Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Qualitative Phytochemical Investigation and Acute Oral Toxicity Study on Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma longa Leaves
Get PDFThe study focused on evaluating the acute toxicity and phytochemical composition of Curcuma longa leaves using Swiss albino mice. The investigation involved a two-phase acute toxicity test, with doses up to 5000 mg/kg administered orally. The results indicated no toxicity at lower doses, while signs of weakness, salivation, and reduced movement were observed at 1600 mg/kg. Lethal effects were noted at 5000 mg/kg, establishing the LD50 at 2154.06 mg/kg. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and volatile oils in the ethanolic extract. The extract exhibited a 27.37% yield, characterized by a yellowish-orange color and a sticky consistency. This comprehensive investigation sheds light on both the acute toxicity profile and the diverse phytochemical components presents in Curcuma longa leaves.
Keywords: Curcuma longa, Phytoconstituent, Acute oral toxicity, Lokes method
Antiinflammatory Lupeol and Antidiabetic Compound Coexist in Ethyl Acetate and n-Hexane Extracts from Stem Bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus (African Birch Tree): The Therapeutic Advantages
Get PDFObjectives: Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark is endowed with numerous antidiabetic properties, such as its prognostic value, treatment of organic damages, dyslipidaemia and enhancement of haematopoiesis. In addition to its antioxidant activity on oxidative stress, it accelerated wound healing and has a wide range of safety value. From the purification of its compounds to the points of crystallization it became necessary to analyse the structures for an insight into its mechanisms of actions.
Design: Ethanolic extracts were partitioned with ethyl acetate, onto column chromatography packed with silica gel (70-230 mesh) mixed with 95% n-hexane and 5% ethyl acetate; concentrated fractions were loaded onto silica gel-coated thin layer chromatographic plate. Different compounds were observed under UV-light fluorescence and sprayed with sulfuric acid. Similar fractions were pooled, purified to crystals for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance structural analysis.
Results: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance revealed fraction A is Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpene anti-inflammatory compound.
Conclusion: Lupeol in the crude ethanolic extract is significant in inflammatory pain of diabetes.
Keywords: Lupeol, Anti-inflammatory, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Purified extract, inflammatory pain, Diabetes mellitus
Risk factors for Undiagnosed Kidney Disease among Stable First-Degree Relatives of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, South Eastern Nigeria
Get PDFBackground: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem and has a major impact on health and cost of health care. In Nigeria, renal replacement therapy (RRT) is funded out of pockets by patients and their relatives unlike in most developed countries. There is a high clustering of the risk factors for CKD in FDRs of CKD patients, making then an ideal population for the screening for and the reversal of the modifiable risk factors that predispose to CKD.
Objective: This study determined the risk factors for CKD in the FDRs of patients
Methodology: This study involving 300 subjects: 150 FDRs of CKD patients and 150 control subjects without personal or family history of CKD. The study and control subjects were screened for CKD using urine albumin creatinine ratio (uACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Prevalence rate of the risk factors for CKD such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidaemia, hyperuricaemia and life style practices like significant smoking and heavy alcohol consumption were determined for both the FDRs and the control subjects. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 21.0. Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparing the variables between the two study groups for continuous variables that were not normally distributed and Chi square tests for categorical variables.
Results: The prevalence rate of dyslipidaemia and hyperuricaemia was significantly higher among the FDRs of CKD patients compared with the control subjects (26% versus 12%; P = 0.003) and (20.7% versus 7.3%; P = 0.001) respectively. The other risk factors for CKD that included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, significant cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption and herbal medication use were equally more among the FDRs of CKD patients compared with the controls, although not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The risk factors for CKD were common among FDRs of CKD patients. Screening for these risk factors at the earliest possible contact with the FDRs of CKD patients and taking appropriate actions to tackle the modifiable ones will prevent the development of CKD and retard the progression of the already existing disease, reduce the alarming global burden of CKD. 
Tenapanor-A Novel Approach for Management of Hyperphosphatemia in End Stage Renal Disease: A Clinical Study Aggregate Review: CLINICAL STUDY AGGREGATE REPORT
No full textThe critical importance of phosphate regulation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been well understood for decades. But new findings, frequently applicable to routine medical care, continue to evolve. Poor health outcomes, greater morbidity, lowered quality of life, and a higher death rate from cardiovascular disease are all linked to the development of CKD-bone mineral ailment. Increased blood phosphate levels are linked to an increased risk of mortality in hemodialysis patients due to changes in phosphate breakdown and declining renal function as CKD advances.In this setting, according to CKD-mineral bone disease recommendations, it is critical to regulate serum phosphate levels in patients with CKD-mineral bone problem. If dialysis and dietary intervention fail to control blood phosphate levels, the use of phosphate binders is advised. Although phosphate binders are successful in lowering blood phosphate levels by actively binding to dietary phosphate, certain individuals have adverse effects that may restrict their use.These medications also have a significant pill load, which might result in poor treatment compliance. Tenapanor, a novel medication, works by inhibiting the sodium/hydrogen exporter isoform 3 (NHE3), which lowers intestinal phosphate absorption primarily by decreasing passive paracellular phosphate flow. Tenapanor also reduces the expression of the sodium phosphorus 2b transport protein (NaPi2b), which limits active transcellular phosphate absorption compensation. This is considered to be more effective phosphorous absorption regulator and a better target for tailored medication therapy. This clinical study aggregate report explores the currently published studies that have evaluated Tenapanor for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end stage renal disease patients on haemodialysis.
Keywords: Tenapanor, phosphate binding agents, hyperphosphatemia, chronic kidney disease, phosphate control, phosphate binders, phosphate absorption, phosphate absorbtion inhibitor
Experimental Animal Models for Influenza/Flu Virus Vaccine Development
Get PDFObjectives: The objective of this review is to explore the different animal models used in the development of Influenza / Flu Virus Vaccine as well as some important guidelines adhered to it.
Methods: Laboratory animal models are widely used in the preclinical evaluation of potential vaccines and antiviral compounds to investigate the safety and efficacy of the vaccine or compound in preventing or moderating infection, disease, or secondary transmission. Animal models must also represent humans in terms of similarity of clinical signs, histopathological changes, virus growth kinetics, or transmission. Common animal models for influenza virus vaccine testing include mice, ferrets, and non-human primates. These models help researchers assess vaccine efficacy, immune response, and potential side effects before advancing to human trials. Animal models play a crucial role in the development and testing of influenza vaccines, as they help researchers examine potential side effects and adverse reactions, evaluate the efficacy of vaccines, study the immune response elicited by vaccines, understand the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection, and predict the potential impact of emerging strains. They also help test various vaccine platforms and delivery methods, and compare the effectiveness of different vaccine formulations in animals to identify promising candidates for further human trials.
Results: We have discussed in detail the various animal models such as Chick embryo model for the development of influenza virus vaccine and mice, ferrets, guinea pig and non-human primates etc. used for the evaluation of safety and therapeutic effectiveness.
Conclusion: As we have discussed various animal models, their merits, demerits etc. for the evaluation of safety and effectiveness of influenza virus vaccine and expect that these will help for the young researchers to carry out their vaccine research using suitable animal models.
Keywords: influenza virus, vaccine development, mouse models, ferret model, guinea pig model, cotton rat mode
Ethanolic Stem-Bark Extract of Blighia unijugata Possesses Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Activity in a Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Model
Get PDFIntroduction: The global rise in the incidence of diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and its associated complications have become a public health threat. Besides hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia has been associated with diabetes due to the defect in insulin secretion and/or action. Medicinal plants are being investigated to discover drug alternatives with better efficacies, lesser adverse effects, and cost-effectiveness. This work investigated the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity of ethanolic stem bark extract of Blighia unijugata (EBU) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats.
Method: T2DM was induced in male SD rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg in 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 4.5) and confirmed 72 hours later. EBU (100 and 200 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) were administered orally to the diabetic rats (n = 5) for 28 days. The effect of the treatments on fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, atherogenic predictor indices, and body weight were assessed.
Results: EBU treatments significantly reduced (p≤0.001) elevated blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and Very Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c, p≤0.001) but increased High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL, p≤0.05) compared to the diabetic control. Also, all the atherogenic risk predictor indices were significantly reduced (p≤0.001). In addition, EBU treatment mitigated the significant weight loss (p≤0.01) associated with the diabetic state when compared to the normal control.
Conclusion: These findings first report the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-atherogenic properties of the stem bark of ethanolic extract of Blighia unijugata, and can be further studied and used as an anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic agent.
Keywords: Blighia unijugata; hyperglycemia; atherogenic index; hyperlipidemia; diabete
Formulation and Evaluation of Pulsatile drug delivery of Albuterol sulphate and Theophylline drugs using modified Pulsincap technology
Get PDFAlbuterol Sulphate and Theophylline are used as anti-asthma agents. The objective of the present investigation was to design develop and evaluate a modified pulsincap drug delivery system of Albuterol Sulphate and Theophylline for the treatment of Asthma. The body of capsule was made insoluble with water by cross linking with formaldehyde. This modified capsule was completely filled with drug with polymer such as HPMCK15M, HPMC K 100M, PVPK-30 to expel the drug after predetermined lag time. A hydrogel plug was inserted in the body of a capsule to obtain desired drug release after a lag time for chronotherapy of asthma. Untreated capsule was attached to the treated body and was released. The drug was exerted to precompression parameter such as Angle of repose, Bulk density, Tapped density, Car’s index Hassner’s ratio. These capsules were subjected to further post formulation studies such as weight variation, drug content, invitro dissolution studies separately. The pre and post formulation parameters were found to be within permissible limit. The mere compatibility of drug, polymer and excipients were determined by Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV). The results showed that drug was completely compatible with polymer and excipients. In vitro dissolution were carried out by using pH 6 .8 and pH 7.4 buffers. Based on the result obtained F5 Formulation shows good dissolution profile. Higuchi, Hixson crowell. Koresmeyer peppas to evaluate the kinetics and drug release. The drug release follows first order kinetics and the mechanism was found to be NON FICKS DIFFUSION.
Keywords: Albuterol Sulphate, Theophylline, modified pulsincap drug delivery system, FTIR, Dissolutio
Evaluation of Anti-Bacterial Activity of Turnip Green Leaves Extracts
Get PDFThe study aimed to assess the antimicrobial potential of aqueous and methanolic extracts from Brassica rapa L. leaves. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various compounds including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, sugars, soluble and insoluble fiber, and amino acids. Both extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity against six microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, compared with the standard antibiotic Gentamycin. Methanolic extract exhibited higher antibacterial efficacy against gram-positive bacteria compared to the aqueous extract.
Although specific active components were not isolated, the plant extracts contained potential antibacterial agents such as soluble fiber, minerals, amino acids, isothiocyanate glycosides, and essential oils. Additionally, compounds like 3,3\u27-diindolylmethane, sulforaphane, selenium, indole-3-carbinol, and vitamins like C, E, A, and K were identified. The methanolic extract, rich in sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds, showed promising antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria.
In conclusion, Brassica rapa L. leaves could serve as a valuable source for developing safe antibacterial agents. The observed spectrum of activity suggests the potential for further exploration in drug development.
Keywords: Brassica rapa L., antibacterial activities, agar disc diffusion method, agar well diffusion method, Gentamycin, phytochemical analysis, Turnip gree
Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria from Urinary Tract Infection in Patients Attending Rwanda Military Hospital
Get PDFBackground: About 150 million people worldwide are diagnosed with urinary tract infection every year and more than half of women will get at least one in their lifetimes. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have contributed to the growing problem of resistance amongst uropathogenic bacteria making it hard to treat UTIs. There is an increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and that’s why area-specific monitoring studies to document the microorganisms causing UTIs and their antimicrobial susceptibility is mandatory for helping the selection of an effective empirical treatment.
Aim: The present study aimed to determine bacteria causing UTIs and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns among patients attending Rwanda military hospital.
Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional study and a total number of 118 patient’s urine samples were tested in microbiology Lab.
Results: Most frequently isolated bacteria to cause UTIs in this study was E. coli (59%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (16%), S. aureus (6%), Citrobacter freundii (5%), Proteus spp. (3%), S. Saprophyticus (3%), Streptococcus spp. (3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2%), Klebsiella oxytosa (2%) and Acinetobacter baumanii (2%). Meropem, imipem, gentamicin and cefotaxime were the most effective antibiotics in susceptibility testing. Thus, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and norfloxacin were mostly developed resistance to isolated bacteria.
Conclusion: The study recommended that the ministry of health in Rwanda should establish the commission or government body which will be in charge of controlling use of antibiotics properly and fighting against drugs resistance in Rwanda.
Keywords: Pathogenic bacteria, Urinary tract infections, E.coli, Antibiotics
Evaluation of Anti-depressant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves in Mice
Get PDFThe use of Moringa oleifera in the food preparations can help to meet the future demands of nutraceuticals and functional foods. The present work is aimed to evaluate the antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves (EEMOL) in mice. The overnight fasted mice will be divided into 04 groups, each group consisting of 06 animals. The EEMOL will be given in various doses (10, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg ) by oral route with a gavage. After administration of the extract, the animal will be observed continuously for the first 2 hours and at 24 hrs to detect changes in behavioral responses and also for tremors, convulsion, salivation, diarrhea, lethargy, sleep, and coma and also will be monitored up to 14 days for the toxic symptoms and mortality. The mice of Moringa oleifera extract (300 & 600 mg/kg/p.o) treated group showed significantly (p<0.05) increased in body weight, feed intake and body water intake as compared to the control group. Treatment with Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg p.o.) the body weight, feed intake and body water intake significantly increased as compared to normal group. The observation of this study suggests that Moringa Oleifera has antidepressant activity. In conclusion, Moringa oleifera extracts possess a broad spectrum of activity against a panel of factors responsible for the most common psychosis diseases.
Keywords: Anti-depressant Activity, Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves, Fluoxetin