviewed 4 January 2025; Accepted 11 February; Available online 15 March 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Poualeu Kamani Sylviane Laure, University of Dschang, Cameroon, [email protected]
Dr. Razan Hani Amin Haddad, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan, [email protected]
MIND AND IMMUNITY: EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN HIV AND MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS - A REVIEW
Get PDFHIV infection has long been recognized for its profound effects on the immune system, but growing evidence highlights its significant impact on mental health as well. Individuals living with HIV are disproportionately affected by psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). These mental health challenges not only arise from the psychosocial burden of chronic illness and stigma but are also rooted in the biological interactions between HIV and the central nervous system (CNS). The virus infiltrates the CNS early in infection, triggering a cascade of neuroinflammatory processes that contribute to neuronal damage and neurotransmitter dysregulation. Chronic immune activation, marked by elevated cytokines and systemic inflammation, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of mental health disorders in HIV-positive individuals. Conversely, psychological distress can impair immune function, reduce CD4+ T-cell counts, and undermine adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), thereby accelerating disease progression and compromising overall health outcomes.
Peer Review History:
Received 8 April 2025; Reviewed 13 May 2025; Accepted 24 June; Available online 15 July 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Francis Adou Yapo, Felix Houphouet Boigny, University of Abidjan, Ivory Coast, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO STUDY OF TURMERIC-GINGER SYNERGY IN DIABETIC OXIDATIVE STRESS MANAGEMENT
Get PDFBackground and aim: Oxidative stress is a major factor in both the progression and the adverse effects of diabetes mellitus. Natural Bioactive substances like curcumin (derived from turmeric) and gingerol (from ginger) possess antioxidant properties that may offer therapeutic benefits by enhancing the body's defense mechanisms against oxidative damage.
This study investigates the synergistic antioxidant effects of co-administered curcumin and gingerol in managing oxidative stress associated with diabetes mellitus.
Method: Oxidative stress biomarkers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, and glutathione were evaluated in experimental rat groups treated with varying doses of curcumin and gingerol. Additionally, in vitro antioxidant activities of turmeric and ginger extracts were assessed using DPPH and FRAP assays.
Results: The combination of 400 mg/kg curcumin and gingerol significantly increased SOD (24.49±6.85 IU/g protein) and catalase (19.02±1.76 kU/g protein) activities (p<0.05) compared to other groups. Glutathione levels also rose notably (5.31±1.26 µg/L), indicating enhanced endogenous antioxidant capacity. Although MDA levels (75.05±24.76 nmol/g protein) were higher than in lower dose groups, they remained lower than in the 200 mg/kg group (135.35±8.51 nmol/g protein), suggesting a dose dependent response. In vitro assays confirmed strong radical scavenging and reducing activities, with turmeric slightly outperforming in FRAP, while ginger matched in DPPH scavenging.
Conclusion: Co-administration of curcumin and gingerol enhances antioxidant defenses more effectively than individual treatments or metformin. This synergy presents a potential adjunct therapy for mitigating oxidative damage in diabetes and merits further clinical investigation.
Peer Review History:
Received 7 June 2025; Reviewed 11 July 2025; Accepted 18 August; Available online 15 September 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Antonio José de Jesus Evangelista, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Brazil, [email protected]
Dr. Ahmad Abdelsattar El-Ebiary, Tanta University Hospitals, Tanta, Egypt, [email protected]
ANTILEISHMANIAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF BLACK CUMIN EXTRACTS AGAINST LEISHMANIA TROPICA
Get PDFObjectives: In addition to the high cost of antileishmanial drugs, the resistance that develops against these drugs and their side effects has led to the investigation of leishmanicidal active ingredients from natural sources that may be cheaper and have no side effects. The purpose of this study is to use in vitro assays to examine the antileishmanial effect of various extracts made from black cumin seeds.
Methods: By using the shaking maceration technique, extracts of black cumin seeds were prepared by water, 60% aqueous ethanol, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The extracts' ability to inhibit Leishmania tropica isolates with the code MHOM/TR 2012/CBCL-LT was examined.
Results: The IC50 values for methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, water, ethanol, and 60% aqueous ethanol extracts were determined as 172.4, 355.5, 400.3, 673.3, 818.4, and 1148 µg/ml, respectively.
Conclusion: The extracts of black cumin seeds have demonstrated antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica promastigotes. To verify black cumin seeds' potential as an antileishmanial source, in vivo antileishmanial research is required.
Peer Review History:
Received 8 February 2025; Reviewed 13 March 2025; Accepted 24 April; Available online 15 May 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Ahmad Abdelsattar El-Ebiary, Tanta University Hospitals, Tanta, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Haddad, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla, Yemen, [email protected]
OLFACTORY INTERVENTIONS FOR SLEEP ENHANCEMENT: A REVIEW
Get PDFSleep is essential for cognitive function, emotional balance, and overall well-being. Disruptions like insomnia or poor sleep quality can have negative consequences. Various methods, including bedtime perfumes, have been studied to improve sleep. This review examines the scientific basis of scent-based sleep enhancement, focusing on the olfactory system and the effects of specific aromatic compounds on sleep. The olfactory system plays a crucial role in how scents influence sleep. Odor molecules bind to receptors in the nasal cavity, sending signals to the olfactory bulb, which processes these signals and relays them to the limbic system. This connection allows scents to evoke emotional responses and impact sleep. Historically, scent therapy has been used across cultures. The effectiveness of bedtime perfumes depends on their delivery methods. Diffusers, sprays and roll-on oils are common ways to disperse essential oils. Incorporating these perfumes into comprehensive sleep hygiene routine, including a consistent sleep schedule and a calming environment, maximizes their benefits. Future research should identify specific scent compounds that induce sleep, explore the interaction between olfactory stimuli and sleep stages and investigate the long-term safety and efficacy of bedtime perfumes. In conclusion, bedtime perfumes can improve sleep quality through the power of scent. Understanding olfactory pathways, calming scents and the historical context of scent therapy helps individuals make informed choices about using these fragrances.
Peer Review History:
Received 2 October 2024; Reviewed 11 November; Accepted 20 December; Available online 15 January 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Salfarina Ramli, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. [email protected]
Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Egypt, [email protected]
Message
Get PDFThe process of applying scientific techniques to produce information about human disease, its prevention and treatment, and the promotion of health is referred to as medical research (or biomedical research), often known as health research. From "basic research" (also known as laboratory science or laboratory research), which involves fundamental scientific concepts that could be applied to preclinical understanding, to clinical research, which involves studies on human subjects who might be the subject of clinical trials, medical research covers a wide range of research. Translational research, also known as applied research, is carried out to increase medical understanding.
Clinical and preclinical research phases are both part of the pharmaceutical industry's drug development pipelines; the clinical phase is known as a “clinical trial”. But only a small percentage of preclinical or clinical research is focused on a particular pharmacological goal. Drug research is just a minor part of medical research because of the requirement for basic knowledge of mechanisms, diagnostics, medical devices, and non-drug therapy. The majority of the study in this area is carried out by biomedical scientists, although biologists from other disciplines also contribute significantly. The Declaration of Helsinki's medical ethics and the Institutional Review Board's regulations must be closely followed while conducting medical research on human beings. Research ethics are supposed to be followed at all times. The increase in average human lifespan over the past century can be largely attributed to advances in medical research. Some of the most significant benefits of medical research include measles and polio vaccines, insulin therapy for diabetes, antibiotics for a range of conditions, high blood pressure medications, improved treatments for AIDS, and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful cancer treatments. New and useful tests and treatments are expected to emerge as a result of the Human Genome Project. However, many challenges remain, including the rise of antibiotic resistance, the obesity epidemic, and immune-mediated diseases and cancers.
After this introduction, where is our beloved journal (UJPR) in the field of medical research? We have to ask ourselves whether our beloved journal (UJPR) has a positive impact on global health and how we can investigate this. This can be assessed by the number of people who follow our published articles, as well as the citation number, etc., as well as from the personal experiences of professors. From my personal experience, I found that many of our students in the medical colleges at Sana’a University use UJPR as a reference source for writing their theses and research as well. The Ministry of Health and Population also uses our journal as a reliable source of medical data to help them plan health services in Yemen.
This enhances the international recognition of UJPR publications, thanks to its editorial board of eminent scientists and educators from various countries, constructive peer review by distinguished scientists and professors, and regular article approvals, which are not subject to page restrictions
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TINIDAZOLE ENTERIC COATED TABLETS FOR COLON TARGETING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Get PDFAim and Objective: Colon-specific delivery systems have garnered significant attention for their capacity to localize therapy within the large intestine, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy for colonic disorders and reducing systemic toxicity.
Methods: Core tablets containing tinidazole were prepared using a variety of polymers in distinct ratios, followed by application of an enteric coating. Pre-compression evaluation included assessment of powder flow characteristics and compatibility checks between the drug and excipients via FT-IR spectroscopy, with all batches demonstrating no evidence of interaction. Post-compression, tablets were tested for weight uniformity, mechanical strength, friability, and content uniformity, alongside in vitro dissolution studies under conditions simulating gastrointestinal transit.
Results: All formulations exhibited acceptable chemical and physical properties, with assay values ranging from 98.44 % to 99.89 %, indicating consistent drug loading across batches F1 through F5. The F5 batch emerged as the optimal candidate, sustaining tinidazole release for six hours and achieving a cumulative release of 98.32 %. Stability testing of F5 at 45 °C and 75 % relative humidity over three months revealed no significant changes in performance or integrity. Consequently, formulation F5 is proposed as a robust platform for targeted colonic delivery of tinidazole.
Conclusion: The investigation achieved the formulation of enteric-coated tinidazole tablets optimized for oral delivery and targeted release in the distal gastrointestinal tract.
Peer Review History:
Received 9 June 2025; Reviewed 14 July 2025; Accepted 23 August; Available online 15 September 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Ali Awad Allah Ali Moh. Saeed, National University, Sudan, [email protected]
Ali Jaber, Laboratory for Research and Development of Medicines and Natural Products, RDMPN, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon, [email protected]
IMPLEMENTATION OF PARETO PRINCIPLE IN IDENTIFICATION PROGRAM OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES IN HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT
Get PDFBackground and aims: Healthcare associated infections are a major concern, causing an estimated 72,000 deaths and costing the United States up to $45 billion annually. This study aimed to identify and characterize bacterial isolates in healthcare facilities to improve infection control.
Methods: Using biochemical identification and Pareto analysis, samples were examined to determine the most prevalent bacterial species. The Pareto principle helped focus efforts on the major contaminants.
Results: Results showed that Pseudomonas genus (34.6%) and Micrococcus genus (19.2%) were the most abundant, accounting for more than 50% of isolates. The presence of multiple bacterial species, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, suggests widespread prevalence, likely a result of inadequate cleaning and contamination of water or surfaces. Gram-positive bacilli were less common due to their lower environmental resistance.
Conclusions: The study concluded that implementing proper cleaning and disinfection protocols and regularly monitoring water quality are essential for preventing cross-infection and ensuring a safe environment. Identifying the most prevalent bacteria using the Pareto principle is a crucial step in mitigating the risk of microbial contamination.
Peer Review History:
Received 8 August 2025; Reviewed 11 September 2025; Accepted 19 October; Available online 15 November 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Mohaddese Mahboubi, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
REPROGRAMMING IRON METABOLISM IN HIV: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS DRIVING VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND DISEASE PROGRESSION
Get PDFIron, an essential micronutrient, serves multiple functions in the development of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, affecting viral replication, immune responses, and the advancement of the disease. This analysis explores the detailed molecular dynamics of iron management in HIV infection, illuminating the intricate relationship between iron metabolism and viral development. This review investigates the molecular mechanisms related to iron dysregulation in individuals with HIV, clarifying the effects of disrupted iron homeostasis on disease advancement and pinpointing possible therapeutic targets. Iron balance is closely controlled in the body, with disturbances linked to the development of several diseases, such as HIV infection. HIV affects iron metabolism in various ways, impacting both host and viral functions. Iron accumulation, frequently seen in individuals infected with HIV, has been linked to faster disease progression, immune impairment, and higher mortality rates. On the other hand, a lack of iron can weaken immune response and worsen complications related to HIV. Changes in iron balance significantly impact the progression of HIV and its clinical results. Iron imbalance can promote viral reproduction, worsen immune dysfunction, and intensify HIV-related comorbidities such as heart disease, cognitive decline, and anemia. Moreover, oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by iron lead to tissue harm and systemic issues, which further worsen HIV pathogenesis. Clarifying the molecular dynamics of iron orchestration in HIV infection offers important insights into disease mechanisms and reveals possible targets for therapeutic intervention.
Peer Review History:
Received 4 August 2025; Reviewed 11 September 2025; Accepted 20 October; Available online 15 November 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Mahmoud S. Abdallah, University of Sadat city, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Mohamed Salama, Modern University for Technology & Information, Egypt, [email protected]
PENETRATING CRANIUM INJURY BY A CONCRETE NAIL: CASE STUDY
Get PDFThe article describes a case study, demonstrating the infliction of a single blind penetrating «gunshot» wound to the head with a concrete nail fired from a powder-actuated fastening tool. Forensic examination of the injury caused by atypical projectiles when fired from atypical firearms can be a difficult task. The results of a thorough autopsy examination of the body and the ante-/post-mortem discovery of atypical projectiles (or other foreign objects) in the victim’s body are the prerequisite for correct interpretation of the injury morphological features.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 October 2023; Revised: 5 November; Accepted: 26 December; Available online: 15 January 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Rima Benatoui, Applied Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Annaba, Algeria. [email protected]
Dr. Owanaro Peter, Nigeria, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. [email protected]