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Unemployment and Subjective Well-being Among the Youth: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study in Poland
No full textThe main aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of becoming unemployed on the well-being of young people. Particularly, we examine to what extent this relationship is moderated by the local unemployment rate. To address this topic, we use the Polish longitudinal dataset: Social Diagnosis: Objective and Subjective Quality of Life in Poland (2005-2015).
Using a fixed effect model, we find that young individuals who lost a job feel worse off than their counterparts who remained employed, and that these effects differ by gender, with men being more susceptible to changes in the employment status. Moreover, we show that the impact of unemployment on the well-being of men is the smaller the higher the unemployment rate is. However, contrary to expectations, this effect is driven by the decreasing well-being of employed men and not by a decline in the distress level of unemployed men when aggregate unemployment grows
Неизвестная рецензия Набокова [An Unknown Review by Nabokov]
No full textThis is an extensively annotated publication of a previously unpublished Vladimir Nabokov’s review “O poezii” (“On Poetry”) written in the end of 1924, and most probably rejected by a Berlin newspaper Rul’. The annotation section of article focuses on the following three obscure Russian poets reviewed by Nabokov: Il’ia Britan (1885—1941), Lev Gordon (1901—1973), and Dmitri Shakovskoi (later Ioann, Archbishop of San-Francisco and Western United States, 1902—1989)
Lapsepõlvest laskurseltsides, nooruseast Poola leegionides, täiseast Poola armees. Taastatud Poola armee ajalugu 1914–1920 [From Childhood of the Riflemen’s Association Through Middle Age of the Polish Legions to Adulthood in the Polish Army. History of Rebuilt Polish Army 1914–1920]
No full textThe purpose of this article is to present the historical process of forming the independent Polish Armed Forces during the Great War. I will also analyse the myth of the Polish Legions – the national myth of the Second Polish Republic. A myth based on one person – Józef Piłsudski, father of the Polish Army as well as of Polish independence. Before the war, there were three major views concerning a future Polish state in Polish society. Two of them were based on the idea of sovereignty within a foreign empire: Russia or Austro-Hungary. Th e smallest group of military volunteers and social activists under the leadership of Józef Piłsudski planned to regain independence by any means. In 1904, during a meeting of the Polish Socialist Party, he announced his independence programme. One of the most important points in this was the re-establishment of the Polish Army. However, his programme did not gain much popularity in Polish society – the trauma aft er the last disastrous Polish uprising in 1863 was too strong.
There was a small group of young idealistic patriots in the part of Poland annexed by Austro-Hungary. Basing on their potential, Piłsudski and his colleagues (Kazimierz Sosnkowski, Władysław Sikorski, Edward Rydz and others) founded the Riflemen’s Association. Before World War I in Galicia (Austro-Hungary), approximately 4,000 men were trained in shooting and tactics. Basing on the Riflemen’s Association, Piłsudski formed the First Cadre Company in August 1914. It came into formation when the Riflemen’s Association and the Polish Rifle Squads were mobilized between 29 July and 2 August 1914 by Piłsudski. On 3 August, the First Cadre was formally created in the Oleandry district of Cracow. The number of members of the company varies according to different sources between 145 and 168 men. This was the first Polish regular military unit since the uprising of 1831.
Piłsudski’s definition of a Polish citizen included all people who work, fight and die for Poland. In the First Company there were also many Polish Jews. During 16–27 August 1914 the First Cadre Company was reorganized and transformed into the Polish Legions. This was the second step – the middle-age of the Polish Armed Forces. Th e Legions became ‘a founding myth for the creation of modern Poland’ in spite of their considerably short existence; they were replaced by the Polish Auxiliary Corps formed on 20 September 1916 and merged later with the 2nd Polish Corps in Russia.
The Polish Legions were the basis for the creation of the Polish Army in 1918. Many generals, powerful politicians, poets and public figures – elites of the nation – started their service in the Polish Legions. The Riflemen’s Association and the Legions were a rock, on which the Polish people built their independent state
Social Exclusion of Youth in Europe: Consequences of Labour Market Insecurity
No full textInsecure labour market positions are widespread among young people in Europe. The unemployment rate and temporary employment rate among those first entering the labour market or those who are still at the beginning of their working lives is much higher than among the rest of the working-age population
Tingiv kõneviis viisakuse väljendajana eesti B1- ja B2-taseme õppijakeeles
No full textArtiklis vaadeldakse tingiva kõneviisi konstruktsioonide kasutamist viisakuse väljendajana B1- ja B2-taseme kirjalikus õppijakeeles. Uurimismaterjaliks on eesti keele kui teise keele riiklike eksamite kirjutamisosa sooritused: eri tüüpi kirjad ning jutustavad ja arutlevad tekstid. B1-taseme tekstides on olnud vähem võimalusi tingivat kõneviisi kasutada, kuid ka võimaluse korral on B1-tasemel olijad eelistanud sageli kindlat kõneviisi. B2-taseme tekstid on võimaldanud rohkem tingiva kõneviisi kasutust ning B2-tasemel olijad on seda võimalust ka kasutanud, arvestades seejuures teksti formaalsusastet ja situatsiooni institutsionaalsust. Kõige sagedamini esineb tingiv kõneviis B2-tasemel ametiasutuste poole pöördudes ehk formaalset laadi ja kõrgema institutsionaalsusega kirjades. Seega on tingiva kõneviisi kasutamine viisakuse funktsioonis seotud kultuuripõhiste keelelise viisakuse normidega. Tingiva kõneviisi kasutamispädevus on B2-tasemel võrreldes B1-tasemega tõusnud, mille peamise põhjusena võib oletada kultuuri- ja keelekeskkonna mõju
Võideldes kotka ja lõvi varjus: saksid ja württemberglased Saksa armees 1914–1918 [Fighting in the Shadow of the Eagle and Lion: Saxons and Württembergers in the German Army, 1914–1918]
No full textThis paper examines the relationship between two of the “lesser” contingents of the army and the Supreme Command during the First World War. In contrast to Prussia, which simply by virtue of its geographical size and large population dominated both the army and the empire, and Bavaria, whose monarch possessed virtually unrestricted control over his army in peacetime, the Saxon and Württembergian contingents were subject to frequent and sometimes humiliating interference from Berlin. In the decades before 1914, only two native Württembergers rose to command the XIII Army Corps, a formation which was composed almost exclusively of men from the South German kingdom. This interference created anxiety. As late as autumn 1911, the Saxon ministry of war was desperate to seek confi rmation from its Prussian counterpart that rumours of a new, less favourable military convention between the two states was indeed fabricated. The resentment of Prussian interference and the suspicion of Prussian intentions only increased during the war. As a result, Saxon and Württembergian officers dedicated considerable time and eff ort to defending their monarch’s military rights and passing along requests from their capitals to the Prussians. Whereas some of these requests, like the appeal by the king of Saxony in the summer of 1916, fell on deaf ears, others did not. This paper assesses the extent to which Saxony and Württemberg got their way in questions of personnel appointments and troop transfers. In doing so, it highlights the importance of the peculiar military hierarchy of the empire as a reason why some non-Prussian states had a voice in administrative and operational decisions and others were left out entirely
Eessõna. Keelest ja kultuurist / Preface. On language and culture
No full textKeelest ja kultuurist / On language and cultur
‘She’s the big dog who knows’ – power and the father’s role in minority language transmission in four transnational families in Tallinn
No full textThis paper presents the family language policies of four Estonian- non-Estonian bilingual, transnational families, with focus paid to the language management efforts of the fathers and the challenges they faced, including child agency and imbalances of power. The findings indicate that minority-language fathers also engage in ‘language work’ (Okita 2002), and demonstrated that the fathers’ language management efforts were constrained and determined by factors such as the level of competence the men’s spouse has in his L1, child agency, and access to a same languageculture community as a supportive resource
Знакомая незнакомка: Рец. на кн.: «Заре Григорьевне Минц посвящается…: Публикации, воспоминания, статьи. К 90-летию со дня рождения» [A Known Unknown: “Zare Grigor’evne Mints posviashchaetsia. Publikatsii, vospominaniia, stat’i. K 90-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia.” A review article]
No full textThis is a review of the collection of articles dedicated to the memory of Prof. Zara Mints (1927—1990) published on occasion of her 90th birthday by Tallinn University Press
Book Review: Managing Ambiguity: How Clientelism, Citizenship, and Power Shape Personhood in Bosnia and Herzegovina
No full textManaging Ambiguity: How Clientelism, Citizenship, and Power Shape Personhood in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Brkovic Čarna, 2017, New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books