Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Health Risks Associated with Tobacco Consumption in Humans: An Overview
Get PDFTobacco use remains a significant public health concern globally, with over 8 million anticipated deaths annually by 2030, despite declining rates in some high-income nations. Smoking is prevalent worldwide, particularly in developing and middle-income countries, where over 80% of smokers reside. The inhalation of tobacco substances leads to various diseases, including cancer and respiratory ailments, resulting in more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and other major causes combined. Secondhand smoke exposure also poses significant health risks. The economic burden of tobacco-related deaths and diseases is substantial, especially in low- and middle-income economies, where almost 80% of tobacco-related deaths occur. Lack of awareness, societal influence, and ineffective enforcement of anti-tobacco laws contribute to widespread tobacco use. Although anti-tobacco campaigns and policies have shown some success, challenges persist, particularly in rural areas where tobacco dependence is high. In India, despite declining tobacco use attributed to awareness campaigns and increased taxes on cigarettes, certain demographics, such as middle-aged individuals, illiterates, and rural residents, continue to have high tobacco consumption rates due to inadequate implementation of anti-tobacco norms and limited access to information. Quitting smoking can significantly extend life expectancy and reduce the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, nicotine addiction poses a challenge, with only a small percentage of users successfully quitting without assistance. Professional support and cessation drugs can double the likelihood of successful quitting, and nicotine replacement therapy has shown effectiveness. Overall, there is no safe level of cigarette use, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive tobacco control efforts to mitigate the global health and economic impacts of tobacco use. This review deals with the health risks associated with tobacco consumption in humans.
Keywords: Tobacco, Nicotine, Carcinogens, Cancer, Cardiovascular diseases
Anti-mitotic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Thevetia peruviana fruits
Get PDFThevetia peruviana plant, a member of the Apocynaceae family, has a long history in traditional medicine for treating various ailments such as amenorrhea, malaria, jaundice, hemorrhoids, constipation, headaches, and skin issues. It contains significant amounts of cardiac glycosides in both its roots and seeds, which are known for their cytotoxic effects similar to digoxin. Given its potential toxicity and widespread use, current research is focused on assessing the antimitotic properties of the methanolic extract derived from the fruits of Thevetia peruviana. In the pursuit of potential pharmaceutical findings from plants, the antimitotic properties of the extracts were investigated through the Allium cepa assay. The findings indicated a noteworthy decrease in the mitotic index of root tips compared to the control, with the degree of mitotic suppression escalating alongside the concentration of the extracts. Therefore, the study suggests that the methanol extract derived from T. peruviana fruit has notable inhibitory and mitodepressive impacts on cell division in Allium cepa L. meristems.
Keywords: Thebetia peruviana, Anti-mitotic Activity, Allium cepa assay, mitotic inde
Investigation of the Efficacy of Zonisamide in Alcohol Induced Hepatotoxicity
No full textSubject: This research aims to evaluate the histological changes in liver tissue induced by alcohol consumption and to assess the effectiveness of zonisamide in treating alcohol-related hepatotoxicity.
Materials and Methods: The study utilized 40 adult Wistar albino rats, divided into four groups: a control (sham), an ethanol group, a zonisamide group, and a combination of ethanol and zonisamide (ethanol+zonisamide). Each group underwent a four-day binge drinking protocol to mimic excessive alcohol intake observed in humans. Zonisamide was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg daily. Post-treatment, the liver tissues were collected, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined for histopathological changes.
Results: The control and zonisamide-only groups showed no abnormal liver or vascular alterations, indicating zonisamide\u27s safety. In contrast, the ethanol group displayed significant liver damage, including vascular dilatation, congestion, and extensive cellular degeneration. Conversely, the ethanol+zonisamide group exhibited substantial histological improvements with noticeable reductions in vascular impairments and signs of hepatocyte regeneration, suggesting that zonisamide mitigates the detrimental effects of alcohol on the liver.
Conclusion: The study concludes that zonisamide has a protective effect against alcohol-induced liver damage. It appears to preserve the structural integrity of hepatocytes and supports cellular survival, potentially through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These promising results advocate for further exploration of zonisamide as a therapeutic option for managing liver injuries associated with alcohol abuse. This study contributes significant insights into the therapeutic potential of zonisamide, encouraging more comprehensive investigations into its clinical applications in hepatology.
Keywords: Alcohol, Zonisamide, Hepatotoxicit
Unraveling the Therapeutic Potential of Miracle Plant ‘Aftimoon’ in Disease Prevention and Treatment: A Comprehensive Review
Get PDFAftimoon (Cuscuta reflexa), a member of Convolvulaceae family is a miraculous parasitic plant with a rich history of utilization in traditional medicine. It has been extensively employed in the Unani treatments all over the world, particularly in the Indian subcontinent, to treat and prevent a variety of illness. Over the years, numerous research findings have documented its diverse therapeutic effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. It is utilized as a single medication (mufrad) in powder, mixture, and decoction form and as compound formulations (murakkab) to treat a variety of ailments, which includes hepatitis, palpitations, varicose veins, mental ailments such as epilepsy and depression as well as dermatological conditions such as vitiligo and pityriasis. A number of biologically active compounds with therapeutic potential have been recognized and isolated from this wonder plant which includes amarbelin, sterol glycosides, cuscutalin, bergenin, and others. The synergistic actions of its constituents contribute to its multifaceted healing properties. This review explores the therapeutic potential of Aftimoon, shedding light on its pharmacological properties, traditional uses, and emerging research. By synthesizing traditional knowledge with modern scientific insights, this review aims to illuminate the diversified healing properties of C.reflexa and inspire further research and foster its integration into mainstream healthcare practices.
Keywords: Aftimoon; Cuscuta reflexa; Therapeutic potential; Unani medicine
Phytochemical Screening and In Vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Calotropis procera Leaves Extract
Get PDFSince ancient times, medicinal plants have been utilised to treat a wide range of illnesses. Research on the therapeutic effects of various plant parts has a lot of promise. The biological activity of Calotropis procera roots, stem, leaves, and fruits are well-known. The plant Calotropis procera exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties, including hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-diabetic effects. The current study demonstrated the sub-acute toxicity, phytochemical screening, and anti-inflammatory properties of a hydro-ethanolic extract of Calotropis procera leaves. For 14 days, the extract\u27s acute toxicity (2000 mg/kg) was studied in Wistar rats. The established test procedure described in the literature was used to determine the quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids as well as the qualitative analysis of different phytochemical constituents. The Folins Ciocalteau reagent and the aluminium chloride method were used for the quantitative measurement of flavonoids and phenolics, respectively. Alkaloids, glycosides, sugars, tannins, flavonoids, and steroids were all found by phytochemical study. The extract of Calotropis procera has a total phenolic content of 0.475 mg/100 mg, which was followed by flavonoids (0.689 mg/100 mg).Up to 2000 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract did not have any harmful effects. In a dose-dependent way, the hydroalcoholic extract of Calotropis procera (100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the inflammation in rats caused by formalin and carrageenan. Calotropis procera hydroalcoholic extract has potent anti-inflammatory properties and could be a promising source of anti-inflammatory chemicals.
Keyword: Calotropis procera, Carrageenan, Formalin, Anti-inflammatory effect, Phytochemical screening, Folins Ciocalteau reagen
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Suspension by Using Factorial Design
Get PDFHerbal remedies serve a vital role in developing therapeutic agents due to their proven effectiveness in treating various ailments. However, identifying active compounds from plant sources presents significant challenges in herbal medicine research. Authenticating these compounds and studying interactions between different herbs, in addition to between herbs and drugs, especially in polypharmacy, are crucial steps. This leads to the re-evaluation and enhancement of agents for improved efficacy and reduced side effects, promoting the development of safer drugs for different disorders. This study employed a 2² factorial design to optimize a polyherbal suspension formulation using Bael (Aegle marmelos) and Bay (Cinnamomum tamala) leaves. This design enabled the exploration of interactions between two key factors: the concentrations of sodium CMC and Tween 20. The study assessed phytochemical properties, sedimentation volume, redispersibility, rheology, viscosity, pH, and crystal growth. Based on optimisation results batch 2 was considered to be optimised batch, demonstrating excellent stability, redispersibility, appropriate viscosity, and stable physicochemical properties. This study underscores the importance of using suitable excipients to enhance the stability of herbal formulations, offering a model for future herbal product development.
Key words: Polyherbal, Suspension, Factorial Design, Optimizatio
A Comprehensive Guide to Hydrogel-Based Controlled Drug Delivery for Cancer Treatment
Get PDFCommon kinds of chemotherapy may cause harm to normal cells and tissues. Localised chemotherapy, unlike systemic chemotherapy, can lessen side effects by providing a consistent supply of chemotherapeutic chemicals directly to the tumour location. This emphasises the importance of controlled-release biodegradable hydrogels as chemotherapeutic drug delivery systems. This study looks at employing hydrogels as drug delivery methods for HCC, including thermosensitive, pH-sensitive, photosensitive, dual-sensitive, and glutathione-responsive hydrogels. Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems outperform traditional systemic chemotherapy in cancer treatment. Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as the new paradigm for cancer treatment. The development and discovery of new therapeutic molecules has increased the use of immunotherapy in clinical studies. This article discusses the current state of functional hydrogels for effective cancer immunotherapy. First, we will discuss the fundamental principles of cancer immunotherapy and the benefits of employing hydrogels to implement these mechanisms. Finally, we briefly explore the existing issues and potential applications of hydrogels for effective cancer immunotherapy.
Keywords: Cancer, Hydrogel-based controlled drug delivery system, postoperative radiotherapy, chemotherapy, Immunotherapy
Qualitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from different Polypores from Kolhapur District
Get PDFIt is now widely recognized that biological activity occurs throughout the fungal kingdom. Since ancient times so called mushrooms belonging to Basidiomycota have been used for medicinal purpose. Various bioactive compounds show important biological activities such as antioxidative, free radical scavenging, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, antiviral, and antibacterial etc. In earlier times, mushrooms were originally regarded as a significant source of medicinal in oriental regions. Discovering new major medicines is becoming a great challenge for scientific community. The present study deals with qualitative analysis and identifies the different classes of bioactive compounds as well as their potential therapeutic properties in three different polypores viz. Earliella scabrosa, Podoscypha petalodes and Polyporus grammocephalous. This information can provide insight about the bioactivity and metabolite production from these Polypore fungi, which can potentially lead to the development of new drugs.
Keywords: Bioactive compounds, Polypores fungi, Therapeutic propertie
An efficient bentonite clay catalyzed multicomponent synthesis of substituted spirooxindoles in water/ethanol solvent system
Get PDFThe present report demonstrates an efficient use of bentonite clay to bring about multicomponent synthesis of substituted spirooxindoles 4a-h in Water/ ethanol solvent system under the mild reaction conditions.
Keywords: Bentonite clay, multicomponent synthesis, spirooxindole
Management of Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) with Integrative Therapy: A Case Report
Get PDFKnee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a serious public health concern and is described as a disorder characterised by degradation of articular cartilage, bone remodeling and inflammation, leading to pain, stiffness and functional impairment, primarily affecting weight bearing joints and hands. KOA affects more than 650 million individuals worldwide and is a leading cause of disability. In India, 28.7% of adults ≥ 40 years of age and 45.5% of adults ≥ 60 years of age have KOA. The annual incidence rate of KOA in India is 2.4%. The management of KOA involves a comprehensive approach, including non-pharmacological management, pharmacological management, surgical management, alternative therapies and lifestyle changes. By combining these management strategies, individuals with KOA can effectively reduce pain, improve function, and enhance their quality of life. We present the case of a 55-year-old female patient with bilateral KOA, who presented to Department of Regimenal therapies, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bengaluru. The patient had taken NSAIDs and other measures intermittently for pain management from last 3 years. The symptoms have worsened from last 2 months despite taking medicines. The patient was assessed and examined clinically prior to intervention. The patient underwent treatment for 30 days with integrative therapy comprising of pharmacotherapy coupled with regimenal therapy. Prior and post intervention, the patient was assessed using multiple objective parameters. The patient reported amelioration of symptoms, which was also reflected by assessment parameters post intervention. The study found that integrative approach can be effective treatment for KOA.
Keywords: KOA, Integrative therapy, NSAIDs, Regimenal therapy