Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Encapsulation Methods and Releasing Mechanisms of Encapsulated Active Drug
Get PDFSubstances of plant origin are chemically unstable and easily oxidized by external conditions. However, they have to remain in their bioactive form when they are used in food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic industries. Encapsulation method is an effective technique that should protect them preventing the degradation of these active substances and thus prevent them from losing their activities.
In this review, the strategies for encapsulating plant substances and their preparation methods including emulsification, atomization, coaxial electrospray system, lyophilization, coacervation, in situ polymerization, melt extrusion, supercritical fluid technology, fluidized bed coating etc. were discussed. The release mechanisms of plant active substances were also presented.
The choice of an appropriate encapsulation technique and wall material depends on the final use of the product and the processing conditions involved. The use of liposomes, ethosomes, phytosomes, emulsions, microspheres, microcapsules, solid lipid nanoparticles including formulations based on plant substances has enhanced their therapeutic effects. With the use of all these encapsulation systems, the formulation is delivered in a targeted manner, giving it an on-site effect, and the bioavailability of the formulation is also improved. With these new drug delivery systems, actives and extracts used in herbal formulations exhibit improved stability, sustained release from the formulation, protection against toxicity, and improved therapeutic efficacy.
Keywords : nanoparticles, bioactive substance, formulatio
Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, a potential herb in treatment of gout: A mini opinion and call for further research
Get PDFBased on our knowledge, experience and field survey in the treatment of gout by complementary/alternative medicine and especially the herb therapy, properties of curing gout of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth are briefly commented and suggest that the future research to insightfully educidate this science opinion is necessary.
Keywords: Orthosiphon stamineus, gout, alternative medicin
Pharmacological Targeting of Ferroptosis in Cancer Treatment
Get PDFA non-apoptotic iron-dependent form of Regulated Cell Death (RCD) known as ferroptosis is brought on by an excess of harmful lipid peroxides and iron overload. Inhibiting the antioxidant defense system results in overwhelming of GSH dependent pathway and building up iron-dependent Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that react with polyunsaturated fatty acids in large quantities can both cause ferroptosis. Recent research has shown that ferroptosis holds a great deal of promise for preventing tumor cell resistance and limiting growth and spread. Emerging evidence also suggests that ferroptosis plays a dual role in human cancer. However, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms and their different role in tumorigenesis are unclear. Therefore, in this review we summarize and briefly present the key pathways of ferroptosis, its dual role as an oncogenic and as a tumor suppressor event in human cancers, paying special attention to the regulation of ferroptosis along with a variety of current medications and naturally occurring substances that may one day be used to target ferroptosis in tumor cells. Thus, addressing this sort of cell death could be seen as a potentially expanding technique in cancer treatment. Consequently, this will offer crucial viewpoints for next research on ferroptosis-based cancer treatment.
Keywords: Ferroptosis, antioxidant defense system, Cance
Phytochemicals properties and antimicrobial activities of Carica papaya and Balanites aegyptiaca’ seeds aqueous infusion and decoction extracts
Get PDFCarica papaya and Balanites aegyptiaca seeds extract have several uses, from food to traditional medicine. This study aims to determine their phytochemicals compound and appreciate their antimicrobial properties against clinical strains. Polyphenolic content was determined with standard methods while DPPH radical scavenging activity is used to appreciate the antioxidant properties, using ascorbic acid as standard. Antimicrobial activities were performed according to the inhibition diameters, using agar diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and Minimum fungicidal concentrations were established based on broth dilution methods. The extraction yield is ranged between 6.3 and 20.3%. The results shown polyphenolic content varying from 1256.13±21.09 to 2315.81±53.52 µg GAE/100 mL for Carica papaya and from 303.98±0.93 to 948.06±3.23 µg GAE/100 mL for Balanites aegyptiaca while the antioxidant activity is ranged between 31.76±2.35 and 58.47±4.24 µg AEAC/100 mL for Carica papaya and from 29.80±0.32 to 78.44±2.81 µg AEAC/100 mL for Balanites aegyptiaca. Infusion’s extracts always have the highest values of polyphenols content and antioxidant activity than decoction extracts, be it papaya or balanites seeds. Neitheir flavonoids content nor antibacterial activity was found. The inhibition diameter varies from 14.5±0.5 to 40.5±0.5 mm for papaya seeds extracts and from 16.5±0.5 to 21.0±0.5 mm for balanites seeds extracts without a significative effect of mixture for both extracts. MICs vary from 11.71±0.1 to 75.0±0.0 mg. mL-1 for Carica papaya seeds extracts with 11.72±0.2 to 37.30±0.2 mg. mL-1 and 18.74±0.1 to 100±0.0 mg.mL-1 for Balanites aegyptiaca. Mixture extracts presented intermediaire values. Decoction extracts have lowest MICs values and infusion reveals itself to be the sweetable aqueous extraction techniques but the appropriate infusion time need to be highlight.
Keywords: Carica papaya, Balanites aegyptiaca, Seeds extracts, Phytochemical, antifunga
A Comprehensive Review of Tamaric gallica Linn.: A Herbal Haemostat with special reference in Unani Medicine
Get PDFBackground and aim: Tamarix gallica L. is commonly known as “Jhau”. These deciduous, herbaceous, twiggy shrub or small tree reaching up to about 5 meters high and mainly found in the salty regions and is found between interdunal areas of the desert. It has enormous potential and having a broad spectrum of activity on a variety of illnesses such as leukoderma, eye diseases, teeth disorder, any type of hemorrhage, spleen disorders etc. This review aims to compile maximum information available, regarding its various traditional uses, pharmacognosy, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities to enrich our knowledge about this plant.
Materials and methods: A manual literature survey of classical Unani texts such as Khazā’in al-Adwiya, Tanqīh-al-Mufradāt, Bustān-al- Mufradāt, Muḥīṭ-i-A‘ẓam and online literature survey from Pubmed, Google scholar, Cochrane library, science direct was conducted to collect the information available on the plant Tamarix gallica.
Result and discussion: The findings of the literature survey on the basis of previous phytochemical analyses of this plant revealed the presence of a number of components, some of which are tannin, tannic acid, tamarixin, significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidants like carotenoids and essential oils which are extracted from various parts of the plants. Its reported pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anti-proliferative, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic activity and hepatoprotective activities.
Keywords: Tamarix gallica, phytochemical analyses, tannin, antioxidant, pharmacological activities, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antiproliferative, antibacterial
The Comprehensive Review: Exploring Future Potential of Nasopulmonary Drug Delivery Systems for Nasal Route Drug Administration
Get PDFThis comprehensive review aims to explore the future potential of nasopulmonary drug delivery systems for the administration of drugs through the nasal route. Nasal drug delivery has gained significant attention due to its numerous advantages, including rapid absorption, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and non-invasive administration. This review provides an overview of the nasal anatomy and physiology, highlighting the factors influencing drug absorption and bioavailability. Additionally, it discusses the various types of nasopulmonary drug delivery systems, such as nasal sprays, powders, and gels, along with their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the review delves into the challenges associated with nasal drug delivery, including mucociliary clearance, nasal irritation, and formulation issues. The potential applications of nasopulmonary drug delivery systems in the treatment of various diseases, such as allergies, respiratory disorders, and systemic conditions, are also discussed. Finally, the review concludes with an outlook on the future prospects of nasopulmonary drug delivery systems, emphasising the need for further research and development to optimise their efficacy and safety.
Keywords: nasal pulmonary; nasal spray; nasal mucosa; gels; drops; nasal approaches; nasal route; nasal delivery
Blood Pressure in Relation to Age and Gender
Get PDFHypertension is a disease defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure (BP) with systolic blood pressure of less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of less than 80 mm Hg. Age is one the most common predictor and non-modifiable risk factor of hypertension. Hypertension is more common among older adults than adults of 40-59 years of age. Gender is another common non-modifiable risk factor of hypertension. On average, hypertension is more common among men than in women. A Prospective observational study was carried out where all the patients of either sex attending general medicine department with established hypertension above 35 years of age were included. A Chi-square test was used to find a significant association between age & gender with hypertension. A p value of or lower than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Majority of the patients 65% were males and 35% were females and common age group was ≥60 years. CNS disorders were found in majority of the patients. Diuretics were the most prescribed class of drugs. There was a steady rise in the number of hypertensive patients with increase in age. Hypertension was more prevalent among males than in females. Factors like age and gender were found to be statistically significant associated with hypertension. Clinical pharmacist at an early stage need to monitor the BP and related risk factors and achieve the therapeutic goals, thereby enhancing the quality life span of the patient.
Keywords: Hypertension, Gender, Age distribution, Clinical Pharmacist, Statistical, Blood Pressur
Development of a technique for determining the viability of dormant organisms in powdered substances
Get PDFThe purposes of pharmaceutical biotechnology and quality control of probiotics containing lyophilized bacterial preparations, as well as the purpose of ensuring biological safety, require methods for rapid determination of the viability of dormant forms. This paper describes an approach to determining the viability of dry powdered substances. Lyophilized powder of Kalanchoe daigermontiana, dry dormant eggs of Artemia salina, and dry powder of Lycopodium sp. spores were proposed as model objects. Suspensions of virus-like particles (VLPs) to SARS-CoV-2 were proposed as a cell-free reference material. The following methods of elemental analysis were used in the study: X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) on an energy-dispersive device, atomic absorption spectroscopy with electrothermal atomization, and Zeeman background correction (GZ-AAS). The free water content was determined by NMR spin echo. A new method was also used for recording the kinetics of changes in broadband radio emission in the centimeter and millimeter wavelength ranges, with a measurement duration of up to 20 minutes. Live and inactivated powdered preparations of K. daigermontiana and A. salina were prepared and characterized by elemental composition, water content, and spin-spin relaxation time (T2). For these live and inactivated preparations, it was determined that the flux density of intrinsic thermal radio emission decreases by an order of magnitude with the loss of viability. In the future, the results obtained will allow for a rapid test of the viability of lyophilized therapeutics (from medicinal plants to bacterial mixtures that stabilize the intestinal microflora).
Keywords: millimeter emission, X-ray fluorescence analysis, NMR spin echo, nanoparticles, powdered substances, medicinal plant raw material
Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomal gel using Tretinoin and Clindamycin combination
Get PDFThe objective of the present study was to formulate topical Niosomal gel loaded with combination of Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and Clindamycin for the beneficial of acne patients, to provide sustained release effects, to prevent their side effects. Purpose of this study was to develop a stable formulation that allows progressive follicle penetration and increased efficacy. Niosomes was prepared by ether injection method. Preformulation studies such as melting point, FTIR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, solubility, partition coefficient (log P) were performed for both drugs. In preformulation study, FTIR spectrum reveals that drugs were in pure state. Combination of Tretinoin and clindamycin reveal better therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance as compared to individual agent. From the research findings, it can be concluded that Tretinoin as well as Clindamycin hydrochloride was successfully integrated into niosomal gel by ether injection method for topical application in the treatment of acne.
Keywords: Niosomes; Tretinoin (ALL TRANS RETINOIC ACID); Clindamycin; Carbopol gel; Acne; Ether injection method
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumption of antiretrovirals and HIV/AIDS prevention indicators at the Treichville University Hospital (Ivory Coast)
Get PDFObjective: To understand the impact of Covid-19 on the prevention and consumption of antiretroviral drugs at Treichville University Hospital.
Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study with a descriptive, multicenter aim, carried out in six screening and treatment departments for HIV patients at the Treichville University Hospital. Monthly order reports from January 2019 to December 2021 from six services were used to collect data on screening and antiretroviral treatment. After a univariate analysis, an Anova made it possible to carry out a comparison of several variables between the study periods.
Results: In total, a decrease of 40 to 55% (p>0.05) in the consumption of antiretrovirals was recorded compared to 2019. The antiretrovirals affected more specifically were tenofovir 300mg, lamivudine 150 mg, abacavir / adult lamivudine, lopiritonavir and the tenofovir / adult lamivudine combination (p<0.05). Therapeutic protocols and prevention data varied between 2019 and 2021 with a drop in the prescription of dolutegravir to the profile of efavirenz and a drop of 17.5% of individuals screened in 2020.
Conclusion: The Covid-19 health crisis has led to a drop in the frequency of HIV testing and a non-significant effect on the consumption of antiretrovirals essential for the management of the disease.
Keywords: Covid-19; Antiretrovirals; Prevention; HI