Berkala Arkeologi (E-Journal)
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Karakteristik Bahan Baku Artefak Batu di Situs Paroto, Situs Talepu, Situs Calio dan Situs Jampu : Sumber Gamping Kersikan: Karakteristik Bahan Baku Artefak Batu
No full textThis research discuss about identification of raw materials for gravelly limestone artifacts in Walennae Valley area as the oldest settlement in Sulawesi with dating from 200.000 years ago. The method used for this research are library and field research (survey and interview) and also 3-dimensional recording. Data processing includes morphological-technological and petrological analysis with two analysis models, namely thin section analysis and spectrometric analysis on stone artifact samples. The results show that the morphological-technological material of limestone artifacts consists of two categories, core tools and retouched flakes. The identification of the limestone raw materials describe the process of limestone formation that occurs due to the transformation and weathering of CaCO3 compounds (calcite minerals) to form SiO2 compounds (silica minerals). In Walennae Valley, the human adaptation in utilizing and exploiting the raw materials for stone artifacts greatly influenced by the natural and environmental conditions of tropical forests.Penelitian ini merupakan kajian bahan baku artefak batu gamping kersikan di Situs Paroto, Situs Talepu, Situs Calio dan Situs Jampu.Pembahasan penelitian fokus pada karakteristik bahan baku artefak batu gamping kersikan Kawasan Lembah Walennae sebagai wilayah hunian tertua di Sulawesi yang berumur 200 kyr. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengumpulan data meliputi studi pustaka, survei lapangan, wawancara dan perekaman 3 dimensi. Selanjutnya pengolahan data yang terdiri dari analisis morfologi-teknologi artefak batu bahan gamping kersikan dan analisis petrologi dengan dua model analisis yaitu analisis sayatan tipis dan analisis spektrometri terhadap sampel artefak batu bahan gampingkersikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa morfologi-teknologi artefak batu bahan gamping kersikan memiliki kategori yang terdiri dua jenis yaitu alat inti dan serpih diretus. Alat inti meliputi tipe kapak genggam, kapak perimbas, kapak penetak dan pahat genggam sedangkan jenis serpih diretus meliputi tipe penyerut dan bilah. Karakteristik bahan baku gamping kersikan menggambarkan proses pembentukan gamping kersikan terjadi akibat dari transformasi dan pelapukan senyawa CaCO3 (mineral kalsit) yang tergantikan oleh senyawa SiO2 (mineral silika). Adaptasimanusia pendukung lembah walennae dalam memanfaatkan dan mengeksploitasi sumber bahan baku artefak batu sangat dipengaruhi kondisi alam dan lingkungan hutan tropis.
Kata Kunci : Bahan Baku, Paleolitik, Walennae, Gamping Kersikan, Analisis Petrolog
The Performing Arts in Ancient Java: Historical and Archaeological Studies
No full textThis research was conducted to investigatesthe development of performing arts through historical and archaeological evidence, including inscriptions, temple reliefs, literary texts, and performing arts artifacts. This research aims to explore the cultural significance of the performing arts in ancient Java and how the influence of Hindu-Buddhist culture transformed traditional art forms into more structured and complex ones. This focus emerges from the limited understanding of how performing arts shaped and reinforced social solidarity in Javanese society. This research employs historical methodology with a qualitative descriptive approach. This method includes four main stages: (1) Heuristics collection data from written sources (inscriptions, kakawin, and historical texts) and unwritten sources (artifacts and temple reliefs); (2) Criticism to evaluate the authenticity and credibility of sources through external and internal criticism; (3) Interpretation to analyze the meaning and relationship between historical data; and (4) Historiography to compile a coherent historical story. The results show that the performing arts in ancient Java, such as wayang and gamelan, developed rapidly through the adaptation of Hindu-Buddhist values. Wayang, which was originally a medium for ancestral worship, transformed into a means of entertainment and a medium for delivering Indian epics such as the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Reliefs on temples such as Borobudur and Prambanan illustrate the integral role of dance and music as an important part of the social and religious life of ancient Javanese society. In addition, the art of comedy has also developed as entertainment that conveys moral messages and enlivens the social atmosphere
Candi Sukuh dan Representasi Agensi: Simbolisme, Ritual, dan Identitas Sosial pada Masa Akhir Majapahit: Candi Sukuh dan representasi agensi: Simbolisme, ritual, dan identitas sosial pada masa akhir Majapahit
No full textSukuh Temple is a Hindu worship site from the Late Majapahit period, and its artifacts represent distinct characteristics that contrast with the socio-cultural system of Majapahit. This study aims to explain the formation of socio-cultural identity due to the dialectical relationship between agents and structure, which leads to cultural reproduction. The research applies Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory. Data were collected from the archaeological remains at Candi Sukuh and relevant studies. Contextual analysis was conducted to understand the relationships and chronology of various events. The findings, through the application of structuration theory, indicate that political instability and the rise of Karesian in the Late Majapahit era led to the emergence of a community that supported Candi Sukuh’s cultural traditions. The practice of rituals and interactions among community members resulted in socio-cultural reproduction. As a consequence, a distinctive group identity was formed and is represented in the artifacts of Candi Sukuh.Candi Sukuh adalah situs pemujaan bagi komunitas Hindu dari masa Majapahit akhir yang tinggalan budaya materinya memiliki karakter khas, kontras dengan sistem sosial-budaya dari Majapahit secara umum. Tujuan penelitian adalah menjelaskan bentuk identitas sosial budaya yang muncul sebagai akibat dari hubungan dialektik antara agen dan struktur yang menghasilkan reproduksi budaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori strukturasi Anthony Giddens. Data dikumpulkan berupa tinggalan arkeologi di Candi Sukuh dan hasil studi yang terkait. Analisis kontekstual dilakukan untuk mengetahui relasi dan kronologi dari berbagai peristiwa. Hasil penelitian dengan mengaplikasikan teori strukturasi menunjukkan bahwa ketidakstabilan politik dan berkembangnya karesian era Majapahit Akhir menyebabkan munculnya komunitas pendukung budaya Candi Sukuh. Praktik ritual yang dilakukan secara terus menerus dan interaksi antar anggota menyebabkan terciptanya reproduksi sosial-budaya. Dampaknya adalah terciptanya identitas kelompok yang khas dan direpresentasikan dalam warisan budaya materi di Candi Sukuh
Praktik Hidup Sehat Pemukim di Kawasan Percandian Muarajambi Pada Abad ke-7 Hingga 11 M.: Praktik Hidup Sehat Pemukim Percandian Muarajambi pada Abad Ke-7 Hingga Abad ke-11 M
No full textArchaeological research in the Muarajambi temple area has indicated its past function as a place for learning Buddhist teachings, inhabited by settlers between the 7th and 12th centuries AD. Its location near the Batanghari River and tropical forests made the settlers vulnerable to health disturbances. Starting with this phenomenon, the question arises: what was the picture of healthy living practices of the settlers in the Muarajambi Temple Complex between the 7th and 12th centuries AD? This research uses K. Dark's archaeological method with Ian Hodder's entanglement theory analysis to examine the relationship between excavation data from Candi Koto Mahligai and Kedaton, I-Tsing's records, and the surrounding environment. There is a possibility that 1) the implementation of the Mahavihara Muarajambi settlers' regulations not only trained spirituality but also physical and mental health; 2) from the pollen data of medicinal plants, it is possible that the students developed medical knowledge; 3) pollen data and the analysis of the functions of medicinal plants provide an overview of the types of diseases suffered by the settlers; and 4) the discovery of artifacts and features at the Muarajambi Temple strengthens the similarity of hypotesa with the narrative of healthy living practices in the I-Tsing text.Penelitian arkeologi di Kawasan Candi Muarajambi telah mengindikasikan fungsi masa lalunya sebagai tempat pembelajaran berlatar belakang buddha yang dihuni banyak pemukim antara abad ke-7 sampai 12 M. Lokasi sebaran situs di aliran Sungai Batanghari, payau, dan hutan tropis rentan terhadap gangguan kesehatan para pemukim. Berangkat dari fenomena ini, serta maka muncul pertanyaan; bagaimana gambaran praktik hidup sehat pemukim di Mahavihara Muarajambi kisaran abad ke-7 sampai 11 M? Penelitian ini menggunakan metode arkeologi K. Dark dengan pendekatan analisis entanglement theory oleh Ian Hodder untuk melihat keterkaitan antara data material hasil ekskavasi di situs Candi Koto Mahligai tahun 2019 berupa artefak, struktur, polen tanaman herbal, dengan catatan I-Tsing, serta kondisi lingkungan sekitar. Dapat diketahui bahwa; 1) Penerapan tata tertib bagi pemukim Mahavihara Muarajambi tidak hanya melatih spritual, namun juga untuk kesehatan fisik dan mental; 2) para biksu/pelajar mempelajari dan mengembangakan ilmu pengobatan atau caityawidya; 3) Terdapat sedikit persamaa aturan prilaku hidup sehat di Mahavihara Muarajambi dengan Nalanda, juga terdapat perbedan terutama jenis penyakit, dan teknik pencegahan dan pengobatannya; 4) bentuk arsitektur dan pola keletakan sarana prasarana Mahavihara Muarajambi bersifat unik dan spesifik untuk mendukung prsoes pencapaian spritual, kesehatan fisik dan mental.
Kata Kunci: Candi, Muarajambi, Praktik, Sehat, pengobatan, Pemuki
Perbandingan penggambaran tokoh Rahwana pada Candi Prambanan dan Candi Panataran: Perbandingan Penggambaran Tokoh Rahwana pada Candi Prambanan dan Candi Panataran dalam Perspektif Ikonografi Komparatif
No full textThis study discusses about the comparison of Rahwana depiction in reliefs of the Ramayana story found in Candi Prambanan (9th century) and Candi Panataran (14th century) through a comparative iconographic analysis based on Panofsky’s theory. Rahwana at Candi Prambanan is depicted in supernatural form, possessing multiple heads and hands in a naturalistic and ideal style. This depiction is rooted in classical Indian art which was later adapted by Old Javanese artists. This portrayal affirms royal legitimacy through association with the divine. In the other hand, Rahwana in Candi Panataran presents in a more rigid, wayang kulit (shadow puppet) form, as an ordinary human lacking mythological features. This representation serves as a political allegory, symbolizing real-world threats within the context of ancient Javanese society. These differences reflect a shift in both artistic style and symbolic meaning, as Rahwana transform form a mythic villain in Indian epic tradition to a political metaphor shaped by Javanese socio-political realities, emphasizing the differing historical backdrops of the two temple eras.Penelitian ini membahas mengenai perbandingan penggambaran tokoh Rahwana dalam relief cerita Ramayana yang terdapat di Candi Prambanan dan Candi Panataran. Secara kronologi waktu, kedua candi tersebut berasal dari periode yang berbeda, sehingga dapat memberikan wawasan mengenai evolusi gaya seni dan ikonografi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif komparatif dengan pendekatan ikonografis berdasarkan teori Panofsky. Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggambaran Rahwana di kedua candi tersebut memiliki perbedaan yang cukup signifikan. Apa yang ada di Candi Prambanan masih mendapat pengaruh dari seni klasik India, dimana penggambarannya yang lebih harmonis dan naturalis. Sedangkan di Candi Panataran telah mengalami perubahan, dimana Rahwana digambarkan dengan penggambaran yang lebih kaku dan menyerupai wayang. Perbedaam ini tidak hanya menjadi cerminan perbedaan gaya seni, tetapi juga terdapat perubahan dalam pemaknaan Rahwana secara simbolik. Hal tersebut dapat berkaitan dengan konteks politik dan budaya di masing-masing periode
KOMODITAS DAN DINAMIKA PERDAGANGAN DI PAPUA MASA SEJARAH
No full textThere are only a few discussions about Papua’s trading in ancient history era in the context of Nusantara. This article describes the trading and its commodities in Papua, started from a foreign source about Srivijaya c. 8th century AD. Commodities from Papua became more well-known since Java’s involvement in the distribution process through “entrepot†gate Seram Sea and Banda. Majapahit 14th century’s records mentioned Onim as one of the important places in Papua. This paper describes the exported and imported commodities and some sites which indicated important coastal places during the dynamic of trading in historic Papua from 14th century AD onwards. From 14th to 20th century AD, beside beautiful birds, ebony and slaves, Papua also exported nutmegs, masohi (cinamomum sp.) timbers, sandalwoods, ambers, turtle shell, shark fins, pearl shells and sea cucumbers. Some commodities were also being exported later on in 20th century AD such as crocodile skins, rattan and copra. In the other hand, Papua imported many things like beads, ceramics, Timor cloth, iron tools, foods and weapons
ALAT BATU SITUS SEMEDO: KERAGAMAN TIPOLOGI DAN DISTRIBUSI SPASIALNYA
No full textSemedo site produces a huge number of stone artifacts. Until now, there are already find more than 500 pieces of stone artifact which majority use chert and silicified limestone as raw materials. This paper will discuses about typology diversity based on technological aspect and spatial distribution of its localities. Diversity aspect which discussed including; typo-technology, raw material, dimension, and its relation with lateral distribution in Semedo site. Genaraly, those artifacts could identified as two group, which are; massif and non-massif artifacts. Some localities which produce much number of stone artifacts are Rengas, Jurugan, Julang, and Kalen Kawi. Based on this analysis, the result took Semedo site on important position as part of Pleistocene sites which correlated with migration-colonisation of early human in Java