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Eesti päevalehtede muutumine Esimese maailmasõja ajal 1914–1917 [Changes in Estonian newspapers during World War I, 1914–1917]
No full textThis paper explores how did the World War I influence the content and the visual form of the Estonian core dailies Postimees, Päewaleht and Tallinna Teataja in 1914–1917. The beginning of the war brought about several rapid changes in Estonian newspapers. The vast majority of editorial content was made up of war information. War was brought close to the reader as the fate and activities of common Estonian soldiers were constantly discussed. At the same time, newspaper readers were united with the allied war forces by the use of the inclusive ‘we’ in offi cial war reports. War was seen through the eyes of the Russian Empire and their allies. War was presented using more varied newspaper genres. However, newspapers did not modernise their news genres, e.g. use more modern, hierarchical news structures, such as the inverted pyramid. Instead, the use of combined genres, which included elements of short news, commentary and reportage, increased. This was the result of an over-abundance of information. Journalists became more active in acquiring information and explaining offi cial news to their readers (e.g. explaining in detail the locations of war events). In newspaper design, the techniques which were previously used only for extraordinary events were now introduced on a daily basis. This increased the quality of information presentation. In order to emphasize essential information, each issue of a newspaper started with the listing of important war events, war news was transferred 115 to the front page, there were many more headlined news stories, and a few single war stories were wholly or partially set in bigger and/or bolder typefaces. The domination of war information, the introduction of war topics and news as the focus of the newspaper were directly connected to the war. News value became the main factor in news selection and in how news items were presented. The growth of general variability was directly related to the fact that the variability of information sources grew considerably. Information was obtained from official news bulletins as well as from private letters of civilians and soldiers. Two innovations introduced during World War I were maintained in newspapers after the war. Firstly, news remained at the front page of the newspaper, starting the era of news journalism in Estonia (replacing the previous enlightening-instructive journalism). Secondly, headlined news stories did not disappear from newspapers; rather, headlines grew bigger and became more precise. Lasting changes were related to the visual form of newspapers, whereas contextual and topical changes were temporary, related to the progress of World War I
Book Review: Breakup of Yugoslavia: How One State Became Seven Countries
No full textStrategies of Symbolic Nation-Building in South Eastern Europe edited by Pål Kolstø, 2014, Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate
Public Sociology, Trust and Informal Practices
No full textThe first paper discusses the issue of ‘public sociology’ as it has evolved after Michael Burawoy’s famous ASA presidential address published in 2005. The topic has gone viral during this past decade: there are edited volumes gathering most eminent sociologists discussing public sociology and even a Handbook of public sociology. The issue of public sociology is topical and central, when thinking about the discipline’s future development and role in society, and it needs to be taken towards new directions. [...
В. Н. Топоров. Знак и текст в пространстве и времени. Публикация М. Д. Дынина и Т. В. Цивьян [Vladimir Toporov. Sign and Text in Space and Time (Publication by Mikhail Dynin and Tatiana Civjan)]
No full text“Знак и текст в пространстве и времени” (“Sign and Text in Space and Time”) is a previously unpublished scholarly autobiography by one of the most learned, erudite, and prominent 20th century Russian scholars, Vladimir Toporov (1928–2005). It contains a detailed account of the scholar’s major achievements in various fields of knowledge: from Indo-European studies to the history of Russian literature
Кафедра русской литературы Таллинского педагогического института им. Эдуарда Вильде:материалы к библиографии (1979–1992)
No full textКафедра русской литературы Таллинского педагогического института им. Эдуарда Вильде: материалы к библиографии (1979–1992
Saateks [Foreword]
No full textKäesolev Eesti sõjaajaloo aastaraamat on viies. Nende aastaraamatute tuumikuks on alati olnud artiklid, mis on kirjutatud aasta varem peetud Eesti sõjamuuseumi rahvusvahelise sõjaajalookonverentsi ettekannete põhjal, ja nii ka seekord.
Rahvuslikud üksused Punaarmee koosseisus ja välisriikide üksused NSV Liidu territooriumil Teise maailmasõja ajal [National military units in the Red Army and the units of foreign nations formed in the USSR during World War II]
No full textDuring World War II, the Soviet Union abandoned some of its pre‑war principles of assembling armed forces (including mixing nationalities in order to prevent the concentration of local inhabitants in the units located in the areas of their residence) and many units were formed based on ethnic composition. In addition to forming units from the nations of the former Baltic states, the Red Army formed similar units of the nations of north and south Caucasus, Central Asia and the Volga region, who were poorly integrated into Soviet society.
However, Ukrainian and Belarusian soldiers were not formed into national units. Despite the fact that dozens of divisions and smaller national units had been formed from 1941 to 1943, it was not until February 1944 that a federal legislation was passed for regulating the formation of national units. National military units were an important means of propaganda. Forming national units in the complicated circumstances of the second half of 1941 was considered motivating for national minorities.
(Longer version of the abstract is included in the article, starting from p 250.
Mälestusi Eesti rahvusväeosade sünnist ja käekäigust [A book review]
No full textA book review by Ülle Kraft for "Eesti rahvusväeosad 1917–1918: antoloogia", compiled by Ago Pajur and Tõnu Tannberg. Uurimusi ja allikmaterjale Eesti sõjaajaloost 7 (Tartu: Rahvusarhiiv, 2015), 446 pages
When do people want to retire? The preferred retirement age gap between Eastern and Western Europe explained
No full textDebates surrounding working longer focus mainly on increasing legal and effective retirement ages, leaving the preferred retirement age largely overlooked. There is a large East-West divide in Europe regarding the latter, with individuals in Eastern Europe wanting to retire earlier. We aim to explain this gap in terms of differences in working conditions and state-level legal conditions. Using the 2010 European Social Survey data on employed individuals aged 50-70 in 24 countries enriched with country-level information, we find that part of the explanation is found in the lower levels of job control found in Eastern Europe. Moreover, the results suggest that Karasek’s job demand/control model fits better in Western than Eastern European countries. Another explanation is found at the country level, where the legal retirement age accounts for a major part of the gap in preferred retirement ages between East and West
Predictors and consequences of job insecurity: Comparison of Slovakia and Estonia
No full textJob insecurity is a significant current social issue in many European countries. Slovakia and Estonia significantly differ in the prevalence of job insecurity. The main aim of the present study was to compare Slovakia and Estonia in regard to job insecurity by looking at socio-demographic, job and organisational predictors and individual and social consequences based on ESS round five data. The secondary aim was to examine relationships between job insecurity and its predictors as well as job insecurity and its consequences. The analysis covered employed people with unlimited or limited contracts, working 40-50 hours per week, within the age range of 20-60. The results suggested significant differences in the predictors of job insecurity for Slovakia and Estonia. However, the individual, social and economic consequences of job insecurity were similar for both countries. This study contributes to an enhanced understanding of job insecurity predictors and consequences in the European region