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Women and Peace Agreements
No full textThis article provides an overview of the ways in which issues related to women have been addressed in peace agreements. To provide the context for analysis, the relevant international legal rules and policies of the main international organisations involved in peace negotiations are looked at, in order to highlight possible binding obligations for states. The role of women is addressed throughout the various phases of conflict resolution from peace negotiations to the post-conflict stage. As peace agreements tend to have three main categories of provisions – dealing with the participation, protection and advancement of women – this article is divided into corresponding sections. It will study the variety of ways in which these issues have been addressed in peace agreements, highlighting possible weaknesses and discrepancies with the relevant legal rules and the gender mainstreaming policy
Tradeoff: China’s Control of the RMB and its Economic Sovereignty
No full textCurrency mobility policy has been not just an economic, but an ideological tool in the years of PRC rule. China has used it to assert independence, and – to a disputed degree – used it as a development tool. Now, as China becomes more integrated into the world economy and its institutions, China’s ability to use currency mobility policy as a way to maintain economic sovereignty is being reduced. This paper will outline this process, and then interpret it through the use of classical and postWestern IR theory, drawing the conclusion that China is going through the process of financialisation – which inevitably removes control of the economy from the levers of government.
Juri Lotmani semiootiline kultuuriteooria või Ernesto Laclau poliitiline ontoloogia?
No full text Poliitilisuse (sks das Politische, ingl the political) tõlgitsustes torkab üha rohkem silma poliitilise fi losoofi a ja kirjanduse vastastikune läbipõimitus. Ratsionaalne argumentatsioon ja ilukirjandus ei pea teineteist tingimata välistama. Ilu kirjanduslikud teosed nagu George Orwelli Loomade farm ja 1984 võivad anda tõuke poliitilisele mõtlemisele. „Aja jooksul,“ kirjutab Claude Lefort teose Writing: The Political Test sissejuhatuses, “olen ma saanud üha rohkem teadlikuks kirjanduse ja poliitilise fi losoofi a (või mõtlemise ja kirjutamise) kummalisest seosest, kui need on allutatud poliitilisuse proovikivile“ (Lefort 2000: xxxxix). Katse tõlgendada poliitilisust toob kummalisel kombel kokku kirjanduse ja poliitika. See seisukoht ei ole erandlik. Võtame näiteks Essexi koolkonna ühe tähtsama esindaja, Ernesto Laclau, kes kasutab selliseid ilukirjanduslikke kõnekujundeid nagu metafoor ja metonüümia diskursiivse hegemooniateooria seletamiseks. Ka Juri Lotman, Tartu–Moskva koolkonna üks olulisemaid liikmeid, rõhutab Roman Jakobsonile viidates kirjandusliku elemendi tähtsust keele semiootilises toimimises (Lotman 2001b: 17). Ei ole midagi kummalist sellest, et sotsiaalpoliitiline olustik avaneb Lotmani töödes just ilukirjanduslike teoste vahendusel.
Интертекстуальный анализ: Принципы и границы (Хроника конференции в Санкт-Пeтербургском государственном университете, 21–22 апреля 2016 года) [Intertextual Analysis: Principles and Limits. Conference overview ]
No full textThis overview is a detailed description of 29 scholarly papers presented at the conference on intertextual analysis at the St. Petersburg State University
Prantsusmaa sõjalise missiooni (1919–1920) suhtumine Leedu riiklusse [The attitude of the French military mission (1919–1920) towards the sovereignty of Lithuania]
No full textAt the end of World War I, French politicians identified the declaration of the independence of Lithuania with Germany’s efforts to take hold of adjacent territories and expand their sphere of influence. Regardless, the Prime Minister of France and Minister of War Georges Clemenceau decided to respond positively to the request of the Prime Minister of Lithuania Mykolas Sleževičius. Th e fi rstFrench temporary diplomatic and military mission arrived in Kaunas on 19 March 1919. Officially, it operated in Lithuania until 1 March 1921. In fact, from September 1920, in Kaunas, this mission was concerned with military cooperation only.
The Mission was obligated to spread information and propaganda, and build up a sense of trust in France within society. In Kaunas, French officers taught military subjects, provided courses in the French language, participated in the training of the Lithuanian Army, attended its sites of preparation for battles and collected intelligence: information about the political situation in Lithuania, its Army and the influence of Germany, Soviet Russia and Great Britain. The Mission tried to work as an intermediate, searching for a peaceful solution to the deep conflict between Lithuania and Poland.
Between 1917 and 1919, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France often discussed a small circle of Lithuanian intellectuals seeking independence, whereas the Lithuanian nation was not mature enough for this and, in general, it had lost a great deal of its identity. Therefore, statements about the political motivation and determination of Lithuanians repeated in the regular reports by the Head of the Mission, Célestin Alexandre Reboul, were of great importance. Nevertheless, the complicated and contradictory relationship between this officer and the statehood of Lithuania comes into view. His attitude changed time and again:from distrust and even arrogance at the beginning of the Mission, to attempts tohelp this Baltic State defend its strategically important issues, recommendationsto recognize its independence, the idea of the French protectorate over Lithuania, and finally, to support the Polish military aggression against this Baltic State on October 1920.
One may say that Lieutenant Colonel C. Reboul’s political sympathies for the statehood of Lithuania were functional. They existed as long as this officer hoped to steer the political and military potential of Lithuania in a direction beneficial for France. Reboul’s position also reflected the attitude of the French political layers at the time to see Lithuania as a contributor and satellite and not a totally independent state
Valmistudes sõjaks. Õppused Leedu sõjaväe Gaižiūnai polügoonil aastatel 1931–1939 [Preparing for war: Lithuanian Army exercises at the Gaižiūnai military training field through1931–1939]
No full textThe article examines the military exercises of the Lithuanian Army at the Gaižiūnai military training field and the nature of organizational characteristics. It focuses on the organization of field exercises of individual units and service arms, and mistakes as well as successes in the training process. The military training of the Lithuanian army was based on theoretical and practical exercises. The training of the troops was carried out not only in the territory of military units and shooting ranges, but also at the Gaižiūnai training field, which started to function in 1931. The exercises conducted at the Gaižiūnai military grounds were designed for the purposes of the Lithuanian military; they were supposed to improve the war readiness of the troops. This training period at Gaižiūnai was more productive than the training period at the Varėna military grounds through 1925–1930. The new and more modern military field allowed exercises and practical training in a new format, where a larger numbers of units could participate. When practical exercises started in the new field, new rules and procedures about exercises were also implemented. New instructions were prepared and published by the higher command. In the course of several years, exercises at the new field allowed the Lithuanian army to improve its combat readiness, as errors in battle procedures and readiness could be detected and fixed. Despite the apparent progress in preparation for war, when the Soviet Union delivered the ultimatum on 15 June 1940, it was decided that the Lithuanian armed forces were not yet ready to fight for the country’s sovereignty
Code-switching, lexico-grammatical features and loan translation: data from a large Macedonian-English corpus [Koodivahetus, leksikaalgrammatilised omadused ja tõlkelaenud: andmed suurest makedoonia-inglise korpusest]
No full textArtikkel käsitleb 103 makedoonia päritolu austraallase kakskeelset kõnet ja keskendub koodivahetusele leksikaalses mõttes (sisestus, vaheldus,viitamine teistest keeltest ülekantud leksikaalsele materjalile olenemata teise keele lõikude pikkusest). Kahe- või mitme elemendilisi konstruktsioone vaadeldakse kui koodivahetusega seotud nähtust, erilise tähelepanu all on nn kergverbi konstruktsioonid. Uuritakse leksikaalgrammatilist ja -semantilist mõju, mis tekib tõlkelaenude kaudu, selleks et teada saada, kas imporditud leksikaalsed elemendid esinevad samal ajal struktuuriliste uuendustega ja soodustavad nende tekkimist
The Evasion of Retirement Insurance Contributions in Croatia
No full textThe aim of this paper is to investigate the evasion of retirement insurance contributions in Croatia. This problem can be connected to the weakness of the administration and the inefficacy of the competent bodies, to high rates of contributions and a general lack of trust in the public pension system based on intergenerational solidarity. One of the most important determinants of evasion is the benefit deriving from the insurance, that is, the relation between the contributions and the pension. Insured persons who have worked their whole lives and have reached old-age pensions have an unfavourable ratio of contributions paid in and amount of pension received, because funds for pensions have been redistributed to several other categories. After a brief explanation of the pension reform, we draw attention to certain legislative inconsistencies connected with retirement insurance. The paper closes with a proposal for possible measures for the improvement of collection
Introduction: Youth Political Participation in a Transition Society
No full textThis special issue of Studies of Transition States and Societies focuses on youth political participation in Estonia. The articles explore diff erent dimensions of participation, providing examples of how politics is practiced by young people in a society that has undergone a relatively recent and substantial social, economic and political transformation: the shift from being an integral part of the Soviet Union to full membership of the European Union. This transition is refl ected in changing patterns of activism among Estonian youth and the nature of the issues with which they engage, with participation infl uenced by, one the one hand, the legacies of the communist period and, on the other, the challenge of living in contemporary Europe