Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Fakultas Pertanian UNS: Journal Systems
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FIKSASI GUMUK PASIR (SAND DUNES) SECARA VEGETATIF UNTUK MENGHINDARKAN KERUSAKAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM DI SEKITARNYA (Studi Kasus di Pantai Selatan Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta)
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PENGARUH PUPUK KANDANG TERHADAP P-TERSEDIA PUPUK FOSFAT ALAM YANG DIINOKULASI BAKTERI PELARUT FOSFAT
Get PDFTitle : The Effect of Manure on Available-P of Phosphate Rock Fertilizer Inoculated with P-solubilizer Bacteria. Experiment conducted at Soil Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture UNS Surakarta. This experiment aimed to study the effect of manure on solubilising capacity of P-solubilizer bacteria on phosphate rock fertilizer. The experiment arranged in completely randomized design with two factors i.e. dosages of manure added and inoculums rates of P-solubilizer bacteria (PSB) (Bacillus megatherium var phosphaticum). The manure added were 0 g (K0), 250 g (K1), and 500 g (K2) per 5 kg phosphate rock fertilizer. While the PSB inoculums rates were 0 cell/g (B0), 5.105 cell/g (B1) and 10.105 cell/g of phosphate rock fertilizer. The variables analysed at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after incubation for available-P, pH, organic matter content and total PSB. Data analysed with F test and DMRT at 95 % level of significant. The result indicated that available-P of phosphate rock fertilizer was significantly affected by PSB inoculation rates, doses of manure and incubation time. Available-P increase coincided with increasing of PSB inoculums and manure rates as well as incubation time. Treatment combination of PSB at 10.105 cell/g and manure of 500 g/ 5 kg increase available-P up to 80.59 ppm (151.5 % of the control treatment) at the end incubation time. Keywords: Manure, Phosphate Rock Fertilizer, P-solubilizer BacteriaExperiment conducted at Soil Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture UNS Surakarta. This experiment aimed to study the effect of manure on solubilising capacity of P-solubilizer bacteria on phosphate rock fertilizer. The experiment arranged in completely randomized design with two factors i.e. dosages of manure added and inoculums rates of P-solubilizer bacteria (PSB) (Bacillus megatherium var phosphaticum). The manure added were 0 g (K0), 250 g (K1), and 500 g (K2) per 5 kg phosphate rock fertilizer. While the PSB inoculums rates were 0 cell/g (B0), 5.105 cell/g (B1) and 10.105 cell/g of phosphate rock fertilizer. The variables analysed at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after incubation for available-P, pH, organic matter content and total PSB. Data analysed with F test and DMRT at 95 % level of significant.
The result indicated that available-P of phosphate rock fertilizer was significantly affected by PSB inoculation rates, doses of manure and incubation time. Available-P increase coincided with increasing of PSB inoculums and manure rates as well as incubation time. Treatment combination of PSB at 10.105 cell/g and manure of 500 g/ 5 kg increase available-P up to 80.59 ppm (151.5 % of the control treatment) at the end incubation time.
Keywords: Manure, Phosphate Rock Fertilizer, P-solubilizer Bacteri
HIDROLOGI TAPAK LAHAN: PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN DAN TINGKAT RESAPAN AIR
Get PDFTitle : Hydrology of Land Site: The Changing of Land Cover and Water Absorption Level. The movement of water to the soil is called infiltration process. The process can be understood by infiltration model which developed by Phillips in 1960’s (I = st-0.5 + Kt). Phillips’s models can be explained as a function of time and are determined by soil sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity. Study of sorptivity and conductivity parameters on Teak land cover are to get more information about cumulative infiltration that accure during several times and coefficient of water absorption reference (Zref) in many kinds of land cover. Zref is the real soil potential for water moving and determines the soil macropores and reflects the water absorption ability. Coefficient of water absorption reference (Zref) with coefficient of water absorption (Z) from RAINS model (I = (Z Cos α/(1-λ)) P(1-λ)) can be used to estimate land cover index by the ratio of coefficient of water absorption and coefficient of water absorption reference, indirectly, show the function of land cover on certain area. The changing of land cover from Teak to agroforestry Teak+Soybean and monoculture system (Soybean and Maize) increase land cover index as big as 15% and 70%, respectively. On the other hand, the changing to agroforestry Teak+Maize decrease land cover index as big as 3.4%. The estimation of coefficient of water absorption reflects the function of land cover as the main point to get the ability of water soil movement. Keywords: Hydrology, Land Cover, Water Absorption LevelThe movement of water to the soil is called infiltration process. The process can be understood by infiltration model which developed by Phillips in 1960’s (I = st-0.5 + Kt). Phillips’s models can be explained as a function of time and are determined by soil sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity. Study of sorptivity and conductivity parameters on Teak land cover are to get more information about cumulative infiltration that accure during several times and coefficient of water absorption reference (Zref) in many kinds of land cover. Zref is the real soil potential for water moving and determines the soil macropores and reflects the water absorption ability. Coefficient of water absorption reference (Zref) with coefficient of water absorption (Z) from RAINS model (I = (Z Cos α/(1-λ)) P(1-λ)) can be used to estimate land cover index by the ratio of coefficient of water absorption and coefficient of water absorption reference, indirectly, show the function of land cover on certain area. The changing of land cover from Teak to agroforestry Teak+Soybean and monoculture system (Soybean and Maize) increase land cover index as big as 15% and 70%, respectively. On the other hand, the changing to agroforestry Teak+Maize decrease land cover index as big as 3.4%. The estimation of coefficient of water absorption reflects the function of land cover as the main point to get the ability of water soil movement. Keywords: Hydrology, Land Cover, Water Absorption Leve
KAJIAN ARAS PEMUPUKAN MAGNESIUM TERHADAP HASIL KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogaea L) DI TANAH ALFISOL JUMANTONO, KARANGANYAR
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KAJIAN TERHADAP PENGATURAN PEMBERIAN AIR DAN DOSIS TSP DALAM MEMPENGARUHI KERAGAAN TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays. L.) DI TANAH VERTISOL
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EFISIENSI PUPUK P DAN HASIL PADI (Oryza sativa L.) PADA SAWAH PASIR PANTAI KULONPROGO YANG DIBERI ZEOLIT
Get PDFTitle : Efficiency of P Fertilizer and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Sandy Soil Paddy Field Kulonprogo that Added Zeolite. The aim of this research were to study the effect of Zeolite to the efficiency of P fertilizer at Sandy Soil Paddy Field Kulonprogo and to know the rate of P fertilizer that gives the highest yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) . This research was conducted at Krembangan, Panjatan, Kulonprogo from October 2006 to January 2007. This field experiment was arranged in Split Plot Design. Zeolite as a main plot consists of no Zeolite and 750 kgha-1 Zeolite. P fertilizer as sub plot consist of five levels of P fertilizer, i.e. 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 kg SP 36 ha-1. Each treatment was replicated three times so there are 30 plot treatments. Data were analyzed with F test, Kruskal-Wallis Test, DMRT and Correlation test. There is no interaction effect of P fertilizer and Zeolite to P uptake and Physiological Efficiency. Added 750 kg ha-1 Zeolite can increase P uptake 3.04 g/plant and increase efficiency of P fertilizer up to 62.99% in comparison with control. P Fertilizer has significant effect on total tiller number, weight of rice, weight of 1,000 seeds and percentage of rice empty. Until dosage that used in the experiment, response to P fertilizer is linier. P fertilizer 80 kg ha-1 gives the highest rice yield (6.12 kg/7 m2). Keywords: Efficiency, Zeolite, rice plantThe aim of this research were to study the effect of Zeolite to the efficiency of P fertilizer at Sandy Soil Paddy Field Kulonprogo and to know the rate of P fertilizer that gives the highest yield of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) . This research was conducted at Krembangan, Panjatan, Kulonprogo from October 2006 to January 2007. This field experiment was arranged in Split Plot Design. Zeolite as a main plot consists of no Zeolite and 750 kgha-1 Zeolite. P fertilizer as sub plot consist of five levels of P fertilizer, i.e. 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 kg SP 36 ha-1. Each treatment was replicated three times so there are 30 plot treatments. Data were analyzed with F test, Kruskal-Wallis Test, DMRT and Correlation test. There is no interaction effect of P fertilizer and Zeolite to P uptake and Physiological Efficiency. Added 750 kg ha-1 Zeolite can increase P uptake 3.04 g/plant and increase efficiency of P fertilizer up to 62.99% in comparison with control. P Fertilizer has significant effect on total tiller number, weight of rice, weight of 1,000 seeds and percentage of rice empty. Until dosage that used in the experiment, response to P fertilizer is linier. P fertilizer 80 kg ha-1 gives the highest rice yield (6.12 kg/7 m2). Keywords: Efficiency, Zeolite, rice plan
EFISIENSI SERAPAN P DAN HASIL TANAMAN PADI (Oryza sativa L.) PADA BERBAGAI IMBANGAN PUPUK KANDANG PUYUH DAN PUPUK ANORGANIK DI LAHAN SAWAH PALUR SUKOHARJO (MUSIM TANAM II)
No full textTitle : Efficiency of P Up Take and The Yield of Rice Plant (Oryza sativa L.) with Quail Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer at Paddy Soil, Palur, Sukoharjo (Season II). This research was conducted on January-August 2008. Used Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) that arranged in factorial with two factors. The first factor was 3 levels of inorganic fertilizer dosage i.e.: without inorganic fertilizer (A1), urea dosage 150 kg.ha-1, SP-36 dosage 75 kg.ha-1, KCl dosage 50 kg.ha-1, and ZA dosage 50 kg.ha-1 (A2), urea dosage 300 kg.ha-1, SP-36 dosage 150 kg.ha-1, KCl dosage 100 kg.ha-1, and ZA dosage 100 kg.ha-1 (A3). And second factor were 3 levels of quail manure dosage i.e.: without quail manure (O1), quail manure dosage 3 Mg.ha-1 (O2); quail manure dosage 6 Mg.ha-1 (O3). Statistical analysis that used was F test or Kruskal-Wallis test, Duncan Multiple Range (DMR) test at 5% in level, and Correlation test. The research result showed that the highest P uptake efficiency, agronomy efficiency, and the grain dry weight was achieved on 50% of inorganic fertilizer recommendation dosage (urea dosage 150 kg.ha-1, SP-36 dosage 75 kg.ha-1, KCl dosage 50 kg.ha-1, and ZA dosage 50 kg.ha-1) and 6 Mg.ha-1of quail manure treatment (A2O3) in mount of 38.83%, 30.40%, and 6.22 Mg.ha-1 respectively. P uptake efficiency in that treatment was increased as much 13.83% than the same treatment in session I. Generally, the grain dry weight on season II lower than season I. The significant decrease in mount of 2,33 Mg/ha-1 found on treatment of inorganic fertilizer present in 50% of recommendation dosage (urea dosage 150 kg.ha-1, SP-36 dosage 75 kg.ha-1, KCl dosage 50 kg. ha-1, and ZA dosage 50 kg.ha-1) and 3 Mg.ha-1 of quail manure treatment (A2O2). Keywords: quail manure, inorganic fertilizer, uptake efficiency, the dry grain weight paddyThis research was conducted on January-August 2008. Used Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) that arranged in factorial with two factors. The first factor was 3 levels of inorganic fertilizer dosage i.e.: without inorganic fertilizer (A1), urea dosage 150 kg.ha-1, SP-36 dosage 75 kg.ha-1, KCl dosage 50 kg.ha-1, and ZA dosage 50 kg.ha-1 (A2), urea dosage 300 kg.ha-1, SP-36 dosage 150 kg.ha-1, KCl dosage 100 kg.ha-1, and ZA dosage 100 kg.ha-1 (A3). And second factor were 3 levels of quail manure dosage i.e.: without quail manure (O1), quail manure dosage 3 Mg.ha-1 (O2); quail manure dosage 6 Mg.ha-1 (O3). Statistical analysis that used was F test or Kruskal-Wallis test, Duncan Multiple Range (DMR) test at 5% in level, and Correlation test.
The research result showed that the highest P uptake efficiency, agronomy efficiency, and the grain dry weight was achieved on 50% of inorganic fertilizer recommendation dosage (urea dosage 150 kg.ha-1, SP-36 dosage 75 kg.ha-1, KCl dosage 50 kg.ha-1, and ZA dosage 50 kg.ha-1) and 6 Mg.ha-1of quail manure treatment (A2O3) in mount of 38.83%, 30.40%, and 6.22 Mg.ha-1 respectively. P uptake efficiency in that treatment was increased as much 13.83% than the same treatment in session I. Generally, the grain dry weight on season II lower than season I. The significant decrease in mount of 2,33 Mg/ha-1 found on treatment of inorganic fertilizer present in 50% of recommendation dosage (urea dosage 150 kg.ha-1, SP-36 dosage 75 kg.ha-1, KCl dosage 50 kg. ha-1, and ZA dosage 50 kg.ha-1) and 3 Mg.ha-1 of quail manure treatment (A2O2).
Keywords: quail manure, inorganic fertilizer, uptake efficiency, the dry grain weight padd
KAJIAN KONSERVASI TANAH KRITIS BERDASARKAN SATUAN LAHAN DI DAERAH TANGKAPAN AIR SEMPOR KABUPATEN KEBUMEN
Get PDFTitle : Study of Critical Soil Conservation Based on Land Unit on Sempor’s Catchment Area, Kebumen Regency. This research aims to predict critical soil and soil erosion level of Sempor’s Catchment Area and to recommend the management according to soil conservation.This is an explorative descriptive research based on environment data. The data are obtained from field observation and result of laboratory analysis of soil samples taken from field survey. Furthermore, the data are classified based on critical soil classification to get critical soil map. The data also are calculated based on USLE to get soil erosion prediction. The results of soil erosion prediction are grouped based on erosion hazard levels and result of soil erosion mapping. After knowing critical soil and soil erosion level in each land unit, recommendation is made to manage land according to soil conservation.The result shows that on observation area with total extent 4,333.68 ha there are criticalsoil about 1,373.68 ha (31.70 %), semi critical about 2,164.54 ha (49.95 %), potentially critical about 440.46 ha (10.16 %) and the others are about 355.00 ha (8.19 %) in the form of settlement and reservoir located at the outside of the observation area. The soil erosion predicted on observation area are divided into 6 classes, those are very low erosion class at about 103.90 ha (2.40 %), low erosion class at about 332.00 ha (7.66 %), moderate erosion class at about 953.78 ha (22.01 %), high erosion class at about 247.53 ha (5.71 %), very high erosion class at about 2,108.50 ha (48.65 %), acute erosion class at about 232.96 ha (5.38 %) and the others are out of observation area. Topography and land management are factors that have the most dominant influence to soil erosion prediction. Total soil erosion on observation area is about 320,958.016 tons/ha or soil erosion average about 74.061 tons/ha/year. The recommendation is to restore critical and erosion through some actions such as reboization or planting with annual crop, vegetation nursery, adding organic matter via organic fertilizer or organic mulches, making and maintaining of terrace and ditches, and agroforestry.Keywords: critical soil, erosion, Sempor, soil coservationThis research aims to predict critical soil and soil erosion level of Sempor’s Catchment
Area and to recommend the management according to soil conservation.
This is an explorative descriptive research based on environment data. The data are obtained from field observation and result of laboratory analysis of soil samples taken from field survey. Furthermore, the data are classified based on critical soil classification to get critical soil map. The data also are calculated based on USLE to get soil erosion prediction. The results of soil erosion prediction are grouped based on erosion hazard levels and result of soil erosion mapping. After knowing critical soil and soil erosion level in each land unit, recommendation is made to manage land according to soil conservation.
The result shows that on observation area with total extent 4,333.68 ha there are critical
soil about 1,373.68 ha (31.70 %), semi critical about 2,164.54 ha (49.95 %), potentially critical about 440.46 ha (10.16 %) and the others are about 355.00 ha (8.19 %) in the form of settlement and reservoir located at the outside of the observation area. The soil erosion predicted on observation area are divided into 6 classes, those are very low erosion class at about 103.90 ha (2.40 %), low erosion class at about 332.00 ha (7.66 %), moderate erosion class at about 953.78 ha (22.01 %), high erosion class at about 247.53 ha (5.71 %), very high erosion class at about
2,108.50 ha (48.65 %), acute erosion class at about 232.96 ha (5.38 %) and the others are out of
observation area. Topography and land management are factors that have the most dominant influence to soil erosion prediction. Total soil erosion on observation area is about 320,958.016 tons/ha or soil erosion average about 74.061 tons/ha/year. The recommendation is to restore critical and erosion through some actions such as reboization or planting with annual crop, vegetation nursery, adding organic matter via organic fertilizer or organic mulches, making and maintaining of terrace and ditches, and agroforestry.
Keywords: critical soil, erosion, Sempor, soil coservatio
ISOLASI MIKROBA ASLI TANAH ANDISOL DIENG DAN KAJIAN POTENSINYA SEBAGAI INOKULAN PUPUK HAYATI PELARUT FOSFAT
Get PDFTitle : Isolation of Indigenous Phosphate Solubilizing Microbia from Andisols Dieng and Its Potency as Inoculum of Phosphate Solubilizing Biofertilizer. Phosphor (P) is an essential macro nutrient that occur frequently in low availability for plant. This research aimed to find indigenous phosphate solubilizing microbia from Andisols Dieng as biofertilizer inoculum. It was conducted in UNS Soil Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, UNS. The research was begun with an exploratory research to obtain P solubilizer isolates (PSB). Research continued by two experiment, set by a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors: kind of isolate from Andisols Dieng and incubation time. The first experiment was conducted in temporary period in the pikovskaya liquid medium. The second experiment was conducted in vermicompost its carrier. Each treatment combination was repeated 3 times. As much as 106cell or spore was inoculated per gram of medium or vermicompost. Dissolved P , biomass or cell density, and pH at 0,1, 3 and 6 days after incubation for the pikovskaya liquid medium and at 0, 2, 4 weeks for vermicompost. The results showed that there were 4 isolates potential to be inoculums of P solubilizer biofertilizer, they were are isolates of bacteria (P1), Aspergillusniger, Fusarium sp, and Aspergillus tamarii. Aspergillus niger is the most potential inoculums as it highest viability and dissolving phosphate both in liquid media (2.83me/l), and vermicompost (36.78% ).Fosfor (P) merupakan unsur hara makro yang ketersediaannya bagi tanaman seringkali rendah. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menemukan mikrobia asli tanah Andisol Dieng yang berpotensi sebagai inokulan pupuk hayati pelarut fosfat. Percobaan dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian UNS, Surakarta. Penelitian diawali dengan eksplorasi untuk memperoleh isolat-isolat mikrobia tanah Andisol Dieng, dilanjutkan dengan dua percobaan di laboratorium. Percobaan pertama menggunakan medium cair Pikovskaya dan percobaan kedua menggunakan medium vermikompos. Kedua percobaan disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap dengan dua faktor yaitu macam isolat mikrobia (empat isolat) dan lama inkubasi (0, 1, 3 dan 6 hari untuk percobaan pertama dan 0, 2 dan 4 minggu untuk percobaan kedua). Masing-masing kombinasi perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Sebanyak 106 sel bakteri atau spora jamur diinokulasikan ke dalam tiap mililiter medium cair Pikovskaya atau tiap gram medium vermikompos.Variabel yang diamati adalah jumlah P-terlarut, kerapatan sel bakteri atau biomassa jamur dan pH medium. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan empat isolat mikrobia yang berpotensi sebagai pelarut fosfat yaitu satu isolat bakteri dan tiga isolat jamur yaitu Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp dan Aspergillus tamarii. Jamur A. Niger memiliki potensi sebagai inokulan pupuk hayati pelarut fosfat paling tinggi bila dilihat dari kemampuannya berkembangbiak dan melarutkan fosfat dalam medium cair Pikovskaya dan medium vermikompos
INOKULASI JAMUR PENGOKSIDASI BELERANG PADA PUPUK FOSFAT ALAM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN FOSFAT DAN SULFAT TERSEDIA BAGI TANAMAN
Get PDFTitle : The Inoculation of Sulfur Oxidizing Fungi on Phosphate Rocks Fertilizer to Increase Their Available Phosphate and Sulfate. Phosphate rocks as an alternative sources of P fertilizer are cheaper than SP-36. The main problem was their low of total and available P that must be increased to make them more effective source of P for plants. Inoculate them with S oxidizing fungi will increase their available-P. The research aim was to study the potency of two S oxidizing fungi Aspergillus japonicus and Penicillium nalgiovensis to increase available-P of phosphate rocks. Experimental research done at the Lab. of Soil Biology and Lab. of Soil Chemistry and Fertility, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, UNS, Surakarta, at March – Mei 2008. The experiment arranged in completely randomized design with four factors i.e. the origin of elemental sulphur (from G. Welirang, East Java and from USA), the origin of phosphate rocks (Christmas Island, Ciamis and Madura), kind of inoculums fungi (A. japonicus and P. nalgiovensis) and inoculums densities (0; 106 and 107 spore/g of phosphate rock). Each treatment combinations were replicated three times. Fifty grams mixture of phosphate rocks, cassava solid waste, tapioca and rice bran was poured in 250 ml Erlenmeyer, sterilized with autoclave at 121 oC for 30 minutes, three times alternately in 5 days, then inoculated with fungus spores and incubated at field capacity in room temperature for 3 months. Samples were taken at 1, 2 and 3 months after incubation time for analysis of water soluble-P, soluble sulphate, pH and total fungus. Data analyzed statistically with F test and Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% of level significance. The result show that the two of S oxidizing fungi Aspergillus japonicus and Penicillium nalgiovensis were be able to increases available-P of phosphate rocks, as well as soluble sulphate more than 200 % of control treatment. Penicillium nalgiovensis was more effective than Aspergillus japonicus. As P sources, phosphate rock from Christmas Island was better than from Ciamis and Madura, while elemental S imported from USA was better than local So from G. Welirang. The increase of inoculums densities and length of incubation times increase soluble P and sulphate. Keyword: phosphate rocks, S oxidizing fungi, soluble P and sulphatePhosphate rocks as an alternative sources of P fertilizer are cheaper than SP-36. The main problem was their low of total and available P that must be increased to make them more effective source of P for plants. Inoculate them with S oxidizing fungi will increase their available-P. The research aim was to study the potency of two S oxidizing fungi Aspergillus japonicus and Penicillium nalgiovensis to increase available-P of phosphate rocks. Experimental research done at the Lab. of Soil Biology and Lab. of Soil Chemistry and Fertility, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, UNS, Surakarta, at March – Mei 2008. The experiment arranged in completely randomized design with four factors i.e. the origin of elemental sulphur (from G. Welirang, East Java and from USA), the origin of phosphate rocks (Christmas Island, Ciamis and Madura), kind of inoculums fungi (A. japonicus and P. nalgiovensis) and inoculums densities (0; 106 and 107 spore/g of phosphate rock). Each treatment combinations were replicated three times. Fifty grams mixture of phosphate rocks, cassava solid waste, tapioca and rice bran was poured in 250 ml Erlenmeyer, sterilized with autoclave at 121 oC for 30 minutes, three times alternately in 5 days, then inoculated with fungus spores and incubated at field capacity in room temperature for 3 months. Samples were taken at 1, 2 and 3 months after incubation time for analysis of water soluble-P, soluble sulphate, pH and total fungus. Data analyzed statistically with F test and Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% of level significance.
The result show that the two of S oxidizing fungi Aspergillus japonicus and Penicillium nalgiovensis were be able to increases available-P of phosphate rocks, as well as soluble sulphate more than 200 % of control treatment. Penicillium nalgiovensis was more effective than Aspergillus japonicus. As P sources, phosphate rock from Christmas Island was better than from Ciamis and Madura, while elemental S imported from USA was better than local So from G. Welirang. The increase of inoculums densities and length of incubation times increase soluble P and sulphate.
Keyword: phosphate rocks, S oxidizing fungi, soluble P and sulphat