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Legal means of protecting Russian society from threatsin the religious sphere: constitutional foundations
No full textThe significance of the religious life of society is often underestimated. However, events taking place in the past decades in Russia and abroad demonstrate how religious beliefs prevalent in a particular society can have a global impact in the contemporary world.
In the modern world we are witnessing two major tendencies: on the one hand, the process of secularisation, on the other hand, the rise in religious consciousness and growing religious confrontation in the world, which, according to many analysts, can lead to serious threats to national security provision systems all over the world, and first of all, in Russia. Thus, providing religious security in Russia seems of utmost importance.
Творческая история «Краткого руководства к красноречию» М. В. Ломоносова в свете компиляционных источников: Новые материалы [A Creative History of Mikhail Lomonosov’s “Kratkoe rukovodstvok krasnorechiiu” in Light of Some Compilations: New Perspectives]
No full textIt is a matter of common knowledge that European scholarship of the Early Modern period was grounded in compilations. Mikhail Lomonosov’s studies in rhetoric is an example of such practice. It is established that he relied on such sources as De eloquentia sacra et humana (1617) by Nicolas Caussin, (Novus) candidatus Rhetoricae (1659) by François Pomey, and Ausführliche Redekunst (1736) by Johann Christoph Gottsched. This article by Andrei Kostin provides a detailed analysis of the second version of Lomonosov’s Kratkoe rukovodstvo k krasnorechiiu (1748) vis-à-vis two popular manuals on rhetoric: Palaestra oratoria (1659) by Jacob Masen, and Commentariorum rhetoricorum libri VI (1606) by Gerhard Johann Vossius
Иллюстрация в детских журналах царской России [Pictures in Children’s Literature Journals of Czarist Russia]
No full textThis article is an overview of the history of Russian illustrated journals for children. It covers the period from the 1860s to the beginning of 20th century, and addresses the problem of how the journal Rodnik (Spring) competed with Tropinka (Path). These journals strived to attract the most famous writers, poets, and graphic artists, yet did not survive competition with inexpensive children’s books: Tropinka came to an end in 1912, while Rodnik ceased production four years later
Pastorisierung ja propaganda 1915. Plaanid eesti sõjavangide poliitiliseks mõjutamiseks Saksamaal [Pastorisierung and propaganda in 1915. Plans to politically influence Estonian prisoners-of-war in Germany]
No full textOne of the great paradoxes of World War I was the fact that it took place in an era of blooming nationalism, yet was primarily fought by multinational empires. Ultimately, this contradiction led to major changes in the European political landscape. But already during the first years of the war, the national question was never far from the minds of the belligerents. Whether a threat or an opportunity, nationalism was certainly a force to be reckoned with.
The recognition that many Russian POWs were only nominally Russian, and actually belonged to various Russian minority nationalities –many of which had their own anti-Russian interests – came early on to the German authorities. Already in the autumn of 1914, the Gesellschaftzur Förderung der inneren Kolonisation, presided over by Friedrich Ernst von Schwerin, made contact with the German ministries of the war and internal affairs with the intention of separating German-speaking Russians from the rest of the POWs in order to facilitate their use in the best German interests. Soon, similar ambitions were extended to Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian POWs, as well as those of many other Russian nationalities.
This article takes a closer look at the early plans directed at influencing Baltic POWs in Germany. These plans ranged from making pastoral care (Pastorisierung) available in their native languages to the recruitment of couriers to be sent back to Russia, and even the creation of a Baltic foreign legion as a part of the Finnish light infantry battalion (Jägerbataillon) in Germany. Mostly, such ambitions were confined to 1915, and should be seen against the background of optimism that resulted from German successes on the Eastern Front. The actors involved included German and Baltic German organizations, Finnish activists residing in Berlin (especially Fritz Wetterhoff) and certain representatives of the nationalities in question.
In the end, the plans mostly failed due to a lack of suitable individuals who could disseminate propaganda among the POWs, as well as various bureaucratic hindrances. It seems that by autumn 1915, this original initiative was largely abandoned and its ambitious plans left unfulfilled. However, it is very likely that attempts to politically influence Baltic POWs continued in the later war years, even if championed by other circles. Their success or failure will, however, be a question for future research to investigate
Eesti sõjalaul algusest Esimese ilmasõjani [The Estonian War Song from Its Beginning to World War I]
No full textThe paper gives an overview of Estonian war songs. Together with Keisrilaul, the Estonian translation of “Russian anthem”, they form the beginning of Estonian patriotic poetry. The tradition of Estonian war songs reaches back to the early 19th century, when Reinhold Johann Winkler published “War Songs of Estonian Land Forces” (1807), inspired by the Franco-Russian war. The tradition developed as it was infl uenced by the other wars involving Russia in the 19th century. The choices of topics and thematic structures of war songs further advanced in the period of the Russo-Turkish war, in the second half of the 1870s. At that time, the patriotic ambitions of Estonians were advanced in cooperation with the Empire of Russia; on the other hand, the humility and national sense of inferiority of Estonians were propagated by the Greater Russian ideology and ambitions. During World War I, narrative war songs, containing infl uences of Estonian trochaic tetrameter folk songs and traditional ballads, developed. In a number of verses of that time, epic, dramatic and lyric elements merged, increasing sensual intensity. Despite the parallels with Greater Russia surviving in themes, the concept of Estonia played a central role in song books, verse books and special almanacs published during World War I
Book Review: On the Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus
No full textThe Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Enduring Legacies and Emerging Challenges by Amanda E. Wooden and Christoph H. Stefes (eds.), 2014 (paperback), New York: Routledge.
Book Review: Informal Practices in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe: the Shades of Ambivalence
No full textInformality in Eastern Europe. Structures, Political Cultures and Social Practices, Interdisciplinary Studies on Central and Eastern Europe Vol. 11, edited by Christian Giordano, Nicolas Hayoz and Jens Herlth
Book Review. Bringing the Formal Back In. Party Evolution in Kazakhstan
No full textParty System Formation in Kazakhstan. Between Formal and Informal Politics by Rico Isaacs, 2011, London and New York: Routledge
Does marriage and having children make life better in Europe?
No full textThe diversity of family types is increasing in Europe. Existing research provides inconsistent results on whether having children in a family influences life satisfaction, and even less is known about how different partnership and social support types influence life satisfaction. We investigate the life satisfaction of officially registered and cohabiting persons with and without children in 24 European countries using the latest European Social Survey data from 2012. To investigate the influence of society and individual selection on family types, we include a range of individual and macroeconomic indicators in the multilevel analyses. The results demonstrate that life satisfaction is influenced by partnership and partnership type, children in a household do not elevate life satisfaction, and lack of economic coping problems might raise the positive value of children. Although the general life satisfaction levels follow predominantly the East–West alignment, the life satisfaction of families within countries is more driven by social support and a clear division of countries between East and West societies is not perceivable
I maailmasõja teenetemärgid eesti mehe rinnas. Ordenid ja nende kandmine [World War I decorations worn by Estonian men. Orders and the way they were worn]
No full textEstonian soldiers and officers in old photographs often wear all kinds of decorations and not all of them are of Estonian origin. They reflect the entire Estonian history in its complexity and controversy. Estonian men usually emerged from World War I wearing the decorations and medals of Imperial Russia and the badges of regiments and military schools. From 1919, the Republic of Estonia tried to regulate and restrict their use with various types of legislation. Therefore, only decorations awarded for military services were allowed on military uniforms.
Estonians also received some decorations from the other member states of Allied Powers. There were no special regulations regarding their use. Estonian citizens, mainly of Baltic German origin, had also been awarded military decorations by Central Powers, primarily Germany. The constitutions of 1920 and 1933 prohibited Estonian citizens from accepting decorations from foreign countries. However, this requirement was constantly violated until 1936, when the Decorations Act was passed. As most World War I decorations had been earned before the irst constitution was passed, the prohibition did not apply to them