Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Nanocrystal System: A Comprehensive Review of Method of Preparation and their Characterization, Patents and Marketed Products
No full textNanocrystal drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising method to improve the bioavailability, solubility and therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble drugs. Developed many methods for their creation with top down, bottom down and combination technique. These nanosized particles, usually ranging from 100 to 1000 nm, provide increased surface area, improving dissolution rates and enabling drugs to reach their target more efficiently. This abstract outline the methods for preparing nanocrystals and their characterization, recent marketed formulations and the current trends in patent related to nanocrystal drug delivery systems and their applications.
Keywords: Nanocrystal, Method Nanocrystal, Patent, Applicatio
Comprehensive Overview on Antibody Drug Conjugates- A Promising Approach in Cancer Therapy
Full text linkChemotherapy remains a cornerstone in cancer treatment, utilizing cytotoxic agents to kill or inhibit the growth of cancer cells. However, its efficacy is often limited by systemic toxicity and the development of resistance. To address these challenges, Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy, combining the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the potency of cytotoxic drugs. ADCs are designed to deliver targeted chemotherapy directly to cancer cells, reducing off-target effects and improving therapeutic outcomes. The structure of ADCs consists of a monoclonal antibody, a cytotoxic agent (payload), and a chemical linker. The antibody specifically binds to tumor-associated antigens, facilitating internalization of the drug, which is then released within the cancer cell to induce cell death. This selective targeting minimizes the damage to normal, healthy tissues. Since the first ADC approval in 2000, the field has rapidly advanced, with multiple ADCs receiving FDA approval for both hematological and solid tumors. Despite their potential, ADC development faces challenges such as linker stability, payload delivery, and tumor penetration. Recent advancements have led to the development of second and third-generation ADCs, which feature improved stability, efficacy, and safety profiles. The future of ADCs lies in optimizing their design, including selecting appropriate antigens, refining drug-to-antibody ratios, and enhancing intracellular delivery mechanisms. Overall, ADCs represent a transformative approach to cancer therapy, offering a more targeted, effective, and safer treatment option for cancer patients.
Keywords: ADC, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Cytotoxic drug, Carrier, Linker, Target therapy, Toxicity
Epidemiological insights into sexually transmitted infections and pregnancies among gender-based violence victims in the Northern province of Rwanda: Findings from the Isange One-stop Center at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital
Full text linkIntroduction: Gender-based violence (GBV) is violence directed against a person because of their gender. Both women and men experience gender-based violence, but the majority of victims are women and girls. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact. There is evidence that GBV increases the risk of STIs and pregnancy. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of STIs and pregnancy among GBV patients attending the Isange One Stop Center at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital.
Methodology: This retrospective study involved the consultation of archived data and recorded data in files for all GBV cases received from January to December 2021. The victim’s information, such as laboratory findings, residential sector information, demographic characteristics, and months in which GBV cases were recorded. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for data analysis.
Results: A total of 308 GBV cases were reported, 93.8% of which involved females. Most victims (46.4%) were adolescents aged 11–20 years. Urban areas, particularly the Muhoza (26%) and Cyuve (22.1%) sectors, reported the highest number of cases. The prevalence of STIs among GBV victims was 68.5%, with trichomoniasis (18.2%) and gonorrhoea (14.6%) being the most common infections. Hepatitis B and syphilis were identified in 6.2% and 5.2% of the patients, respectively.
Conclusion: Although efforts are being made in Rwanda to fight against GBV, the number of GBV cases is continually increasing, with the incidence of STIs and undesirable pregnancies increasing, especially among young adolescents. Therefore, additional focus and efforts are needed to lower this rate of GBV among young adolescents. Preventive measures should be improved to eliminate GBV cases and subsequent effects.
Keywords: Gender, Sexual violence, intimate partner violence, STIs, pregnancy
Identification of Some α-Glucosidase Inhibitors Using QSAR Modeling Based Drug Repurposing Approach
Full text linkPost-prandial hyperglycemia still remains a problem in the management of type II diabetes mellitus. Of all available anti-diabetic drugs, α-glucosidase inhibitors seem to be one of the most effective in reducing post-prandial hyperglycemia. In present study, QSAR modeling based drug repurposing approach has been implemented to identify some repurposed α-glucosidase inhibitors with established safety profile. For this QSAR modeling based analysis, initially a series of N’-Benzylidenebenzoylhydrazide having two different types of substitutions on Benzylidene and Benzoyl part as well as proper variation in the biological activity was selected thereafter models were developed using various conventional QSAR approaches including Free Wilson, Hansch, and Mixed modeling by utilizing PaDEL descriptor calculator and DTC lab software. Hansch type 2D QSAR model, which was derived using some PaDEL descriptor, showed acceptable internal as well as external consistencies. Some repurposed α-glucosidase inhibitors were successfully identified. These identified approved drugs may be further explored as new anti-diabetics for type II diabetes patient especially for the management of post-prandial hyperglycemia which is a major issue in these patients.
Keywords: QSAR, Hyperglycemia, Substitutions, Diabetes mellitus, PaDEL descripto
The role of Artificial Intelligence in drug discovery
Full text linkThe integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in drug discovery has revolutionized the field, offering unprecedented opportunities for accelerating the development of novel therapeutics. AI\u27s adaptability and predictive capabilities have been successfully applied across various stages of the drug discovery process, including target identification, compound screening, and lead optimization. By leveraging machine learning algorithms and big data, researchers can expedite the discovery of promising compounds, reduce human workload, and improve the quality of life. This review provides a comprehensive overview of AI\u27s role in drug discovery, highlighting its applications, advantages, and challenges. The current state of AI in drug discovery, its potential to transform the field, and the limitations that need to be addressed. Furthermore, explore the future directions of AI in drug discovery, including the need for high-quality data, standardization, and regulatory acceptance.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Drug discovery, Machine learning, Target identificatio
Role of Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya in the Prevention and Control of Lifestyle Ailments: A Comprehensive Review
Full text linkBackground: Lifestyle diseases stem largely from recurring unhealthy behavioral patterns in daily life, which are developed from unhealthy lifestyle choices that are related to smoking, alcohol intake, drugs, and a sedentary lifestyle. These diseases include, but are not limited to, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and some forms of cancer. Since these diseases are linked to lifestyle and are not passed on by infected people, they are also called non-communicable diseases. The prevalence of lifestyle diseases is rapidly increasing worldwide. According to the WHO, lifestyle-related illnesses have become the primary contributors to global mortality around the world. The rise in prevalence due to sedentary lifestyle, use of tobacco, alcohol, smoking, and poor and unhealthy diet. To prevent such diseases, people are trying to adopt such modalities that can keep them fit and healthy. Unani medical theory attributes these disorders to a disruption in balancing six essential life factors, known as Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya, (Six essential factors) over a long period, which are foundational to maintaining health and preventing disease.
Objective: This review aims to explore the role of Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya in the prevention and control of lifestyle Ailments.
Methodology: A systematic review of classical Unani literature and peer-reviewed studies was conducted to analyze the impact of Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya. A search of published articles was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to explore the relationship between Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya and lifestyle diseases.
Result: The findings suggested that optimizing these Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya (six essential factors) contributes significantly to the prevention and management of lifestyle diseases.
Conclusion: The Unani concept of Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya provides a comprehensive and natural approach to managing lifestyle diseases. Incorporating these principles into modern healthcare can offer a sustainable and holistic strategy for disease prevention and management.
Keywords: Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya, Lifestyle, Unani Medicine, prevention and management
Antipyretic Activity and Acute Toxicity Evaluation of Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae) and Ipomoea pes-caprae (Convolvulaceae) Extracts
Full text linkThe management of fever using synthetic antipyretics is associated with significant adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal complications. This study aimed to evaluate the antipyretic activity of combined extracts of Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae) and Ipomoea pes-caprae (Convolvulaceae), two medicinal plants that are traditionally used in African phytotherapy to treat fever. Aqueous extracts were prepared by decoction. Antipyretic activity was evaluated using a brewer’s yeast-induced fever model in Wistar rats. The animals were divided into groups that received either a saline control, Ceiba pentandra alone at doses of 125 or 200 mg/kg, a combination of Ceiba pentandra and Ipomoea pes-caprae, or the acetaminophen reference. Rectal temperatures were recorded for four hours. Acute oral toxicity was assessed according to OECD guideline 423. Ceiba pentandra demonstrated dose-dependent antipyretic activity, with a rapid onset of action within 30 minutes. Combinations showed markedly improved efficacy compared to Ceiba pentandra alone, improving by 5.17–47.37 percentage points. The combination of 200 mg/kg of Ceiba pentandra and 25 mg/kg of Ipomoea pes-caprae achieved superior effects to acetaminophen during the first two hours, with 100% inhibition compared to 82.11% for acetaminophen. No significant toxicity was observed, with an LD₅₀ greater than 2000 mg/kg. The combination of Ceiba pentandra and Ipomoea pes-caprae extracts demonstrated enhanced antipyretic activity and an excellent safety profile. This validates traditional African medicinal practices and suggests promising therapeutic potential.
Keywords: Antipyretic, brewer\u27s yeast, potentiation, Ceiba pentandra, Ipomoea pes-capra
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Analgesic Balm
Full text linkThis study focuses on the development and evaluation of an herbal analgesic balm that combines natural ingredients, including beeswax, petroleum jelly, methyl salicylate, camphor, and essential oils such as peppermint, eucalyptus, and lavender. The balm is designed to provide relief from pain and inflammation, making it suitable for conditions such as headaches, backaches, sore muscles, and joint pain. Three formulations (F1, F2, and F3) were prepared with varying concentrations of active ingredients, and their physical parameters, stability, and skin safety were evaluated. The results showed that formulation F3, with a higher concentration of methyl salicylate (7.5 ml) and a balanced blend of essential oils, exhibited superior analgesic potency and aromatic relief. The balm demonstrated good stability, spreadability, and washability, with no signs of phase separation or skin irritation in patch tests. The pH of the formulation was found to be suitable for skin application, ranging from 5.5 to 6.28. Overall, the herbal analgesic balm offers a promising alternative to conventional pain relief products, with potential applications in managing various types of pain and inflammation.
Keywords: Analgesic, Herbal balm, Anti-inflammator
Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics for Disorders of the Female Upper Genital Tract: A Comprehensive Review
Full text linkThe female reproductive system is susceptible to a range of disorders, including uterine fibroids, endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and various gynecological cancers. Traditional drug delivery methods often face challenges such as limited bioavailability, systemic side effects, and poor targeting due to biological barriers like mucus layers, fluctuating pH, and immune responses. Nanotechnology offers a transformative approach to overcome these limitations by enabling site-specific and controlled drug release. This review explores the anatomy of the female upper genital tract (UGT), common associated disorders, and the barriers that hinder effective drug delivery. It highlights the potential of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems—such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanoemulsions—to improve therapeutic outcomes. Nanoparticles can penetrate mucosal barriers, increase drug retention time, and allow targeted therapy through surface modification and responsive release mechanisms. Specific applications of nanocarriers in treating cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers, as well as non-malignant conditions like PCOS, fibroids, and salpingemphraxis, are discussed in detail. Examples include gold and zinc oxide nanoparticles for cancer treatment, curcumin-loaded NPs for PCOS, and magnetic NPs for targeted gene delivery. Despite promising preclinical results, concerns regarding toxicity, hormonal disruption, and regulatory challenges remain and warrant further clinical evaluation. In conclusion, nanotechnology holds immense potential to revolutionize female reproductive healthcare by offering non-invasive, efficient, and safer alternatives to conventional therapies. Continued interdisciplinary research is essential to translate these innovations into clinically viable treatments for improving women’s reproductive health outcomes.
Keywords: Nanoparticles, mucosal barriers, cancer treatment.
Non-destructive Remote Determination of Total Native Protein Concentration in Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Preparations
Full text linkIntroduction. Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) are nanoscale entities characterized by surface shape heterogeneity and enhanced emission activity in the millimeter wavelength range (30-300 GHz), which is influenced by external physical factors such as heating or electromagnetic radiation. This phenomenon presents opportunities for the noninvasive determination of accurate concentrations of the protein component in commercially prepared VLP vaccines.
Objective. To propose a modern and rapid approach for the quantitative determination of native proteins in VLP-containing vaccines, which enables research to be conducted without opening the primary packaging.
Materials and methods. Vaccines imitating rotavirus (Gam-VLP-Rota) and SARS-CoV2 virus (Gam-VLP-multivac) were studied. The density of the radiothermal emission flux at extremely high frequency (EHF) wavelengths was measured using a TES-92 device. The reference values for protein concentration in vaccines, prior to the addition of the adjuvant, were measured using the commercial "Micro BCA™ Protein Assay Kit". The dimensional characteristics of the VLP vaccine were analyzed using dynamic laser light scattering (Zetasizer Nano ZSP).
Results. A strong linear correlation (r = 0.99) was established between the flux density of radiothermal emission and the protein content in vaccines, allowing for analysis without opening the packaging. The validation procedure for this technique assessed linearity, accuracy, and intra-laboratory precision for Gam-VLP-multivac.
Conclusion. The values of the intrinsic radiothermal emission flux density enabled the determination of the native concentration of complex-shaped virus-like nanoparticles in vaccines without the need to open the primary packaging, irrespective of the presence of an adjuvant.
Keywords: VLP, Virus-Like Particles, quality control, protein concentration determination, radiothermal emission