Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Formulation and evaluation of sustained release floating tablets of venlafaxine using natural polymers
Get PDFOver the past three decades, oral controlled-release dosage forms have been developed due to their therapeutic advantages, such as ease of administration, patient compliance, and flexibility in formulation. However, this approach has faced physiological difficulties, such as the inability to contain and position the controlled drug delivery system within the desired region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to variable gastric emptying and motility. Venlafaxine is an antidepressant and a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Its active metabolite, desvenlafaxine, works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, which are key neurotransmitters in mood regulation. Gastroretentive dosage forms can stay in the gastric region for several hours and significantly prolong the gastric residence time of drugs. Natural materials have been extensively used in drug delivery because they are readily available, cost-effective, eco-friendly, capable of many chemical modifications, potentially degradable, and compatible due to their natural origin.
Keywords: Sustained Release Floating Tablets, Venlafaxine
Statins as a Combatant for Treatment of Glioblastoma
Get PDFThe competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, commonly referred to as "statins," have been shown in preclinical tests to have promise anticancer characteristics in addition to being potent medications that lower cholesterol and lower cardiovascular risk. When combined with other cancer treatment strategies, statins seem to improve the treatment outcome for a variety of malignancies. After surgical resection followed by concomitant radiation and chemotherapy, the median overall survival (OS) for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a particularly lethal cerebral tumour, is only about one year. Due to their capacity to inhibit cell growth, survival, migration, metastasis, inflammation, and angiogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo investigations, statins have recently come to light as prospective adjuvant medications for the treatment of GBM. Statins\u27 therapeutic effects on the survival of GBM patients are still debatable, though. When just focusing on the treatment of cancer, specifically GBM, this study intends to analyse and address some of the known effects of statin medicines, including concurrent statin therapy with chemotherapeutic agents.
Keywords: statin, glioblastoma, brain tumor, antitumor, cholesterol, apoptosis
The Evolution of Nanocrystalline Drug Delivery System
Get PDFDeveloping nanocrystalline drug delivery technologies is a noteworthy advancement in pharmaceutical science. The nanocrystalline formulations aim to improve therapeutic efficacy, pharmaceutical solubility, and bioavailability. We develop many methods for their fabrication, with top-down, bottom-up, and combination procedures, beginning with reasoning behind nanocrystalline approaches. In this type of review, we focused on the progress of nanocrystalline drug delivery systems in various years by applying different techniques which started in 1990 and what dosage forms are still made by this technology. It is found that various other techniques are also there manufacturing of drug Nanocrystals through years of investigation made by specialists. The researchers found methods such as Top-down, bottom-up, combination, solvent displacement technology, fluidised bed technology, freeze drying, spray drying, electrodynamic technique, and melt emulsification. Every process has advantages and disadvantages, therefore selecting the proper technology is critical to produce drug nanocrystals successfully.
Keywords: Nanocrysyals, CT, Bottom-up, Top-Down, HPH, Nanocarrier
Identification of Bacteria from Public Toilets of Modern Market (Goico) in Musanze Town, Rwanda
Get PDFBackground: Bacteria are present on all surfaces, to which they were carried by many direct and indirect methods of transmission. A toilet is simply a receptacle into which both solid and liquid waste of human origin, in the form of urine and excreta are discharged. In public toilets, complete strangers mix and use the same sanitary facilities, with all the related risks of bodily fluid exchange, contamination and organism transmission. Unhygienic use of the toilet’s facilities may cause urine and fecal residues after use to serve as a major reservoir or source of human pathogen, which may in turn bring about disease outbreak.
Aim: This study aimed at Identification of Bacteria from Public Toilets of Modern Market (Goico) In Musanze Town, Rwanda
Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted to identify bacteria from GOICO market toilets. About 40 samples; 20 from male and 20 from female toilets were collected and transported to INES-clinical microbiology laboratory for microbiological analysis. Laboratory techniques including culture, gram stain, biochemical tests and antibiogram were performed.
Results: The most predominant bacteria isolated was S. aureus (31.43%), followed by S. typhi (20%), Streptococcus(15.71%), E. coli(12.86%), P. aeuriginosa(10%), P. mirabilis(7.14%), C. freundi(1.43%), S. epidermidis (1.43%). It was noted that female toilets were more contaminated (51.43%) than male toilets (48.57%). All gram positive and gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to Gentamicin. Almost all bacteria except P. mirabilis were sensitive to Norfloxacin, gram negative showed a resistance to Vancomycin and Novobiocin.
Conclusion: These results should alert public toilets users that extreme caution must be executed while using these toilets, as they may be a source of pathogenic bacteria. The best way to keep a toilet and its seat free of bacteria is to clean it with bleach. Otherwise, keep the bacteria at bay by washing your hands, and if you just don\u27t trust that toilet seat, wipe it down with a disinfectant or antibacterial wipe before you sit.
Keywords: Bacteria, Public toilets, E. coli, S. typhi, Urinary trac
A Comparison Between Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Tuber in Amelioration of Experimentally Induced Anxiety in Swiss Albino Mice
Get PDFObjective: Anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state. When it becomes excessive, it needs medical intervention. The intent of this study was to assess and to compare the potential of aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from the tuber of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius to alleviate anxiety in Swiss albino mice.
Method: A. paeoniifolius tuber was procured, shed dried and ground to powder. Then it was extracted using water and ethanol by cold maceration and soxhlation technique respectively. The extracts were underwent phytochemical screening. The aqueous and ethanolic extract was subsequently examined for its anxiety-reducing effects at various doses (100mg/kg, 150mg/kg and 250mg/kg) employing different animal anxiety models such as the open field test, elevated plus maze test, light and dark box test.
Result: The extracts were found to contain alkaloid, flavonoid, reducing sugar, carbohydrate, tannin, steroid and triterpenoids when they underwent phytochemical screening. Both the extract shows potent anxiolytic activity in all three animal models of anxiety when compared to control in Swiss albino mice. However, ethanolic extract shows more significant anxiolytic activity than aqueous extract. 250mg/kg ethanolic extract showed highest anxiety amelioration when compared to all other doses.
Conclusion: Amorphophallus paeoniifolius aqueous and ethanolic extract is effective in ameliorating anxiety in Swiss albino mice.
Keywords: Amorphophallus paeoniifolius; Anxiolytic activity; Animal behavioural tests; Medicinal plant
Phenotypic characterization and antibiotic resistance of enterobacteria strains isolated from samples of patients in the towns of Moundou and Sarh in Chad
Get PDFToday, enterobacteria constitute one of the most predominant causes of nosocomial and acquired infections in our communities. The bactericidal action of antibiotics on bacteria is used therapeutically, unfortunately the latter have started to develop resistances. Antibiotic resistance remains a major global public health issue, a serious problem in some of the world\u27s poorest countries such as Chad.
The objective of this study is to identify the strains of enterobacteria coming from samples of patients admitted to the Moundou and Sarh health centers, and to report their resistance profiles. A total of 278 samples consisting of urine (133) and stools (145) were collected in the laboratories of the two provincial hospitals of Sarh and Moundou between September and December 2021. The samples were processed and analyzed according to standard microbiology methods. The study of the sensitivity of different strains of enterobacteria with 14 antibiotic disks was evaluated by the disk diffusion method in agar medium.
A total of 278 samples (urine, stool) including 111 strains of Enterobacteria, including 55 strains of E. coli, Enterobacter spp (n=17), klebsiella (n=11), Salmonella (n=9), Serratia ( n=7), Citrobacter (n=6) and Shigella (n=2) were isolated in the laboratory in the towns of Moundou and Sarh in Chad. The antibiogram carried out on all isolated strains of enterobacteria expressed a resistance ranging between 33.3% and 83.3% to 3rd generation cephalosporins, 30.3% and 50.0% to aminoglycosides. On the other hand, a strain of Salmonella is resistant to imipenem in Sarh.
This study shows a high level of resistance acquired to different families of antibiotics by our bacterial strains studied. This resistance highlights the need to adapt therapeutic regimens to local epidemiology.
Keywords : Characterization, Phenotype, Antibiotic resistance, Enterobacteria, Cities, Cha
Formulation and Evaluation of Bilayered Floating Tablets of Aceclofenac
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to create and assess homogeneous bilayered floating tablets of aceclofenac in order to increase the drug\u27s bioavailability and prolong its stomach release. One of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) common side effects is poor solubility and minimal stomach retention, which makes it difficult to treat effectively. As matrix-forming polymers, ten formulations (F1–F10) were made with different amounts of HPMC K15 and additional excipients. Physical properties, buoyancy, in vitro drug release, and kinetic modelling were evaluated for each formulation. With a floating lag time of less than one minute and buoyancy maintained for more than 12 hours, Formulation 5 (F5) showed the most promising findings. With 97.01% of aceclofenac released over 12 hours, it showed a regulated drug release pattern that followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas release model well (R2 = 0.9242). Pre-compression and post-compression values for the optimised formulation F5 were adequate, suggesting good flow characteristics and tablet integrity. FTIR spectroscopy was used to verify the drug-excipient compatibility, guaranteeing stability and the lack of interactions. According to these results, aceclofenac\u27s homogenous bilayered floating tablets, specifically formulation F5, may be able to improve gastric retention time and offer a sustained release profile. This could mean that the medication can be used to treat chronic inflammatory conditions more effectively and with better patient compliance.
Keywords: gastric retention, bioavailability, drug excipient compatibility
Preparation and evaluation of liposomal gel containing Neolamarckia cadamba leaves extract for anti-inflammatory activity
Get PDFThe objective of present research work is to develop liposomes as a carrier system for methanolic extract, its incorporation in to gel formulations and to characterize the prepared and develop liposomal gel formulation. Formulation was carried out by thin film technique. Scanning electron micrograph of the prepared nanosponges at 50.00 kx magnification showed that the liposome was porous with a smooth surface morphology and spherical shape. The porous nature of liposome was clearly observed in the SEM images. Particle size and zeta potential was determined by Malvern Zeta sizer. The particle size analysis confirmed that the prepared sample were in the nanometer range. Average particle size obtained for the formulations F1 to F5 were 162.7 nm to 195.6 nm. Zeta potential values of liposome indicated that the formulated liposomes are stable. The amount of drug being entrapped in liposome was calculated and all the prepared liposome was found to possess very high entrapment efficiency. The viscosity of liposome loaded gel is found to 6842±0.32cps. The pH of liposome loaded gel is 6.3 and spreadability is 12.11, indicating that liposome loaded gel has high release and permeability. The in vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Neolamarckia cadamba extract was evaluated against denaturation of egg albumin. The present findings exhibited a concentration dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation by Neolamarckia cadamba throughout the concentration range of 20-100μg/ml. Diclofenac sodium (at the concentration range of 20-100 μg/ml) was used as reference drug which also exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of protein denaturation; however, the effect of diclofenac sodium was found to be less active when compared with extract name. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the liposome-based drug delivery approach could be a valuable tool to improve the therapeutic efficacy of phytochemicals by improving their absorption, and bioavailability via altering their physicochemical and release properties.
Keywords: Liposomes, Neolamarckia cadamba, Qualitative phytochemical screening, Thin film technique, In vitro anti-inflammatory activity
Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Bilayer Tablets
Get PDFGastroretentive bilayer tablets were designed to prolong the gastric residence time after oral administration and to achieve immediate release of lansoprazole and controlled release floating layer of clarithromycin to treat gastric ulcers. Instant release layer has a combination of super disintegrating agents. A combination of effervescent mechanism is used. HPMC K5 was used as swelling polymer and citric acid, sodium bicarbonate as gas generating agent to reduce the floating lag time. Bilayer floating tablets were prepared with varying proportions of instant layer and sustained release floating approaches. The prepared formulations were evaluated for various tablet and floating parameters. Tablet properties were found to be within the limits according to procedures prescribed in USP. They had a floating lag time around 3-7 seconds and floating time more than 24 hours. The cumulative % drug release in simulated gastric fluids after 10 hours was 70% - 95%. The mechanism of drug release was analyzed by fitting the release data into various kinetic models. It was found that all the formulations best fit the Higuchi’s model.
Keywords: Gastroretentive drug delivery system; Bilayer tables, Instant release layer, Floating layer, Lansoprazole, Clarithromycin
Method Development and Stress Degradation Profile of Umifenovir by UV Spectrophotometry: Degradation Profile of Umifenovir by UV Spectrophotometry
No full textA simple, selective, and economical UV spectrophotometric method has been developed using ethanol as solvent (50%) to determine the umifenovir content in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage formulations. At a pre-determined λ max of 260 nm, it has shown linear in the 10-50 µg/mL range and exhibited a good correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9927) and excellent mean recovery (98.00–104%). The method was validated statistically, and recovery studies were done for linearity, precision, and accuracy. The obtained results proved that the method can be employed for the routine analysis of umifenovir in bulks and commercial formulations.
Keywords: UV spectrophotometry, Umifenovir, Validation, Method development, Stress Degradatio