Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Animals Use to Find Anxiolytic Activity: An Updated Review with Advantage of Each Model
Get PDFAnxiety affects both humans and animals in profound ways, and understanding its psychological and biological components is essential to the development of anxiolytic medications. Animal models are utilized as simulations to explain emotional activities and as screening tools in anxiety research. Rats are the animal model used most often; mice, a more genetically flexible mammal, do less well in animal models. Behavioral investigations need careful consideration of changeable characteristics related to handling, climate, or models. To help us better understand the neurobiological elements of anxiety, the most recent experimental anxiety models such as the elevated plus maze apparatus, light-dark model, open field apparatus, and hole board apparatus are being examined. Psychopharmacological disorders affect one in seven Indians; nevertheless, adverse effects include weight gain, cramping in the muscles, dysphoria, upset stomach, blurred vision, and issues with blood tests may occur. In order to improve our knowledge of the animal models used to determine the anxiolytic action in mice, we will talk about pertinent animal models that have been established in this article.
Keywords: Anxiolytic activity, Anxiety, Elevated zero maze, Plus maze, Elevated T maze, light and dark box model and Mirrored chamber, Animal model
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Adult Homozygous Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, South-Eastern Nigeria
Get PDFBackground; Sickle cell anaemia is the most common monogenic hematologic disorder in Nigeria. Cardiovascular pathology, resulting in electrocardiographic abnormalities are a common finding in adult sickle cell patients.
Objective; This study investigated the pattern of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities in steady state adult sickle cell anaemia (HbSS) patients and compared the findings with that of age and sex matched Haemoglobin AA(HbAA) controls.
Methodology; Fifty steady state adult HbSS participants were recruited from the haematology clinic at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital while fifty age and sex matched HbAA controls were recruited from the hospital community. Participants underwent resting 12 lead ECG using a Schiller CARDIOVIT AT-1 ECG machine. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.
Results; The prevalence of ECG abnormalities amongst the adult sickle cell participants and controls was 70% and 10% respectively. ECG abnormalities were more common amongst male sickle cell participants and left ventricle hypertrophy was the most frequent ECG abnormality detected.
Conclusion; There is a high prevalence of ECG abnormalities amongst adult sickle cell anaemia patients. Regular Electrocardiography is recommended for early detection of these abnormalities for early treatment and improved quality of life.
Keywords: Electrocardiographic Abnormalities, Sickle Cell Disease Patients, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Haemoglobin A
Histopathological changes in the placentas of pregnant women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Get PDFObjectives: Placental damage might be the primary underlying cause of the high rates of fetal adverse outcomes in cases with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Histopathological changes were considered to be associated with GDM in the literature. However, there are also studies showing no changes in the placenta in some gestational diabetic women. The pathophysiology of these placental alterations remains elusive. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the histopathological changes in the placentas of patients with GDM and compare them with the placentas of the healthy control group.
Material and methods: This experimental non-randomized case-control study was conducted with 40 GDM patients and 40 healthy pregnant women at Dicle University Faculty of Medicine between March 2023 and December 2023. Placental tissues obtained following cesarean delivery were subjected to routine tissue processing. Placental samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and examined histopathologically using a light microscope.
Results: When histopathological findings were compared between the GDM and control groups, villous degeneration, congestion in blood vessels, fibrinoid accumulation, inflammation and intervillous hemorrhage were higher in the GDM group than in the control group (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The intricate relationship between GDM and placental pathology underscores the profound impact of metabolic changes on placental structure and function throughout pregnancy. Understanding these pathological changes is crucial for elucidating the progression of GDM and its implications for maternal and fetal health, highlighting the importance of comprehensive placental analysis in managing pregnancies complicated by GDM.
Keywords: Gestational diabetes, hematoxylin-eosin staining, histopathological examinatio
Withania somnifera: A potential rejuvenator of medicinal system for healthcare
Get PDFMedicinal herbs have been used since the time of the Vedas. The plants have therapeutic qualities in every part. Secondary metabolites of extensive variety are present in medicinal plants and are utilised in the production of medications as well as in the treatment of many different ailments. Withania somnifera is a medicinal plant, have various properties. \u27Ashwagandha\u27 is the popular name of Withania somnifera. It is offered as churna, a finely sieved powder that can be combined with ghee, water or honey. It has memory-enhancing, anti-oxidant, anti-stress, anti-venom, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. It is employed to treat a variety of clinical problems. In addition to being used as a suppressant in HIV/AIDS patients, Withania somnifera is used to treat ulcers, emaciation, colds, coughs, diabetes, conjunctivitis, insomnia, senile dementia, epilepsy, leprosy, Parkinson\u27s disease, nervous disorders, rheumatism, arthritis, intestinal infections, bronchitis and asthma. The review article concentrates on the Withania somnifera plant\u27s different pharmacological qualities.
Keywords: Withania somnifera, Ayurveda, Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumou
Ziabetus (Prediabetes): A Harbinger of Critical Stage in the Continuum of Glucose Metabolism Disorder: A Review
Get PDFBackground: Prediabetes is a metabolic condition characterized by blood glucose levels higher than normal but below the threshold for diabetes mellitus. It represents a critical stage in the progression towards type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other complications. The two major pathophysiologic defects responsible for losing glucose tolerance are insulin resistance and β-cell glucose insensitivity, both appearing in subjects of Intermediate Hyperglycaemia. In classical literature, Unani physicians have described the initial symptoms and factors leading to the pathology, the risk factors are described in terms of ‘Su-e-mizaj’ as per the concept of Tibb. So, it is considered in the context of Ziabetus which is described as a disease that develops due to Sue-mizaj haar (abnormal hot temperament). The symptoms mentioned in Unani medicine are increased frequency of micturition (ants and flies are attracted to urine), increased thirst, nocturia, dryness of mouth and whole body, fatigue, loss of weight, malaise, and cramps in lower extremities. The modern drug-based approach for the management of Intermediate Hyperglycaemia is associated with inherent drawbacks, including toxicity, tolerability, cost, and efficacy. Objective: The purpose of this review is to provide an in-depth understanding of prediabetes concerning the classical literature of Greek medicine based on the analysis of certain parameters like etiopathophysiology, current diagnostic criteria, risk factors, and evidence-based management strategies. By synthesizing findings from epidemiological studies, and clinical trials, this paper aims to enhance understanding of prediabetes and facilitate effective preventive measures and interventions.
Keywords: Prediabetes, Intermediate hyperglycaemia, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, Impaired Fasting Glucose, Insulin Resistance
A Holistic Approach to Parkinson\u27s Disease: Integrating Advances in Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapy
Get PDFBackground: Parkinson\u27s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide, with an increasing burden projected in the coming years. It involves complex neurological decline primarily affecting the Substantia nigra and Locus coeruleus, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms.
Objective: This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Parkinson\u27s disease, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and available therapies, encompassing both traditional pharmaceutical treatments and emerging technological advancements.
Methods: A thorough review of literature was conducted, synthesizing information from various studies and clinical trials to elucidate the current understanding of Parkinson\u27s disease and its management strategies.
Results: Parkinson\u27s disease is characterized by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing cells and the presence of Lewy bodies in the brain. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, and treatment typically involves pharmaceutical interventions such as levodopa, COMT inhibitors, dopamine agonists, and deep brain stimulation. Additionally, advancements in technology offer promising avenues for objective symptom assessment and personalized treatment approaches.
Conclusion: The management of Parkinson\u27s disease requires a multidisciplinary approach, integrating traditional pharmacological treatments with emerging technologies and complementary therapies like dance therapy, tai chi, and speech therapy. By combining these diverse modalities, healthcare professionals can provide more effective and personalized care, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for individuals living with Parkinson\u27s disease.
Keywords: Parkinson\u27s disease, medical therapy, device-aided therapy, alternative interventions, personalized treatment, neurodegenerative disorde
Formulation and Optimization of Immediate Release Tablet of Sapropterin Dihydrochloride by Dry Granulation Process
Get PDFThe research aims to develop and evaluate an immediate-release dosage form of sapropterin dihydrochloride to improve efficacy, stability, and patient acceptance in treating hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA), ensuring rapid therapeutic action upon administration. Formulation development began with a pre-formulation study to evaluate drug-excipient compatibility, solubility, and compressibility, followed by feasibility trials to create a prototype formulation. Dissolution tests and optimization methods, including DoE and OFAT, were employed to refine the formulation based on critical quality attributes. Process optimization involved identifying and fine-tuning critical parameters through sequential unit operations and risk assessments, ensuring uniformity and quality during scale-up for commercial production. The prototype formulation development for a tablet product based on the reference product Kuvan involved strategic excipient selection to meet critical quality attributes (CQA) and mitigate concerns like mottling. The formulation deviates from the reference by using LH 21 as a binder, colloidal silicon dioxide as a glidant, and omitting anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate, with Mannitol SD (Pearlitol 200) chosen for its flowability and compressibility. The feasibility trial aimed at achieving pharmaceutical equivalence to Kuvan tablets, focusing on bioequivalence, stability, and API distribution, and involved top spray fluid bed granulation with roller compaction and blending identified as high-risk steps. Optimization of tablet formulation considered drug substance particle size, blend ratios, and excipient selection, with adjustments in intra and extra-granular ratios significantly impacting tablet characteristics.
Keywords: Immediate Release, Sapropterin Dihydrochloride, Dry Granulation Proces
Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis, Intestinal Schistosomiasis and Malaria Co-Infections among Children in Rural Communities Around Rwasave and Cyarwa Valleys
Get PDFBackground: Soil-transmitted helminthiasis, schistosomiasis and malaria remain a threat in developing countries, especially to people living in rural areas near large water bodies, valleys or swamps whose daily life activities revolve around those areas. In addition, these parasites affect different groups of people especially those in contact with their breeding sites including children mostly due to their developing immunity compared to that of old people.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in rural communities near the Rwasave and Cyarwa valleys, with 124 school-aged children participating. Stool samples were tested for the presence of STH eggs and intestinal Schistosoma parasites using the Kato Katz technique, and thick blood smears were made to aid in the identification of plasmodium species in blood. The threshold intensity of infection on STHs and Schistosoma sp. was estimated by counting their eggs microscopically, which aided in classifying infections as light, moderate, or heavy according to WHO standards. Furthermore, Plasmodium species were identified by the presence of schizonts, trophozoites, or gametocytes on Giemsa-stained thick blood smears, and parasitic density was calculated as a result.
Results: In this study, the highest prevalence of soil transmitted helminthiasis was 12.7% in Cyarwa valley compared to 12.5% in Rwasave valley. The highest prevalence of Schistosomiasis was 3.2% in Cyarwa valley compared to 1.3% in Rwasave valley. Prevalence of malaria in Cyarwa valley was 3.3% in 63 children. Where children infected were only males falling in 5-8 age group.
Conclusion: Results showed high prevalence of soil transmitted helminthiasis which was 12.7% in Cyarwa compared to 12.5% in Rwasave valley especially in children aged 5-8, this due to poor sanitation (P<0.001) that have assessed. Surprisingly, Cyarwa valley is located nearby town. Whereas malaria, intestinal schistosomiasis was low and there were not significantly associated with their risk factors with p-values 0.4, 0.092 respectively which can show that, preventive measures that have been established by government of Rwanda have positive impacts. Furthermore, there was a low prevalence of soil transmitted helminthiasis, intestinal schistosomiasis and malaria co-infection.
Keywords: soil transmitted helminthiasis, intestinal schistosomiasis, malaria
Microsponge: A Review
Get PDFMicrosponge are little spherical molecules with a broad porous surface that resemble sponges. The use of microsponges is a unique medication delivery method that has several benefits. For a range of illnesses, the Microsponges drug delivery system is utilized to improve the effectiveness of oral, parenteral, or topical medicine administration. A novel approach of managing drug release and administering medication to specific locations is microsponge technology. The efficient and novel way that microsponge medicine administration advances properties, boosts item stability, and improves security can all contribute to the effectiveness of topically dynamic operators.
In an effective and creative way, it can boost the efficiency of topically active medications while improving safety, product stability, and aesthetic qualities. Recently, microsponges, which are typically used topically, have also been employed for oral delivery. Microsponge Systems may suspend or trap a wide range of substances. They can also be integrated into a product that is made to resemble a gel, cream, liquid, or powder. Microsponge Systems are built on atomic, polymer-based microspheres. In topical medication solutions, microsponge technology has been employed to provide controlled release of active drug into the skin, therefore decreasing systemic exposure and local cutaneous responses to active pharmaceuticals. We will talk about microsponge\u27s characteristics, benefits, and drawbacks as well as the drug release mechanism, formulation techniques, and assessment in this review paper.
Keywords: Microsponge, NDDS, Novel drug delivery system, MD
Association between kidney dysfunction and electrolytes imbalance among HIV patients attending Muhororo District Hospital
Get PDFBackground: Kidney diseases has been recognized as one of the challenging complications in HIV infected people. Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia are the most disturbed electrolytes associated with an increased risk of death both in hospitalized and in ambulatory HIV patients.
Aim: The study aimed to assess the association between renal dysfunction and serum electrolytes disorders among HIV infected patients.
Method: It was a retrospective study conducted at Muhororo district hospital from May up to July 2023. HIV infected patients were enrolled in the study and their serum creatinine, sodium, potassium and chloride were tested and the results analyzed by using SPSS version 22. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significance.
Result: Among 115 HIV infected patients, 67.8% were females and 32.1% were males. The Mean serum creatinine was elevated among HIV infected patients [1.01(mg/dl) ±0.27, 0.99(mg/dl) ±0.26], and 40.8% had hyponatremia, 8% had hypernatremia, 6% had hypokalemia 7.8% had hyperkalemia 17.3% had hypochloremia and 20% had hyperchloremia Mean serum sodium was slightly decreased [134.1(mmol/l) ±11.8], there was no change in mean of both serum K+ and CL_ [4.4 (mmol/l) SD±1 / 100.7(mmol/l) with SD±14.2 for serum Cl-]. Serum creatinine was significantly associated with Na+ and K+ [P=0.04, r=-0.19/ p=0.01, r= 0.22] however the correlation between Cl- and Serum creatinine was not statistically significant [P=0.3, r=-0.08].
Conclusion: The study found elevated serum creatinine and, the weak correlation between creatinine and electrolytes in HIV infected patients on ART. The present findings need to be confirmed with further studies with large sample size. HIV infected patients should change life style that predispose their health to the development of kidney diseases they must also stick on healthcare provider’s counselling.
Keywords: HIV, Kidney Dysfunction, Serum electrolytes