Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Concept of Dementia and its Management in Unani System of Medicine: A Review
Get PDFDementia, derived from Latin meaning “without mind,” is a significant global health concern and the seventh leading cause of death, characterized by the progressive deterioration of cognitive functions, including memory, thinking, and behaviour. As the global population ages, dementia\u27s prevalence is anticipated to rise dramatically, with an estimated 50 million cases currently worldwide, projected to reach 152 million by 2050. The two primary causes are Alzheimer\u27s disease and vascular disorders. In the Unani system of medicine, dementia, referred to as Nisyān, is attributed to the dysfunction of three internal faculties: imagination (Qüwwate Khayal), thought (Qüwwate Fikr), and memory (Qirwwate Zikr), influenced by factors such as abnormal temperament (Sü\u27 Mizāj) and disruptions in structural integrity. Clinical features vary, with early signs including short-term memory loss and disorientation. The condition can be classified into primary (degenerative) and secondary (acquired) dementias. Risk factors include age, family history, and lifestyle choices. Treatment principles in Unani medicine focus on addressing the underlying causes, correcting brain temperament, evacuating morbid matter, and employing dietary, regimental, and pharmacotherapeutic approaches. This holistic framework underscores the importance of traditional medical systems in understanding and managing dementia, advocating for a comprehensive approach to treatment that encompasses both modern and traditional practices.
Keywords: unani system of medicine, Dementia, cognitive decline, Dietotherapy, su’Miza
Association Between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review
Get PDFBackground: Diabetes mellitus is one of the diseases with chronic prevalence. Keep going increased, not only in adults but also in children. Diabetes mellitus type 1, the most common, occurs in children. Dental caries is an infection caused by metabolizing bacteria Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacilli that convert carbohydrates into acid that damages tooth enamel. Diabetes can cause changes in saliva composition and flow. Saliva is vital in guarding a healthy tooth by neutralizing acid and providing minerals for remineralizing tooth enamel. Method: A systematic review was done by reviewing research through English data sources Pub Med, Proquest, Cochran, and Wiley. Four studies were included according to the inclusion criteria. Result: The results of a review of these four journals showed that children aged 6-18 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus have a higher risk of developing dental caries or dental diseases. Children with diabetes are predisposed to have more glucose in their saliva. High glucose can become a source of nutrition for bacteria cariogenic, which contributes to the formation of plaque and acids that damage teeth. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for oral health. Diabetes Mellitus had a significant correlation with dental caries in children.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Children
Management of Patients with Oral Lesions Associated Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) Nephritis: A Case Report
Get PDFIntroduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease involving multi-organ such as mucocutaneous, musculoskeletal, and blood vessels with varied extraoral and intraoral clinical manifestations that require treatment from many medical specialists including dentists. The purpose of writing a case report is to describe how to manage oral lesions in patients with SLE Nephritis.
Case report: A female 17 years old patient was referred to the oral medicine department of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital from the pediatrics department and was diagnosed with SLE nephritis due to complaints of ulcers on almost the entire oral mucosa. Extraoral examination revealed a moon face, malar rash, and erythematous rash on the palms of the hands. Intraoral examination revealed multiple ulcers, on labial mucosa, buccal mucosa, lateral right of the tongue, palate, and white plaque on the dorsum of the tongue. The therapy provided was non-pharmacological and pharmacological. Non-pharmacological therapies include oral hygiene instruction and communication, information, education. Pharmacological therapy is a solution containing sucralfate and prednisone which is gargled for one minute, then followed by nystatin oral suspension drug that discards after one minute, then followed by chlorhexidine digluconate 0,12% mouthwash, gargle for one minute, as an antiseptic (each drug is applied in 0,5 – 1 hours). The patient has received a systemic corticosteroid drug (methylprednisolone), but the treatment of oral lesions requires additional topical corticosteroids to accelerate the healing process because of its direct effect on the mucosa.
Conclusion: The management of oral lesions using topical corticosteroids in patients with SLE nephritis can help accelerate the healing process.
Keywords: Management, Oral Lesions, SLE nephriti
Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Niosomal Gel for The Topical Administration of Losartan Potassium
Get PDFThis study aims to develop and test a topical drug delivery system for antihypertensive activity using Losartan potassium-loaded niosomes. The niosomes were created using the traditional ether injection approach, with four formulations made using cholesterol as the lipid and varying quantities of surfactants such as span 80 and span 60. The different formulations underwent testing for FTIR, particle size, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release. FTIR analysis revealed that the medication was incompatible with excipients. The study concludes by highlighting current obstacles and future possibilities for the development of niosomes as effective vehicles. Overall, this analysis provides insight into the potential of niosomes in medication delivery and encourages further research in this field.
Keywords: Losartan potassium, Antihypertensive, Niosomes, Tween 80 and Span 2
Ethyl acetate extract of breadfruit leaves (Artocarvus altilis) improves lipid profile and reduces F2-isoprostane in dyslipidemia-induced Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Get PDFDyslipidemia is closely related to the process of lipid peroxidation. In the non-enzymatic peroxidation process of arachidonic acid, an esterification process occurs and produces a metabolite in the form of isoprostane. The most common isoprostane found is F2-isoprostane. In traditional medicine, breadfruit leaves (Artocarvus altilis) have been widely used due to their antioxidant compounds, such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and other secondary metabolites. This study aims to evaluate the activity of breadfruit leaf ethyl acetate extract in improving the lipid profile and F2-isoprostane in dyslipidemia-induced Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). This study was an experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design with two treatment groups: fenofibrate 1.65 mg (P1) and breadfruit leaf ethyl acetate extract (760 mg) (P2) for 28 days. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and F2-isoprostane levels were measured before and after treatment expressed in mg/dL. The data were analyzed using a parametric t-paired and t-unpaired test with a 95% confidence level. The study found that breadfruit leaf extract was better than fenofibrate at lowering total cholesterol (pre 172.41 ± 4.93; post 101.24 ± 2.09), triglycerides (pre 172.41 ± 4.93; post 101.24 ± 2.09), LDL (pre 95.78 ± 8.00; post 12.03 ± 10.06), F2-Isoprostane (pre 924.86±10.40; post 432.99±14.17), and raising HDL (pre 102.29 ± 10.40; post 143.89 ± 5.99). In conclusion, ethyl acetate extract is better than fenofibrate in improving lipid profiles and reducing F2-isoprostane in dyslipidemia-induced animal tests.
Keywords: breadfruit leaves (Artocarvus altilis), dyslipidemia, F2-Isoprostane, fenofibrate, lipid profile, total cholestero
A Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and pharmacological review of Pterocarpus marsupium: Comprehensive Review
Get PDFResearch in herbal drug is need of the hour to find definite lead for discovery of medicine from plant source. Many traditional medicinal plants are under screening to scientifically reinforce their traditional claims. Pterocarpus marsupium is time tested important source of herbal medicine which has been used extensively for treatment of diabetes mellitus. It has also exhibited antimicrobial activity, analgesic activity, anticataract activity. Acute toxicity test determines safe dose of the Pterocarpus marsupium. Various extraction methods such as Infusion, Decoction, Maceration, Percolation and Hot Water Extraction s employed for efficient extraction of phytoconstituents. Primary phytoconstituents present in the bark comprises of liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, pterosupin, epicatechin, and pterostilbene. Current review is carried out to study pharmacognstic, phytochemical and pharmacological activity of the drug, which can be useful for researcher to provide synoptic overview about Pterocarpus marsupium
Keywords: Pterocarpus marsupium, Review, Fabaceae, Indian kino, Asa
Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp. Among Pregnant Women Attending General Hospitals in Delta Central Senatorial District, Nigeria
Get PDFThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp. among pregnant women who visit the General Hospital in Delta Central Senatorial District, Nigeria. Samples were collected from the vaginal and rectum areas of pregnant women attending the General Hospitals of Abraka, Oghara, Udu, Ughelli North and Ughelli South. Bacteriological and biochemical analyses were conducted to isolate, characterize, and identify the bacteria. Two types of bacteria were found; Enterococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. The study result showed that Staphylococcus aureus (13.7%) was more prevalent than other isolates and was found in samples obtained from Udu General Hospital. In comparison, Ughelli South General Hospital had the lowest prevalence for S. aureus (7.9%). Samples from Oghara General Hospital had the highest prevalence for Enterococcus sp. (3.7%) while the lowest prevalence for Enterococcus sp. (1.1%) was obtained from Ughelli South General Hospital. S. aureus (51.6%) was found to be the most prevalent bacterium, while Enterococcus sp. (11.1%) was the least prevalent. The bacterial load from the vaginal swab samples was higher than that of rectum swab samples, which suggests that pregnant women attending these hospitals may have infections. The total bacterial count among pregnant women was highest in samples obtained from Udu General Hospital (5.4±0.5), followed by Abraka (5.0±0.6), Oghara (4.8±0.2), and Ughelli North (4.5±0.15), and while the least count was recorded from samples obtained from Ughelli South General Hospital (3.0±0.2). This study helps manage and plan future medical treatments. Pregnant women should be screened early in their pregnancies, between the 12th and 16th weeks, which is the second trimester, and treated appropriately to avoid complications that arise from untreated infections.
Keywords: Prevalence, vaginal, pregnancy, women, infectio
Formulation and Evaluation of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride Loaded Cubosomal Gel for Ocular Delivery
Get PDFThis study aimed to develop and evaluate an ocular, prolonged-release cubogel formulation of moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MX) to treat conjunctivitis. Using glycerol monooleate and poloxamer 407 in varying concentrations, a cubosome containing the antibiotic MX was developed using a top-down approach. Further, by dispersing optimized cubosomes in a cold in-situ gelling system, MX cubogels were prepared. Following Higuchi\u27s release kinetic model, formulations MA4, MA8, MA11, and MA14 released 95.84, 95.77, 97.45, and 97.68% of MX after 12 hours. The in-vitro corneal permeation study showed that the goat cornea absorbed 81% of MX cubogel than conventional formulations. From the results of antibacterial and histopathological studies, the selected formulations were safe for ocular administration. This study concluded that MX cubogel may be a suitable alternative to conventional eye drops due to its increased permeability and sustained release characteristics.
Keywords: Conjunctivitis, Cubosome, Glycerol monooleate, Moxifloxacin hydrochloride Poloxamer 40
Histopathologic Changes in the Placenta of Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia
Get PDFObjective: The placenta plays a key role in the development of pre-eclampsia. Knowledge of the histopathologic changes in the preeclamptic placenta will improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, which may contribute to the development of timely interventions, prevention strategies or treatment options. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the histopathologic changes in the placentas of pre-eclampsia patients.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted between May 01, 2023, and January 31, 2024, at tertiary hospital. A total of 30 pregnancies were included in the study, 15 with preeclampsia and 15 that were otherwise normal pregnancies. After delivery by cesarean section, the placentas of these patients were taken to the Department of Histology and Embryology examined histologically by staining with hematoxylin-eosin.
Results: Compared to the control group, the placentas of the pre-eclampsia patients showed a more degeneration of the villi, hemorrhage in the intervillous area, the presence of immune cells, vasodilation, and congestion. In addition, there were more fibrinoid accumulations and more syncytial knots in the placentas of the pre-eclampsia patients.
Conclusion: There were histologic differences between the placenta of pre-eclampsia patients and the control group. The studies that search the precursor markers leading to these histopathologic changes are necessary to improve our understanding of preeclampsia and to develop further strategies such as treatment options and prevention strategies.
Keywords: Preeclampsia, hematoxylin-eosin staining, histopathologic examinatio
Characterization of Sapropterin Dihydrochloride Tablet
Get PDFCharacterization of Kuvan tablets involved thorough analysis of physical, chemical, and dissolution properties. Formulation development encompassed pre-formulation studies, feasibility trials, and process optimization. Kuvan tablets demonstrated variability in sapropterin dihydrochloride concentration but rapid dissolution across different media. Consistent mechanical strength, low impurity levels, and appropriate pH values were observed, ensuring efficacy, safety, and reliability.
Keywords: Sapropterin dihydrochloride, Hyperphenylalaninemia, Kuvan tablet