Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Monte Carlo Simulation of Organ Absorbed Dose of Worker\u27s Radiation Exposure in Bone Scintigraphy
Get PDFObjectives: This study examines individual organ doses and the impact of ionizing radiation sources on effective radiation doses.
Methods: In the research, the ICRP-defined adult standing phantom was used as the phantom material in the Visual Monte Carlo Dose Calculation Program (VMC). Subsequently, the incurred doses were calculated by defining different doses, distances, and durations for the 99mTc radioactive source.
Results: Exposure times were set at 5 minutes and 20 minutes in comparison. The results indicated that for 5 minutes and 20 minutes at 360 cm, doses remained below the ICRP recommended annual dose limit of 5.7 µSv/h for occupational exposure.
Conclusion: Organ absorbed and effective doses varied with exposure time and source-phantom distance. To optimize radiation exposure, people working in radiation fields must make an increased effort to reduce radiation doses following the ALARA principles.
Keywords: Effective dose, absorbed dose, VMC software, Monte Carl
The Invisible Threat: Microplastics in Human Blood and Placenta
No full textToday, microplastics are probably the most abundant and cardinal pollutant in soil and marine life. These particles are small and have a greater risk of endangering the ecosystem and human health. The use of plastic has become so abundant that it has spread over a wide area of the sea and has now migrated and reached the human plate as well.
Aim: To study the inconspicuous invasion of microplastics from ocean to human placenta and breasts milk.
Objective: Detailed excavation of the literature available in this topic was done from various search engines, like google scholar, PubMed, Science direct. This study is an attempt to describe the reflection of different toxicological forms of microplastics in biotic and abiotic forms which may hamper the coming generations in the long run. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess toxicity and biohazards to save our homes i.e. our "motherland".
Conclusion: The increasing environmental catastrophe with possible public health repercussions is highlighted by the discovery of microplastics in human breast milk and placenta, underscoring the urgent need for coordinated global efforts to minimise plastic pollution.
Keywords: Microplastics, human placenta, pollutants, ecosystem, biohazard
Naproxen Sodium: The Superior Choice Over Dexketoprofen for Dental Pain and Inflammation Management
Get PDFThe management of postoperative pain and inflammation following dental procedures, such as dental implants and root canal therapies, is essential to ensure patient comfort and optimal recovery. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Naproxen Sodium and Dexketoprofen are widely utilized due to their effectiveness in controlling pain and inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. This review compares the pharmacological characteristics, onset of action, duration of analgesic effects, and safety profiles of Naproxen Sodium and Dexketoprofen in managing pain associated with dental treatments. Naproxen Sodium’s rapid onset of action (within 15 minutes) and prolonged duration (up to 13 hours) make it a superior choice for postoperative pain control, minimizing the need for frequent dosing. Dexketoprofen, while providing pain relief within 30 minutes, has a shorter duration of effect, requiring more frequent administration. Naproxen Sodium also demonstrates superior anti-inflammatory properties and safety profile make it the preferred first-line option over Dexketoprofen for managing pain and inflammation following dental procedures as evidenced by FDA recommendations. The review concludes that Naproxen Sodium offers a more balanced efficacy, safety, and sustained analgesia, making it a preferred NSAID for managing postoperative dental pain and inflammation over Dexketoprofen.
Keywords: Naproxen Sodium, Dexketoprofen, Dental Pain, cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme
Factors associated with High Viral Loads among HIV Patients Under ARV at Gitwe District Hospital
Get PDFBackground: High viral load is a condition of rapid multiplication in blood stream. The high viral load among HIV patients under ARV may also occur due to the rapid multiplication of virus leading to compromise immune system of living organism up to death. The vast majority of people living with HIV virus face with persistent of high viral load while were under treatments (ARV).
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and assess the factors associated with high viral load among HIV patients under ARV at Gitwe District Hospital.
Methodology: The retrospective study was conducted to assess high viral load of HIV patients under ARV. The only significance factor for viral load were adherence with (p=0.000173) and ages with (p=0.00023).
Results and conclusion: A large of number of PLWH were highly VL tested, and 95 subjects were recorded for study. Among 95 subjects, 54.73% were female and 45.26% male. All data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20. The results have showed provider’s advices and ART use, adherence counselling.
Keywords: High viral load, HIV, Antiretroviral therapy, Gitwe District Hospital.
EXTRACTION, Extraction, Isolation, Identification and Estimation of Diosgenin by TLC Profiling and UHPLC-LC-SRM Analysis in Three Costus Species
No full textMedicinal plants are utilized for treating many ailments, since ancient times due to their tremendous therapeutic properties. The plant derivatives are used as a raw material for the synthesis of drugs either as a natural or artificial synthetic drug. Costaceae family members are known to possess many medicinal properties few of them are mainly consumed to reduce the blood glucose level and treat many disorders. The sapogenin contained in the rhizome of three Costus species was extracted, identified, and characterized. Young rhizomes were harvested surface sterilized, hydrolyzed; extracted through a soxhlet apparatus and concentrated fractions were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening test for saponin, Thin Layer Chromatography, and the UHPLC-MS SRM analysis. The result showed that the maximum yield of the Diosgenin was obtained from the chloroform extract of Costus speciosus. The pharmaceutical analysis in all the three Costus species carried out with isolated saponin was compared with standard Diosgenin. The characterization of isolated diosgenin was done by UHPLC MS and SRM, based on the retention time of all three samples and the comparison with standard Diosgenin. Isolated Diosgenin was quantified through thin layer chromatography with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7:3) as mobile phase at Rf value of 0.48. The amount of Isolated Diosgenin was estimated by comparing the peak area at a retention time Rt value of 8.5 in all the samples and compared with standard Diosgenin high amount of Diosgenin was found in Costus speciosus rhizome followed by Costus igneus and Costus pictus. The preliminary phytochemical screening and analytical methods involved during the present study were found satisfactory. Thus, the protocol can be used for the extraction of Diosgenin and further used in the synthesis of Drugs.
Keywords: Costus pictus, Costus speciosus, Costus igneus, rhizome, TLC, UHPLC-MS, SR
Microneedling Drug Delivery System: Strategies, Design, Manufacturing, Clinical Aspects and Treatment for Cancer Therapy
Get PDFMicroneedling, a minimally invasive technique traditionally used in dermatology, has emerged as a promising approach to cancer therapy. The procedure involves creating microchannels in the skin using fine needles, enhancing the delivery of therapeutic agents directly into tumor tissues. This method overcomes the limitations of conventional cancer treatments, such as systemic toxicity and poor drug penetration, by facilitating localized and controlled drug delivery. Microneedling can also stimulate immune responses and induce tissue regeneration, potentially enhancing the effectiveness of immunotherapy and promoting tumor suppression. Recent studies have shown that microneedling can be combined with nanoparticles, chemotherapeutics, or gene therapies, allowing for a more precise and targeted treatment of cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Additionally, microneedling-based drug delivery systems can improve the bioavailability of drugs, reducing required dosages and associated side effects. The technique has been instrumental in treating skin cancers, such as melanoma, but its potential application in other solid tumors is currently being explored. While promising, further clinical studies are needed to optimize microneedling parameters and evaluate its long-term safety and efficacy in cancer therapy. As the field progresses, microneedling may revolutionize the delivery of cancer therapeutics, offering a cost-effective, patient-friendly option that complements existing treatments.
Keywords: Microneedling, Cancer therapy, Nanoparticles, Immunotherapy
Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Pulsatile Tablets of Etoricoxib
Get PDFAim: This research aimed to develop a pulsatile drug delivery system (PDDS) for etoricoxib, selective COX-2 inhibitor analgesic, to address the limitations of conventional formulations by releasing the drug at specific intervals aligned with the circadian rhythm of pain.
Method: Core tablets containing Etoricoxib were prepared by direct compression with varied concentrations of croscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant. The optimized core tablets were coated using hydrophilic (HPMC K4M) and hydrophobic (ethyl cellulose) polymers in different ratios to create press-coated pulsatile tablets with varying lag times. Physical properties hardness, thickness, friability, and disintegration, drug content uniformity, and in vitro release were evaluated.
Results: The core tablets exhibited rapid drug release, with batch C3 showing 98.61% release within 60 minutes. Press-coated formulations with different polymer ratios exhibited varying lag times, with batch F3 achieving the optimal balance—providing a 4-hour lag time and 96.6% drug release over 8 hours. Stability studies confirmed the physical and chemical stability of the optimized formulation (F3) over 6 months under accelerated conditions.
Conclusion: The developed press-coated pulsatile tablets of etoricoxib successfully achieved a controlled lag time and sustained drug release profile, making them suitable for chronopharmacological management of pain.
Keywords: Etoricoxib, Pulsatile Drug Delivery System, Chronopharmacology, Press-Coated Tablets. et
Investigation of the therapeutic effect of in vitro Ceratonia siliqua application on DNA damage caused by human sperm cryopreservation
No full textObjectives: The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ceratonia siliqua L (carob) plant added to the culture medium to reduce the negative effect on sperm parameters as a result of cryodamage occurring in sperm during human sperm cryopreservation.
Materials and methods: Semen samples obtained with consent from 50 infertile men aged 25-40 years were subjected to spermiogram test. Spermatozoa were divided into normospermia and asthenospermia. Semen was washed with gradient method to separate spermatozoa according to motility and vitality with the least risk of cotamination. The groups were divided into 6 groups. normospermic group with gradient method, normozoospermic group with gradient method and freeze-thawed, normozoospermic group with gradient method and freeze-thawed and Ceratonia siliqua L., normozoospermic group with only gradient method, asthenozoospermic group with gradient method, asthenozoospermic group with gradient method and freeze-thawed, asthenozoospermic group with gradient method and freeze-thawed and added Ceratonia siliqua L. Semen samples were frozen at -196 °C with liquid nitrogen and stored in a nitrogen tank. Then the samples were thawed at 37 °C and vitality test was performed with eosin Y stain in all groups.
Results: In order to investigate the effect of freeze-thawing on sperm parameters, only semen samples washed by gradient method were compared with the frozen and thawed group without the addition of Ceratonia siliqua L. Cryopreservation had a significant (p˂0.05) negative effect on all sperm parameters. In the investigation of the effect of Ceratonia siliqua L. on cryodamage, sperm vitality parameter was compared in the groups in which Ceratonia siliqua L. was added to the incubation medium in vitro. Ceratonia siliqua L. concentration was adjusted as 0.01%. A positive difference was observed between the groups to which Ceratonia siliqua L. was added compared to the groups to which Ceratonia siliqua L. was not added.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the negative effects of sperm freezing on sperm vitality are clearly demonstrated. Considering the positive differences in the groups in which Ceratonia siliqua L. was added in vitro, we think that Ceratonia siliqua L. will contribute to male infertility.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and meditation in the treatment of persistent low back pain: Interventional Study
Get PDFObjective: To compare the effect of both CBT and Meditation in chronic lower back pain patients.
Method: Participants fulfilling the exclusion and inclusion criteria and who are between the age group of 35-50 years with CLBP were included. Numerical pain rating scale and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) was used for the participant selection. The participants were further divided into three groups and 4-week intervention of conventional physiotherapeutic exercise, meditation and CBT, was given to the participants. Numerical Pain Rating Scale and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire were used as outcome measures.
Results: 40 chronic back pain patients were enrolled and randomized. All enrolled participants completed baseline tests, providing cross-sectional data for this study. Simple randomization allocated 14 patients to the control group and 13 patients each to Experimental Group 1 and Experimental Group 2. Significant within-group improvements occurred on the Numerical Rating Scale and Oswestry scores between baseline and final visits for all groups. However, the experimental groups showed significantly greater decreases in pain intensity versus controls, evidenced by reduced mean Numerical Rating Scale and Oswestry scores at follow-up. One-way ANOVA and Welch tests revealed significantly reduced Numerical Rating Scale and Oswestry scores after treatment across groups. Both tests yielded statistically significant p-values <0.01.
Conclusion: The findings show that meditation and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are beneficial in reducing pain. As a result, for patients with persistent low back pain, taking into consideration these two treatment techniques is critical.
Keywords: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Chronic Pain, Oswestry Questionnair
In silico anti-Alzheimer potential of bioactive compounds in fungi from the African Natural Products Database
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