Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Pharmacological evaluation of anxiolytic activity of ethanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus in rodent model
Get PDFThe current study uses rodent models to explore the anxiolytic properties of Hemidesmus indicus\u27 ethanolic extract (EEHI). Hemidesmus indicus, an evergreen plant well-known for its therapeutic characteristics, has been widely used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat a variety of conditions, including anxiety. This study seeks to give scientific validation for its anxiolytic properties. The ethanolic extract was made using normal extraction processes and given to rodents in varied doses (100,200 and 400 mg/kg). The anxiolytic activity was assessed using a variety of widely recognized behavioural assays, including the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Open Field Test (OFT), and Light-Dark Box (LDB) test. Diazepam (2 mg/kg) served as the standard reference drug. The results revealed that EEHI significantly reduced anxiety-like behaviours in all three tests when compared to the control group. In the EPM test, EEHI-treated rodents spent more time and entered the open arms. In the OFT, ambulation, rearing and assisted rearing increased, indicating lower levels of anxiety. The LDB test supported these findings, with a significant increase in time spent in the light compartment. The study suggests that EEHI has promising anxiolytic activity and may offer a natural treatment alternative for anxiety disorders. Further research is needed to isolate specific active molecules and better understand the underlying mechanisms of action.
Keywords: Hemidesmus indicus, Anxiolytic activity, Rodent model, Elevated plus maze, Open field test, Light-dark box test
 
Qalaee (Stannum) metallic origin element, its chemical compounds, action, therapeutic uses, adverse effect and pharmacological activity studies: A Review
Get PDFQalaee is Unani name of tin (stannum), which is a metallic element, belongs to group 14 of periodic table. Atomic number of tin is 50 and its atomic mass is 119. Qalaee (Tin) consist two types of compounds, inorganic tin compounds and organic tin compounds. Several toxic and adverse effect studies of Qalaee (stannum) have been reported such as, Respiratory Effects, Gastrointestinal Effects, Haematological Effects, Renal Effects, Dermal Effects, Ocular Effects, Immunological and Lymph reticular Effects, Neurological Effects, Cardiovascular Effects, Body weight effect and reproductive effects. Some studies on different pharmacological activities of tin also reported like, antibacterial activity, anticancer activity and anti-parasitic activity. In traditional system of medicine Qalaee is used in the form of Kusta or Bhasm for various disorders such as spermatorrhoea, excessive nocturnal emission, premature ejaculation and Syphilis etc. Its important Unani formulation is Kusta qalaee.
Keyword: Qalaee (Stannum), Action and Therapeutic use, adverse effect, Pharmacological actio
Biochemical and histological alterations induced by UV-328 in the gill tissue of Zebra fish (Danio rerio) and its reversal by Dimethoxy curcumin: Amelioration of UV-328 induced respirotoxicity by DiMC
No full textThe presence of Benzotriazole UV Stabilizer-328 (UV-328) in different biological and natural systems is of fast, regular concern in recent days due to their exuberant use in sunscreens. To learn more about its role of oxidative damage in the gills and to uncover the protective nature of DiMC, we evaluated its sub-lethal toxicity in Zebra fish gill tissue and also evaluated the potential defensive role of Dimethoxy curcumin (DiMC). Grown-up Zebra fish were exposed to 55 µg/L of UV-328 and 50mg/kg of DiMC for four weeks. After the completion of 28 days, gill tissues were dissected out and assessed for their response to oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes status, and histopathological changes. Our results demonstrated that antioxidant such as glutathione (GSH) levels and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) were all diminished in the gill tissue along with the profound increase in lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS) in the UV-328-treated group. Histopathological lesions, for instance, inflammatory cell infiltration with a minimal congestion in primary lamellae, diffuse epithelial hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamellae, multifocal mucus cell hyperplasia were seen in the UV-328-treated gill tissue of Zebra fish. The UV-328-induced oxidative, biochemical, and histological alterations were almost reverted back to normal in the DiMC enhanced group, suggesting its remediative efficacy against UV-328-induced respirotoxicity. Based on our findings, exposure to UV-328, even at a low level, could be toxic, causing oxidative stress, antioxidant depletion, and pathological gill damage in Zebra fish. And these alterations were almost recuperated in DiMC supplemented group which signifies its protective influence against UV-328 toxicity.
Keywords: UV-328; Oxidative stress; Antioxidants; Histopathology; Zebra fis
To Evaluate and Compare the Analgesic Activity of Piperine and Extracts of Piper Nigrum L. Fruit
No full textNarcotics (e.g., opioids) or non-narcotics (e.g., salicylates and corticosteroids) are used in the management of pain and inflammation, both of which have side effects, thereby emphasizing the search for natural substances. Piperine found naturally in plants of the Piperaceae family has shown inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase-1 in in vitro studies. The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the analgesic activity of pure compound, piperine along with hexane and ethanol extracts of Piper nigrum L. fruit in mice. The analgesic activity was determined by hot plate, tail immersion method and acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The piperine showed great pain-relieving impact at a portion of 5 and 10 mg/kg when contrasted with control and standard. Greatest pain-relieving impact was noted at a portion of 10 mg/kg after 120 min. The hexane and ethanol remove demonstrated helpless pain-relieving impact at all dosages (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) by hot plate method. However, with tail immersion method, piperine at a dose of 5mg/kg and ethanol extract at a dose of 20mg/kg after 120 min and hexane extract at a dose of 10mg/kg after 60min exhibited significant analgesic activity. In writhing test ethanol extract significantly stopped the number of writhes at dose of 20mg/kg while piperine at dose of 20mg/kg completely terminated the writhes in mice. It is concluded from the present study that Piper nigrum L. possesses potent analgesic activity in mice.
Keywords: Piper nigrum, Piperaceae, Piperine, Hot plate, Tail immersion method, Acetic acid induced writhing tes
Enhancing Dissolution and Bioavailability: A Review on Co-Processed Superdisintegrants in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Get PDFCo-processed superdisintegrants have emerged as key excipients in pharmaceutical formulation development, offering solutions to challenges related to poor solubility, bioavailability, and patient compliance. This comprehensive review article provides an in-depth analysis of the principles, mechanisms, manufacturing techniques, and applications of co-processed superdisintegrants in drug delivery systems. The review highlights the role of co-processed excipients in enhancing dissolution kinetics, improving formulation efficiency, and enabling innovative drug delivery platforms such as personalized medicine and combination therapies. Regulatory considerations, quality standards, and future directions for research and innovation in this field are also discussed. Through a synthesis of current literature and insights into emerging trends, this review aims to provide researchers, formulation scientists, and pharmaceutical professionals with a comprehensive understanding of the potential and challenges associated with co-processed superdisintegrants in pharmaceutical formulations. Ultimately, the integration of co-processed excipients into formulation development holds promise for advancing drug delivery technology, improving therapeutic outcomes, and addressing unmet medical needs in patient care.
Keywords: Co-processed superdisintegrants, Dissolution enhancement, Bioavailability, Pharmaceutical formulations, Drug delivery systems, Excipients, Formulation optimization, Manufacturing techniques, Regulatory considerations, Future direction
Innovative Formulation and Evaluation of Phytosomal Nanoparticles from Ixora Coccinea Linn and its Pharmacological Screening
No full textThe use of herbal extracts in pharmaceutical formulations has gained significant attention due to their therapeutic potential and minimum side effects and shows pharmacological profiles as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial. Thus, the intent of the current study was to develop a potential drug carrier system phytosomal nanoparticle using an extract of the plant “Ixora coccinea”. The extract of Ixora coccinea was prepared by using the maceration method and it is incorporated into Phytosome nanoparticles by using the solvent evaporation method. The impact of various process parameters and material attributes on the average particle size and drug entrapment efficacy. Extract loaded Phytosomal nanoparticles were characterized by particle size determination, Zeta potential, FTIR, and UV spectroscopy. The pharmacological screening consolidated antimicrobial activity was carried out by the well diffusion method, wherein it was performed against Gram Positive (B. Cerus, NCIM-2703) and Gram Negative (E. coli, NCIM 2832) bacteria strains. Which resulted in showing phytosomal nanoparticles show good activity than the extract. The anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by the protein denaturation method, which concluded that Ixora Coccinea phytosomal nanoparticles show better activity. Therefore, it results in moderate anti-inflammatory activity as compared to standard Diclofenac sodium.
Keywords: Phytosome nanoparticles, Solvent evaporation method, Invitro anti-inflammatory activity
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis: Nephrectomy is not necessary, a narrative review
Get PDFEmphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a severe, life-endangering, necrotising, gas-producing infection affecting the kidney and perinephric tissue. It is associated with renal loss, high morbidity, and mortality. Diabetes, obstructive uropathy, female gender and hypertension are the most common risk factors. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis are the most common pathogens causing Emphysematous pyelonephritis. EPN presents as a clinical triad of fever, flank pain, and nausea. Non-contrast CT scan is the mainstay of early diagnosis of EPN. It is diagnosed by demonstrating gas in renal parenchyma and perinephric tissue. Huang and Sang\u27s classification is used for the classification and management of EPN. Treatment of EPN progressed from early nephrectomy to minimally invasive treatments including newer and advanced antibiotics and percutaneous drainage along with Percutaneous nephrostomy and DJ stenting. Early nephrectomy was the treatment of choice in the last century however newer studies suggest conservative treatment is associated with renal preservation, decreased morbidity and mortality. The initial use of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as Third-or fourth generation cephalosporins and carbapenems is recommended. Emergency drainage is indicated with a larger-sized pigtail catheter as pus is thick and frequent blockage of tubes is common. Nephrectomy should be done for those patients who fail to respond to conservative therapy i.e., antibiotics and percutaneous drainage. This review aims to provide comprehensive, evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of this life-threatening urological infection Emphysematous pyelonephritis.
Keywords: Emphysematous pyelonephritis, Diabetes, Antibiotics, Conservative, Percutaneous drainage, Nephrectom
Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Healing Properties of the Hydroethanolic Extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers of the Togolese Flora
Get PDFNatural herbal remedies have always been important in the management of skin disorders and the treatment of skin infections due to limited access to pharmaceuticals and the affordable cost of herbal products. K. Pinnata is a plant used as a medicinal herb by almost all traditional medicines in tropical Africa. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the antioxidant and healing properties of K. pinnata (Lam) pers extract from Togolese flora. The hydroethanol extract of K. pinnata (Lam) pers was subjected to in vitro antioxidant activity screening models, such as molybdate reduction, iron reduction assay (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging assay. A 1.5 cm diameter excision wound model was also used to assess the plant\u27s healing activity. Wistar rats were treated after excision by topical application of vaseline, vaseline supplemented with 3% (EHKP 3%) and 10% (EHKP 10%) hydroethanol extract of K. pinnata (Lam) pers leaves, sulfadiazine (reference), or no treatment (negative control). Total antioxidant activity by the molybdate reduction method was 0.12 ± 0.01 µg EAA/mg EL, while the iron reduction assay (FRAP) showed an antioxidant capacity of 4.21 ± 0.04 mol Eq FeS04/ g extract and 10.17 ± 0.03 mol Eq FeS04/ g extract respectively for extract concentrations of 100 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml. In addition, the extract showed a dose-dependent ability to trap the DPPH radical. Results showed a significant reduction in wound surface area in animals treated with 10% EHKP. The hydroxyproline assay showed a significant difference in collagen production in animals treated with 10% EHKP, compared with the control group (P < 0.001) and the vaseline group (P < 0.01) on the last day. Histological analysis showed rapid re-epithelialization in animals treated with the extracts.
Keywords: K. pinnata, Antioxidant activity, Healing activity, Hydroxyprolin
Assessment of Urinary Tract Infections Among Female Patients Attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital
Get PDFBackground: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the inflammatory disorders of the urinary tract caused by the abnormal growth of pathogens. UTI is known to cause short-term morbidity in terms of fever, dysuria, and lower abdominal pain (LAP) and may result in permanent scarring of the kidney. The presence of bacteria in the urine, known as bacteriuria, may be indicative of infection or colonization of the urinary tract, but it may also be due to bacterial contamination occurring during collection of a specimen.
Aim: The present study was done in order to identify the bacteria causing UTI from female patients.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted on female patients who were attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital in a period of two months from October to November 2021. Urine samples were collected from patients who were requested to urinary test with respect to standard procedures. Samples were processed and analyzed at INES-Ruhengeri microbiology laboratory where gram stain and culture as well as biochemical test were performed in order to make microbial identification. From the results patients who were found with UTI, their structured questionnaire was taken into consideration in order to determine the associated risk factors.
Results: The outcomes of the study indicated that E.coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter ssp and S. saprophyticus were isolated from patients urine sample where E. coli is more present in patients sample where it has been found at 60%(18) samples. The least isolated bacteria in patient’s samples are Enterrobacter spp and S. saprophyticus at frequency of 2(6.7) per each bacterium. The risk factor associated with urinary tract infection in female patients attended Ruhengeri-referral-hospital in a period of study, the results indicated that douching in secret parts twice a day is associated with UTI with P-value equivalent to 0.001.
Conclusion: This study was intended to assess the UTI among female patients. The study findings indicated that E.coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter ssp and S. saprophyticus are more likely to be found in urinary tract of female. The study finding has indicated also that poor hygienic life style increases the risk of being infected by UTIs
Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Chrysopogon zizanioides Essential Oil: A Comprehensive Study on Its Chemical Composition, Thermal Analysis, and Biological Activities
Get PDFNatural bioactive compounds sourced from plants and plant parts have become integral to drug discovery as natural products. The overreliance on synthetic drugs has adversely affected human health. This study focuses on the essential oil from Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as "Vetiver" to explore its medicinal value. The oil underwent various analytical and biological assessments. Extraction involved hydro-distillation of the roots, and GC-MS analysis unveiled its composition. FAME analysis provided insights into fatty acid composition. Infrared spectroscopy identified different functional groups. Thermal stability was gauged using TG-DTA and DSC methods. The essential oil\u27s antibacterial potency was tested against bacterial strains. Antimalarial and antituberculosis potential were evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, respectively. Vetiver essential oil\u27s ability to counter free radicals was determined via the DPPH reagent. Its impact on biofilm produced by 5 cultures was studied. The essential oil\u27s effects on cancerous (HeLa) and normal (CHO) cell lines were assessed using the MTT assay. In conclusion, Chrysopogon zizanioides essential oil exhibits considerable potential with diverse activities. It could serve as a non-toxic alternative for infection prevention and find utility in the food industry
Keyword: Chrysopogon zizanioides, Essential oil, Thermal Characterization, GCMS, Antimicrobial, Biofilm