Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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A Comprehensive Scientific Claims on Ethnobotany, Phytochemical Pharmacological and Toxicology of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: An updated ethnobotany, phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Withania somnifera
No full textFor more than 3,000 years, Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, has been utilised in traditional and Ayurvedic medicine. It belongs to the ginger family. Dry powder, crude extract, and refined metabolites of the plant have all demonstrated potential therapeutic advantages in animal trials because it is a medicinal plant. Withanolides are the primary metabolites of the plant, and they are responsible for the therapeutic effects of the herb. Despite the fact that other review papers on this plant have previously been published, this review article is being provided in order to gather all of based on the most recent data on its pharmacological and phytochemical effects, which have been investigated using a variety of approaches. According to research, Ashwagandha has anti-inflammatory, adaptogen, anti-parkinsonian, anti-oxidant, and memory-boosting properties, and anticancer effects in addition to other benefits. Other effects, such as immunomodulation, hypolipidemia, antimicrobial activity, Investigations have also been done on cardiovascular defence, sexual behaviour, tolerance, and reliance. These outcomes are extremely encouraging, and they recommend more research into this herb to confirm these results and find further potential medicinal characteristics. Clinical studies including the use of ashwagandha for a number of illnesses should be carried out as well. The new evidence on its pharmacological and phytochemical activities is described in the current publication. In order to give thorough information on the ethnobotany, traditional applications, phytochemistry, and pharmacological efficacy of the medicinal plant, W. somnifera, from reliable sources, the present review has primary objectives.
Keywords: Withania somnifera, Solanaceae, traditional claim, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, phytopharmacolog
Antidiabetic activity of methanol extract and fractions of Costus speciosus leaves in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats
Get PDFIntroduction: Costus speciosus is a common plant used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and various other ailments in traditional medicine in Sri Lanka. The present study was conducted to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of the leaves of C. speciosus in both normal and alloxan induced male Wistar diabetic rat models. Methods: A methanolic extract of the leaves was produced and used for the preliminary phytochemicals screening. Methanol extract was further partitioned with different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) according to their polarity. Male Wistar rats weighing 150-220 g were randomly divided during the test. In vivo antidiabetic activity of partitioned fractions of C. speciosus leaves was performed in normal rats and alloxan induced NIDDM rats. Standard t-test was used to determine statistical significance. Results: A glucose tolerance test with normal rats indicated that peak levels of blood glucose were reached in 90 minutes after the glucose load. It is noteworthy that the test group recorded a significantly (p < 0.05) lower blood glucose level at 90 minutes, indicating that the 80 % methanol extract exerted an overall hypoglycemic effect with normal rats at 90 minutes, despite being challenged with glucose load. The same dose showed an improvement in the glucose tolerance of alloxan-induced diabetic rats, reducing the blood glucose at 90 minutes by 60 % compared with control. These effects were found to be comparable with the effect of the synthetic drug glipizide at a dose of 20 mg/kg. In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, long term administration of the 80% methanolic extract of C. speciosus leaves daily for 6 weeks resulted in a significant lowering of fasting and postprandial serum glucose when compared to diabetic control rats. Conclusion: Diabetic rats group treated with C. speciosus extract displayed significantly (p<0.05) decreased blood glucose level compared to the control group.
Keywords: Alloxan, Costus speciosus, diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, anti-hyperglycemi
Formulation and evaluation of Epsom salt-based gel to reduce osteoarthritis pain
Get PDFEpsom salt as Osteoarthritis (OA) pain therapy has been limited to compresses, foot soaks, and baths. Many studies have examined Epsom salt to reduce pain, especially in OA, but Epsom salt formulation in gel form has never been tried, so it needs in-depth scientific evidence. This study aims to formulate an Epsom salt gel and test its effectiveness in reducing pain for OA patients. This is a true-experimental study with a completely randomized design. A total of 22 respondents with OA were included in the trial. In this study, each respondent received five treatments randomly (administration of pure gel (Negative control); Epsom salt gel with a concentration of 2%; 2.5%; 3%, and Diclofenac sodium (Positive control). Respondents\u27 pain scale was assessed at the beginning and the end of each treatment as an outcome in this study. The data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD. Epsom salt gels were successfully made with 2%, 2.5%, and 3% concentrations. The formulation results have met the physical test of gel preparation (organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, and consistency). The results of clinical trials found that all Epsom salt gel concentrations effectively reduce OA pain levels (p<0.0001 vs. Control negative). Epsom salt gel with a concentration of 3% has a higher effectiveness level than other concentrations (p<0.0001). The effectiveness of Epsom salt gel with a concentration of 3% is almost equivalent to the oral drug diclofenac sodium. In conclusion, Epsom salt gel with a concentration of 3% as a topical drug has significantly reduced OA pain levels.
Keywords: Epsom Salt Gels; Magnesium Sulfate; Pain; Osteoarthriti
An Detailed Overview on Mouth Dissolving Film
No full textThe present review aims to enlighten about a potential dosage form that is mouth dissolving films. Mouth dissolving film is a rapidly dissolving dosage form that dissolves in the mouth within a few seconds without the intake of water and is mainly used for pediatric and geriatric patients due to its flexibility and patient compliance. It is a potential dosage form for drugs having high metabolism and low bioavailability. Solvent casting, hot melt extrusion, solid dispersion, semisolid casting, rolling, and other processes can all be used to create mouth dissolving film, but solvent casting is the most popular due to its consistency and superior physical properties. Mouth dissolving film is evaluated for the following parameters like physical parameters and chemical parameters. The review sums up information on drug delivery by mouth dissolving films as a promising dosage form for delivering drugs to children and elderly patients, as well as information on its formulation considerations, preparation process, and evaluation criteria.
Keywords: Mouth dissolving film, Buccal film, Improved patient compliance, Standard composition, Method of preparation, Evaluatio
A Review on Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Get PDFHashimoto\u27s thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune thyroid disorder first described by Japanese physician Haraku Hashimoto in 1912 characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid parenchyma and is influenced by immune system instability. The onset of autoimmunity may be influenced by innate and acquired immune responses. Thyroid autoantibodies (TAbs) are the primary biochemical feature. Epidemiological studies show AITD (autoimmune thyroid disease) risk is higher in women and is age-related. Risk factors include high iodine consumption, selenium insufficiency, infectious disorders, and specific medications. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors also contribute to HT. Pregnancy and sex steroids play a role in the development of autoimmune thyroiditis, with older women being more susceptible. The immune system is modified during pregnancy, with progesterone playing a significant role. About 20% of postpartum thyroiditis patients eventually develop HT. The symptoms include dysphonia, dyspnea, and dysphagia, with primary hypothyroidism causing greater systemic symptoms. Diagnosis involves circulating thyroid-specific antibodies, ultrasound examination, increased thyroid stimulating hormone, and normal serum thyroid hormone levels. Ultrasonography is crucial for diagnosing Hashimoto\u27s thyroiditis, distinguishing it from other thyroid disorders like Graves\u27 disease (GD). The treatment comprises levothyroxine, which effectively lowers thyroid volume, as well as vitamin D deficiency and replacement. Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) surgery has traditionally been reserved for people who have discomfort or compressive symptoms from goitre or co-existing malignant thyroid nodules. Thyroidectomy has lately been advocated as a treatment option for decreasing TPOAbs, as the presence of such antibodies is linked to a worse quality of life even in euthyroid patients.
Keywords: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) Vitamin D , Levothyroxin
Factors Associated with Plasma Malondialdehyde Levels in People over 40 Years
Get PDFAging is a progressive process caused by a physiological decline in body functions. It is known that several factors can accelerate aging, namely age, lifestyle, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial damage. Various pollutants such as cigarette smoke, motor vehicle fumes, industrial waste, and exposure to sunlight / ultraviolet light will form free radicals. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level is one of the indicators used to measure oxidative stress. Increased MDA levels are found in various degenerative diseases. This study aims to determine plasma MDA levels in the age group of 40 years and over and factors that can affect plasma MDA levels. This study was a cross-sectional study by including 42 subjects. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire to obtain subject demographic data and physical activity, as well as physical examinations complemented by laboratory examinations and MDA levels. The mean age of the subjects was 52.7 years, and most of the 32 (76.2%) subjects were categorized as obese and had high activity. Pearson correlation test obtained body mass index statistically significantly correlated with plasma MDA levels with a value of p = 0.039, as well as physical activity statistically significantly correlated with a negative correlation, with a value of r = -0.26 and p = 0.043. Conclusion Body mass index and activity are significantly correlated with plasma MDA levels.
Keywords: malondialdehyde, stress, oxidative, radical
Analysis of the Factors that Influence the Family in the Use of Traditional Medicine as Self Medication in Ilir Timur II District
Get PDFSelf-medication is a self-directed action in the application of both modern and traditional medicine. Traditional medicine has many benefits and its use is currently widespread due to its affordability and accessibility to the general public so it is widely used regularly even now. The increase in the use of traditional medicine globally makes people think it is always safe because it comes from plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment profile, level of knowledge and factors that influence families in self-medication with traditional medicine. This study used descriptive analytic method with cross sectional design conducted in Ilir Timur II District, Palembang City. The results of the Chi-Square test found that the variables of gender (p-value 0.992), age (p-value 0.540), education (p-value 0.606), occupation (p-value 0.983), marital status (p-value 0.886), distance to health facilities (p-value 0.992), did not affect families in the use of traditional medicine as self-medication. A total of 98.6% have good knowledge about traditional medicine self-medication and there are no factors that influence the use of traditional medicine by families as self-medication.
Keywords: Self-medication, family, traditional medicin
Evaluation of the Potential for Medication Error in Outpatient Elderly Patients at Siti Fatimah Az-Zahra Regional Hospital
Get PDFMedication error is an event or situation that can be prevented and avoided, but if drugs cannot be controlled it can lead to inappropriate or harmful use of drugs. Medication error is an error made unintentionally in prescribing (Prescribing), reading prescriptions (transcribing), preparing prescriptions (dispensing) and administration. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of medication errors in the prescribing and transcribing phase in elderly patients. This study included descriptive observational research in a retrospective manner with purposive sampling method in the form of prescriptions of elderly patients at Siti Fatimah Az-Zahra Hospital Palembang. The results obtained in this study indicate that the occurrence of medication errors at the Prescribing stage, namely no prescription date 12%, no doctor\u27s SIP 15%, no doctor\u27s signature 10%, no dosage unit 35%, no amount of drug administration 3% and at the Transcribing stage, namely unclear / complete drug names 34%, unclear / complete drug doses 34% and unclear / complete drug amounts 3%.
Keywords: medication error, prescribing, transcribin
A Prospective, Observational and Comparative Study of In-Vitro Susceptibility of Isepamicin against Clinical Isolates from Various Clinical Sources (Triple I Study - Isepamicin in India)
Get PDFObjectives: This study aims to investigate the in-vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates against Isepamicin and compared it with Gentamicin and Amikacin.
Patients and Methods: In this multicentre prospective study, clinical specimens of patients were collected from three different regions of India. Clinical isolates from urine, intra-abdominal, broncho-alveolar lavage, endotracheal secretion, and sterile blood were included. The E-test was used to quantify the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Isepamicin, Gentamicin, and Amikacin. The percentages of bacterial isolates were categorized as susceptible, intermediate, and resistant according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines as per Comité de l\u27Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie (CA-SFM) recommendation.
Results: A total of 8 different bacterial isolates were collected from 150 clinical samples obtained from 50 patients. Respiratory (63 [42%]) and urine (44 [29.3%]) specimens were the most common sources for bacterial strains. The most identified bacterial isolates were K. pneumoniae (40 [26.6%]) and P. aeruginosa (38 [25%]). Isepamicin was found to be highly effective in urine samples and showed excellent sensitivity against E. coli (93.3%), followed by P. aeruginosa (57.9%) and K. pneumoniae (55.0%). Antimicrobial sensitivity was highest for Isepamicin (60/108 [56%]) at MIC≤1 mg/L and was most effective against Gram-negative bacterial isolates from the intensive care units (ICUs).
Conclusions: Isepamicin could treat E. coli infections and could be an effective therapy in the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Moreover, it could also be used as an alternative to Gentamicin and Amikacin against resistant cases.
Keywords: Aminoglycosides, Amikacin, E. coli, Gentamicin, Gram-negative bacteria, Isepamicin
Relationship Between of Adherence Rate to Taking Drugs Antihypertensives against Blood Pressure of Elderly Patients in Sekarjaya Health Center Ogan Komering Ulu Regency
Get PDFHypertension is a disease that is often found in the community and continues to experience an increase in cases of hypertension due to unhealthy lifestyles. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of adherence to the consumption of antihypertensive drugs, describe the increase in patients\u27 blood pressure and explain the relationship between the level of adherence in taking antihypertensive drugs to blood pressure in elderly patients. This study used a prospective quantitative descriptive method at the Sekarjaya Health Center, OKU Regency in May-June 2023. The results of the study found that out of 50 patients, 41 patients had low adherence and 9 patients had moderate adherence. In the classification of hypertension patients, 14 patients (28%) were at the pre-hypertensive level, 27 patients (54%) were at level 1 hypertension and 9 patients (18%) were at level 2 hypertension. Analysis of the relationship of adherence to blood pressure obtained a p value of 0.361. The conclusion of this study was that there was no relationship between compliance with blood pressure in hypertensive patients at the Sekarjaya Health Center, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. However, the length of illness and forgetting to take medication was influence on compliance with p values of 0.045 and 0.002.
Keywords: Hypertension, geriatrics, adherence, health cente