Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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PREVALENCE AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF ANAEMIA DURING PREGNANCY AT MPENDAE HEALTH CENTRE, ZANZIBAR, TANZANIA
Get PDFBackground: Maternal anaemia is a significant public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Tanzania, where estimates suggest that 40-57% of pregnant women may be affected. This condition during pregnancy can lead to serious health risks, affecting both mothers and their unborn children, ultimately contributing to increased complications and even higher mortality rates.
Objectives: The study aims to assess the prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women attending antenatal care services at Mpendae Health Centre in Zanzibar and associated sociodemographic factors, diet, obstetric factors, and socioeconomic factors
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in healthcare facilities involving 200 pregnant women. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, dietary habits, obstetric history, and socioeconomic status of families were collected through structured interviews. Correlations were assessed using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results: Anaemia prevalence was 84.0% (168/200). Significant dietary predictors included low meal frequency, inadequate intake of iron-rich foods (OR=0.57; 95% CI 0.50–0.65), poor adherence to iron–folic acid supplementation (OR=0.238; 95% CI 0.182–0.312), and pica (OR=27.62; 95% CI 4.01–190.28). Obstetric factors associated with anaemia were high parity, short inter-pregnancy intervals, late ANC initiation, and prior history of anaemia. Socioeconomic determinants included low household income (OR=0.137; 95% CI 0.094–0.200), food insecurity (OR=0.185; 95% CI 0.134–0.254), and limited social support.
Conclusions: Anaemia is very common and multifactorial in this group, resulting from malnutrition, pregnancy and childbirth risks, and low socioeconomic status. Therefore, interventions should include nutritional counseling, iron and folic acid supplementation, obstetric care, and structural strategies such as women's education, economic empowerment, and enhanced social support.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 October 2025; Reviewed 11 November 2025; Accepted 20 December; Available online 15 January 2026
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Ogbonna B. Onyebuchi, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, [email protected]
OBESITY AND THE CLOTTING CASCADE: MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO HAEMOSTATIC ALTERATIONS
Get PDFObesity is linked to the disruption of haemostasis. Numerous studies have indicated that obese individuals exhibit higher plasma concentrations of all pro-thrombotic factors, such as fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and factor VII in comparison to non-obese individuals. Additionally, elevated plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 have been studied in obese individuals compared to non-obese individuals. Moreover, obesity is marked by heightened plasma concentrations of anti-thrombotic agents, such as urokinase plasminogen activator, tissue-type plasminogen activator, and proteins C and S. The rise in these agents may be seen as protective measures to mitigate the impacts of the increased pro-thrombotic factors. The molecular connections between coagulation and fibrinolytic systems facilitate the targeted and efficient breakdown of fibrin accumulations, ensuring continuous blood flow and minimizing blood loss. The link between obesity, endothelial dysfunction, and haemostasis suggests that obesity features elevated levels of von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, tissue factors, factor VII, VIII, and FX, which have been noted to promote a hypercoagulable condition. Although the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems collaborate to maintain the haemostatic equilibrium of the system, the fibrinolytic system functions to orchestrate the interactions among activators, zymogens, enzymes, cofactors, receptors, and inhibitors of fibrinolysis, facilitating the breakdown of fibrin deposits at the injury site without causing systemic negative effects. Thrombosis linked to obesity is one of the leading global health issues, and thus, continuous updates in this field are essential for improved comprehension of this treatable yet widespread condition.
Peer Review History:
Received 25 September 2025; Reviewed 3 November 2025; Accepted 18 December; Available online 15 January 2026
Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sabah Hussien El-Ghaiesh, Tanta University, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected]
THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT OSTEOSYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES ON POST-OPERATIVE OUTCOMES IN MANDIBULAR FRACTURE MANAGEMENT
Get PDFBackground and Aims: Mandibular fractures are among the most common facial fractures, typically ranking first or second after nasal fractures, the aim of the current study was to analyse the outcomes of mandible fractures treated using mini plate with and without IMF; and reconstruction plate with or without IMF.
Subjects and Methods: A retrospective study preformed for patients with mandibular fractures treated surgically in Military Hospital in Sana’a city, Yemen during a 2024. The patients divided in 4 groups in respect to treatment, mini plate with and without IMF; and reconstruction plate with or without IMF. Demographic information, systemic sickness, aetiology, fracture location, any related systemic disorders or facial injuries, kind and timing of repair, and antibiotic treatment were all gathered. Complications include infection, non-union or malunion, hardware failure, and wound dehiscence were also noted.
Results: The study analyzed 40 male patients with an average age of 26.7 years. Notably, 67.5% of fractures resulted from road traffic accidents, with fractures primarily classified as simple (50%) and closed (72.5%). Occlusion issues were significant, affecting 67.5% of the patients. In evaluating mandibular nerve injury, 62.5% of patients experienced local numbness. Treatment methods included mini-plate fixation (67.5%) and reconstruction plates (32.5%). The complication rate was 25.9% for mini-plates versus 46.2% for reconstruction plates, with wound herniation and sensory impairment being the most frequent complications.
Conclusions: The complication rates in this group are consistent with published studies, although differences may stem from the small sample size, short follow-up period, and patients' comorbidities. The involvement of experienced surgeons during regular working hours likely contributed to the excellent outcomes, and despite the challenges, most patients achieved positive results.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 October 2025; Reviewed 10 November 2025; Accepted 11 December; Available online 15 January 2026
Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Syamsudin Abdillah, Pancasila University, Indonesia, [email protected]
Sheima Nadim Kadhim, Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of pharmacy, University of Basra, Iraq. [email protected]
IMMEDIATE IMPLANT PLACEMENT IN SOCKET WITH PERIAPICAL LESIONS: A STUDY OF THE IMMEDIATE DENTAL IMPLANT PROCEDURE IN PATIENTS WITH PERIAPICAL LESIONS IN SANA'A, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground and Aims: Immediate dental implant surgery involves inserting a dental implant into the socket of a recently extracted tooth at the time of extraction. This procedure has garnered significant attention in modern dentistry, particularly in cases of apical lesions. This study explores immediate implant placement in patients with periapical lesions, focusing on outcomes, success rates, and complications among Yemeni patients.
Methods: A clinical follow-up study involved patients who had a single tooth extracted from the incisors, canines, or premolars, divided into an experimental group (TG) and a control group (CG). Implants were immediately placed post-extraction, loaded after 3 months for the lower jaw and 4 months for the upper jaw in both groups. Ten patients with unrecoverable teeth and no periapical disorders made up the control group. Ten patients with periapical radiolucencies and pathology who showed no symptoms of discomfort, fistulas, or suppuration were included in the TG.
Results: The study involved 50% male and 50% female patients, primarily aged 40 to 48 years (55%), with a mean age of 37.1 years. A significant difference was found between the non-lesion group, which had 100% 'Free' sockets, and the periapical lesion group with 'periapical cyst/granuloma' sockets (p=0.000). The distribution of implant sites varied significantly (p=0.030), with the periapical lesion group concentrated in the maxillary left arch (70%) and the non-lesion group in the mandibular left arch (50%). Survival rates were 100% in the non-lesion group and 90.0% in the periapical lesion group. A significant reduction in mean bucco-lingual width was noted from baseline to the one-year follow-up (p=0.000*).
Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current study due to the small sample size, immediate implant placement in extraction cavities with asymptomatic apical periodontitis resulted in a high success rate with stability, no increase in the complication rate, and a similar type of favourable tissue fusion.
Peer Review History:
Received 2 October 2025; Reviewed 12 November 2025; Accepted 18 December; Available online 15 January 2026
Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Wilman Ismael Carrillo Terán, Technical University of Ambato Avda, Ecuador, [email protected]
Dr. Vanina Doris Edo’o, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun, [email protected]
IMMUNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES IN TREATING PATIENTS WITH HIV AND SICKLE CELL DISEASE: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Get PDFThe simultaneous presence of HIV infection and sickle cell disease (SCD) poses considerable immunological and treatment difficulties, especially in areas where both conditions are very common. HIV leads to gradual immunodeficiency by depleting CD4+ T cells and causing chronic immune activation, whereas SCD is marked by ongoing inflammation, hemolysis, and weakened immune responses. These factors together result in a complicated immune environment characterized by increased inflammation, immune fatigue, and greater vulnerability to infections. This review examines the shared immune dysregulation in HIV and SCD, emphasizing the contributions of monocyte activation, T cell impairment, and endothelial damage in promoting disease complications. We examine how persistent inflammation and immune response worsen vaso-occlusive crises, coagulopathy, and blood-related issues, making clinical management more complex. Moreover, the effects of standard therapies including antiretroviral treatment and SCD-specific therapies like hydroxyurea and transfusions on immune balance are evaluated, emphasizing possible drug interactions and immune effects.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 October 2025; Reviewed 12 November 2025; Accepted 22 December; Available online 15 January 2026
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Nkechi Obiofu Ezenobi, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Nagalingam Varnakulenthiren, Siddha Medicine, Unit of Siddha Medicine, Trincomalee Campus, EUSL, Sri Lanka, [email protected]
PHARMACOVIGILANCE ASSESSMENT OF DRUG-INDUCED BARORECEPTOR DYSFUNCTION AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO CARDIOVASCULAR ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
Get PDFDrug-induced baroreceptor dysfunction represents an underrecognized mechanism contributing to cardiovascular adverse drug reactions, including reflex tachycardia, bradycardia, syncope, orthostatic hypotension, and arrhythmias. However, despite the critical role played by the baroreflex arc in short-term blood pressure regulation through rapid autonomic adjustments, pharmacological impairment of this reflex has not been systematically evaluated in pharmacovigilance systems. This review synthesizes the current evidence on drug-induced baroreceptor dysfunction, discusses the limitations of spontaneous reporting databases, identifies potential pharmacovigilance signal detection methods, and points out major gaps in current knowledge. It also discusses opportunities opened by emerging tools, such as digital health technologies, computational modelling, and real-world evidence to strengthen the early detection of baroreflex related cardiovascular ADRs. We conclude that integrating baroreceptor-specific endpoints into pharmacovigilance frameworks might improve the prediction, detection, and prevention of serious cardiovascular drug reactions.
Peer Review History:
Received 8 October 2025; Reviewed 11 November 2025; Accepted 20 December; Available online 15 January 2026
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Nada Farrag, Misr International University, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Mujde Eryilmaz, Ankara University,Turkey, [email protected]
OVERCOMING CHEMORESISTANCE IN CERVICAL CANCER: PHARMACOLOGICAL HURDLES AND NEW FRONTIERS
Get PDFChemoresistance continues to be a significant obstacle to successful treatment of cervical cancer, especially in advanced and recurrent situations. Even with the effectiveness of cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy as a standard option, numerous patients develop resistance that greatly diminishes therapeutic effectiveness and leads to unfavorable clinical results. The fundamental mechanisms of resistance are complex and include cellular, molecular, and microenvironmental alterations that enable tumor cells to endure cytotoxic attacks. Important pharmacological mechanisms involve the overexpression of efflux transporters like P-glycoprotein, improved DNA repair abilities, avoidance of apoptosis, and resistance induced by hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment. These adaptive responses allow cervical cancer cells to counteract the impacts of chemotherapy drugs. Tackling these mechanisms necessitates a comprehensive strategy that merges traditional chemotherapy with new approaches like targeted treatments, immune therapies, and advancements in drug delivery. New approaches like PARP inhibitors, immune checkpoint blockade, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery appear effective in reviving drug sensitivity and enhancing results. Furthermore, pharmacogenomic profiling provides a tailored method for choosing treatments that considers unique genetic differences.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 April 2025; Reviewed 12 May 2025; Accepted 19 June; Available online 15 July 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Luisetto Mauro, AUSL PC, Piacenza Area, Italy, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
ANTIMATTER: THE POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE FUTURE OF MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES
Get PDFAntimatter comprises antiparticles that mirror ordinary matter in mass but exhibit inverted quantum properties, such as charge. Theoretical predictions by Paul Dirac in 1928 laid the groundwork for its discovery, which Carl Anderson achieved experimentally in 1932 through positron detection in cosmic ray studies. Subsequent discoveries of antiprotons and antineutrons further solidified the concept of antimatter. Antimatter is produced in high-energy particle accelerators, cosmic ray interactions with Earth's atmosphere, and certain types of radioactive decay. Particle accelerators, such as linear accelerators, cyclotrons, synchrotrons, betatrons, Cockcroft-Walton generators and Van de Graaff generators, play a crucial role in antimatter production and research. This property makes antimatter both a potential energy source and a subject of safety concerns due to the immense energy release upon annihilation. Storing antimatter safely involves sophisticated techniques like magnetic traps, magnetic bottles and electrostatic traps, which prevent antimatter from coming into contact with matter. The study of antimatter also addresses fundamental questions in physics, such as the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. Despite the challenges in production, storage, and handling, ongoing research aims to unlock the secrets of antimatter and harness its potential for scientific and practical advancements. This review highlights the history, production methods, potential applications and challenges associated with antimatter, emphasizing its significance in both fundamental research and potential technological innovations.
Peer Review History:
Received 13 February 2025; Reviewed 12 March 2025; Accepted 14 April; Available online 15 May 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Awofisayo, O Abosede, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
BIOBOTS - THE FUTURE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: A MINI REVIEW
Get PDFBiobots (Biorobots), engineered living systems, are poised to revolutionize the fields of medicine, biotechnology and environmental science. They can be created from either normal living cells and/or post-mortem cells. This short papershades light into the fundamental concepts, design principles and diverse applications of biobots. The state-of-the-art advancements in biomaterials, cell engineering and control systems that underpin the development of these intricate machines will be explored. Furthermore, the ethical implications and regulatory considerations associated with their deployment are discussed. By highlighting current research and future perspectives in this emerging technology, this article aims to explore the potential of biobots to revolutionize healthcare, particularly in the areas of drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 February 2025; Reviewed 10 March 2025; Accepted 13 April; Available online 15 May 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Branislav Ranković, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, [email protected]
Dr. Cecilia Nwadiuto Amadi, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria, [email protected]
RELIABILITY OF MODERN RADIOGRAPHIC DENTAL AGE ESTIMATION METHODS AMONG YEMENI CHILDREN IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground and aim: Without requiring any more radiographic research, dental age assessment using panoramic X-rays is particularly helpful to children dentists and orthodontists when arranging treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the precision of three contemporary radiography techniques for estimating Yemeni children's dental ages.
Methods: The methods are Demirjian’s method, Cameriere’s open apex method and Al-Qahtani’s London Atlas, in Sana'a City, Yemeni sample. The 1200 radiographs of Yemeni Children (592 girls and 608 boys) aged under the age 18 years were analyzed by the three methods. The accuracy of each method was assessed using the mean difference and t-tests were used to assess the difference between chronological age and dental age within each age category.
Results: Demirjian's method significantly underestimated age for both sexes (p< 0.001), according to the results, with a mean difference of 0.67 years (a mean difference of 0.69 years for boys and 0.66 years for girls). With a mean difference of 0.93 years (a mean difference of 0.92 years for girls and 0.94 years for boys), the Cameriere's open apex method also significantly underestimated age for both sexes (p<0.001). In contrast, only the 6–6.99 and 7–7.99 age groups showed no significant differences between chronological age and dental age in either method or gender.
Conclusion: When it came to determining dental age, the London Atlas approach was the most accurate, followed by Demirjian's method, and the Cameriere's method was the least accurate. Furthermore, all three techniques were determined to be trustworthy and could be helpful in determining the age of Yemeni children whose chronological ages are unknown. For every age group, more research with a larger sample is needed.
Peer Review History:
Received 21 October 2024; Reviewed 13 November; Accepted 18 December; Available online 15 January 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Rana Ahmed MohamedEl-Saied El-Fitiany, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected]