Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Global national and rational burdens of female fertility via exposure to different alcohols
Get PDFAlcohol intake is a key lifestyle component and a major public health concern that affects reproductive health around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), alcohol causes infertility by altering hormonal balance, ovulation, and implantation. The prevalence of alcohol-related infertility varies by region, with higher rates found in nations with significant alcohol consumption, such as Europe and the Americas. Previous research has revealed that both chronic and acute alcohol consumption can disrupt reproductive hormones, decrease ovulatory function, and deplete ovarian reserve, resulting in diminished fertility potential. Alcohol causes infertility through changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in oocytes. Furthermore, heavy alcohol use has been related to an increased risk of monthly abnormalities, miscarriage, and ART failure. Moderate alcohol consumption is still debatable. Evidence suggests that even low to moderate consumption may have a deleterious impact on reproductive outcomes. Addressing challenges of female infertility caused by alcohol consumption necessitates targeted legislation, public health initiatives, and enhanced knowledge in order to lessen the impact on reproductive health and overall societal well-being. We believe that more study is needed to establish better dose-response correlations and to investigate the potential reversibility of alcohol-induced reproductive abnormalities
Keywords: Alcohol, female infertility, global burden, oxidative stress miscarriage, menstrual irregularitie
Chemical Composition and GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oil from Cymbopogon martinii var sonfia
Get PDFCymbopogon martinii, commonly referred to as palmarosa, is a perennial aromatic grass from the Poaceae family, known for its valuable essential oil rich in geraniol. This oil is in high demand due to its fragrance and potential therapeutic applications. Its versatility enables use in perfumery, cosmetics, and natural remedies. The growing interest in natural products has led to a surge in studies aimed at improving extraction methods and understanding the phytochemical makeup of such oils. The present work aims to extract essential oil from C. martinii var. sofia using steam distillation and to evaluate its chemical composition through GC-MS analysis, thereby determining its quality and commercial viability.
Keywords: Cymbopogon martinii var. sofia, essential oil, steam distillation, geraniol, GC-MS analysis, phytochemical constituents
Clinical Pharmacists vs. Antimicrobial Resistance: Evidence-Based Strategies and Stewardship Impact in Modern Healthcare: A Review
Get PDFBackground: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been a significant problem to human health as antibiotics are misused and overused. Due to antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs), the emergence of antimicrobial resistance is hindering the performance of healthcare systems, and clinical pharmacists have become a necessity in these programs.
Objectives: This review discusses the changing role of clinical pharmacists in the fight against AMR through evidence-based methods.
Methods: Various strategies were reviewed including drug optimization, de-escalation, intravenous-to-oral conversions, therapeutic drug monitoring, and educating prescribers. The role of clinical pharmacists as part of multidisciplinary teams performing evidence-based interventions in real-time was emphasized.
Results: Intervention by pharmacists has been shown to significantly reduce inappropriate antibiotic use, hospital-acquired infections, resistance patterns, and healthcare expenditures, while improving patient outcomes and compliance with stewardship procedures. Additionally, their role in surveillance, audit-feedback systems, and policy development enhances the clinical effectiveness of ASPs in both hospital and community-based settings.
Conclusion: Challenges to the implementation of clinical pharmacist-led ASP initiatives such as limited resources, interprofessional barriers, and specialized training still exist. Nonetheless, the strategic integration of clinical pharmacist initiatives into ASPs is possibly the sustainable path forward to maintaining optimal antibiotic efficacy. This review emphasizes the importance of expanding pharmacist roles, promoting ongoing training, and promoting interprofessional collaboration to mitigate the global threat posed by AMR.
Keywords: Clinical pharmacists, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), Evidence-based interventions, Drug optimization, Healthcare-associated infection
Micronutrient Supplementation Augments Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) production in Caco-2 cells
Get PDFOver-the-counter micronutrient supplements are widely used to alleviate symptoms of fatigue and tiredness. Owing to variable concentrations of vitamins and minerals in these supplements, their efficacy may vary significantly. The present study aimed at evaluation of ATP production efficacy of micronutrient supplements using Caco2 cells. Three supplements containing therapeutic vitamin B complex with magnesium and vitamin C (TV), therapeutic vitamin B complex with minerals (TM) and nutraceutical multivitamin and multimineral (NM) were selected. Caco2 cells were cultured and treated with varied concentration of supplements (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 µg/mL). The cells were incubated for varied time at 37°C in 5% CO2 atmosphere. The cells were lysed and amount of ATP produced was determined by colorimetry at 570 nm. Cells without treatment (control) and cells treated with 5 µg/mL sodium lauryl sulphate for 30 min (negative control) were used for comparison. A dose-dependent increase in ATP production was observed for all the three supplements. The optimum level of ATP was obtained when cells were treated with 100 µg/mL of supplements for 1 h. Cells treated with supplements showed markedly higher ATP production compared to control and negative control cells. Further, cells treated with TV showed markedly higher ATP level compared to cells treated with TM and NM at both 50 and 100 µg/mL concentration. ATP level was nearly 1.7-fold and 1.2-fold higher in TV treated cells compared to NM and TM treatment, respectively. The decreasing order of ATP production in cells by supplement treatment is as follows: TV > TM > NM. Further, compared to control cells, the cells treated with TV produced nearly 3-fold higher ATP. In conclusion, higher ATP levels in micronutrient treated cells support the therapeutic role of micronutrient supplements in fatigue and tiredness. Further, the concentration of micronutrients is crucial for therapeutic efficacy.
Keywords: Vitamins, Minerals, Fatigue, Caco2 cells, ATP assa
Recent Advancements in the Prevention and Treatment of Genetic and Non-Genetic Obesity: A Pharmacological Perspective of Review
Get PDFObesity is a complicated, long-term condition caused by a combination of behavioural, environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. It is a significant risk factor for a number of metabolic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer. New knowledge and treatment options for obesity prevention and treatment, especially in relation to its hereditary and non-genetic variants, have been made possible by recent developments in pharmacological research. Monogenic, syndromic, and polygenic forms of genetic obesity are frequently caused by mutations or polymorphisms that impact energy expenditure, appetite control, or fat storage processes. Novel pharmacotherapies have focused on important targets such proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, the leptin signalling pathway, and the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). Rare hereditary types of obesity may be treated with medications like setmelanotide, a selective MC4R agonist. Excessive calorie intake, physical inactivity, and psychological problems contribute to non-genetic (or lifestyle-related) obesity, which is still more common and is frequently treated with a mix of medication and lifestyle changes. Clinical trials have shown that recently licensed medications like tirzepatide and semaglutide, which work on the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) pathways, significantly improve metabolism and reduce body weight. The goal of this review is to present a thorough examination of the most recent pharmacological approaches to treating both hereditary and non-genetic obesity. It emphasizes how crucial combination therapy, new drug targets, and precision medicine will be in determining how obesity is treated and prevented in the future.
Keywords: Lipid disorder, genetic obesity, non-genetic obesity, type 2 diabetes, setmelanotide, glucagon-like peptide-
Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Activity of Streblus asper Lour Using Experimental Lab Animals
Get PDFAbout 50 million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, with low- and middle-income nations accounting for 80% of cases. Despite the availability of drugs, around 75% of patients do not obtain proper diagnosis or care. Plant-based medicines are becoming more popular as a result of issues including side effects and drug resistance. This study examined the anticonvulsant and antioxidant qualities of ethanolic leaf extract from Streblus asper Lour., a plant known for its neuroprotective advantages.
Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics—compounds associated with neuroprotective and antioxidant properties—were identified by phytochemical analysis. Tests conducted in vitro, such as DPPH, H2O₂ scavenging, phosphomolybdenum, and reducing power assays, showed that the extract had a moderate to strong ability to neutralize free radicals.
The extract was safe at levels up to 2000 mg/kg, according to acute toxicity tests conducted on mice. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure models and maximum electroshock (MES) were used to assess the effects of anticonvulsants. Comparable to common medications like phenytoin and diazepam, the extract significantly reduced seizure duration and intensity in a dose-dependent manner. Biochemical investigation showed that treated groups had lower levels of malondialdehyde and higher levels of glutathione and catalase.
GC-MS profiling revealed important bioactive substances that could be responsible for the extract\u27s actions, such as phytol and β-caryophyllene. These findings demonstrate the potential of Streblus asper as a natural antioxidant and anticonvulsant, indicating that more study may improve its application in the treatment of epilepsy.
Keywords: Streblus asper, Anti-convulsant, Maximal Electroshock, Pentylenetetrazole model, phytochemical, antioxidant assay
Development and Validation of UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Dexlansoprazole
Get PDFAim: The Proposed study aimed to develop and validate a simple, accurate, precise and cost-effective UV-Visible spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Dexlansoprazole in bulk as well formulation.
Methods: This method for Dexlansoprazole was developed using water containing 40% acetonitrile as solvent system. After development, proposed method was validated using ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. Dexlansoprazole solutions were scanned across the UV-visible range to identify its wavelength of maximum absorbance. The linearity of the method was established using seven calibration standards over a concentration range of 1–25 μg/mL. Three different quality control standard solutions of the Dexlansoprazole were used for establishing the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. Validity of the proposed method was established on the basis of accuracy, precision, robustness, ruggedness, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ).
Results: The Dexlansoprazole when dissolved in water containing 40% acetonitrile showed maximum absorbance at 282 nm. The developed method demonstrated excellent linearity across the concentration range of 1–25 μg/mL, with a correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.999. The intra-day accuracy of the proposed method in terms of % Difference was in the range of −2.04 to +2.63 whereas the inter-day accuracy was in the range of −2.04 to + 2.12. The intra-day precision of the proposed UV–Visible spectrophotometric method in terms of % RSD was found to be in between 1.31 to 1.73 whereas the inter-day precision values were in between 1.59 to 2.00. The variation (% RSD) during the robustness and ruggedness studies of the proposed UV–Visible spectrophotometric method was found be below 2%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the proposed UV–Visible spectrophotometric method was found to be 0.1008 μg/mL and 0.3058 μg/mL respectively, ensuring adequate sensitivity for routine quality control analysis. Proposed method was successfully used for the estimation of Dexlansoprazole in formulation as well as bulk.
Conclusion: A simple, precise, yet cost-effective UV-visible spectrophotometric method was successfully developed for the estimation of Dexlansoprazole. The method utilized a solvent with an economical percentage of the organic phase in aqueous media. The validated UV-Visible method can be efficiently employed for estimating Dexlansoprazole
Therapeutic Strategies and Emerging Drug Delivery Systems for Oral Aphthous Ulcers
Get PDFAphthous ulcers, also known as canker sores, are painful mucosal lesions that occur on oral structures, including the cheeks, gums, lips, and tongue. Although their precise etiology remains unclear, contributing factors include nutritional deficiencies (vitamins B12, folate, C), stress, trauma, infections (viral, bacterial, fungal), chemical irritants like sodium lauryl sulfate, and heavy metal exposure. These ulcers significantly impair quality of life by causing pain during eating, brushing, and speaking. Treatment aims to manage pain, promote healing, and reduce the frequency of recurrence. Topical corticosteroids remain the mainstay of therapy, offering rapid resolution with minimal systemic effects. Adjunctive treatments include local analgesics, immunomodulators (e.g., thalidomide), NSAIDs (mesalazine), stem‑cell therapy, and various herbal remedies such as extracts from Psidium guajava, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Punica granatum, which demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound‑healing properties. Recent advances focus on novel mucoadhesive drug delivery systems—patches, gels, microneedles, nanosheets, hydrogels—to enhance drug residence time, bioavailability, and patient compliance. These innovative approaches target both symptomatic relief and accelerated healing, while minimizing systemic exposure and improving therapeutic outcomes. Moving forward, integrating molecular insights into disease mechanisms (microRNA dysregulation in OPMDs, microbial dysbiosis) with tailored delivery platforms may pave the way for precision interventions targeting recurrent aphthous ulcers.
Keywords: Aphthous ulcers, nutritional deficiencies, stress, trauma, infection
Formulation and Evaluation of Pulsatile-Release Multiple-Unit Pellets of Meloxicam
Get PDFThe present research aimed to design, formulate, and evaluate pulsatile-release multiple-unit pellets of Meloxicam. In the pellet coating and evaluation, five formulations (F1 to F5) were prepared with varying ratios of Eudragit L100 and Ethyl Cellulose. All batches exhibited excellent flow properties with Carr’s index values below 15% and Hausner’s ratio close to 1.12–1.14. The angle of repose for all batches was <30°, suggesting free-flowing properties essential for uniform capsule filling. Friability remained well below 1% across all formulations, indicating strong mechanical stability of the coated pellets. Drug content ranged from 97.1% to 99.4%, with formulation F4 showing the highest drug content (99.4 ± 1.2%), All formulations showed negligible release for the first 2 hours in acidic medium, confirming the integrity of the enteric coating. Formulation F1, containing only Eudragit L100, exhibited the shortest lag time with burst release starting at 3 hours and complete release by 8 hours. Formulation F4 (1.5 g Eudragit L100 : 3 g EC) demonstrated a well-defined lag time of ~5 hours followed by a sharp and complete drug release (~96.8 ± 2.3% at 8 hours), making it the optimized formulation for pulsatile drug delivery. A stability study of the optimized batch F4 under accelerated conditions (40°C/75% RH) for three months showed minimal changes in drug release (from 96.8% to 95.3%) and drug content (from 99.4% to 98.2%).
Keywords: Meloxicam, Pulsatile, Multiple unit Pellets, Eudragit L100
Revolutionizing Personalized Medicine: 3D-Printed Drug Dosage Forms via Hot Melt Extrusion
Get PDFRecent advancements in pharmaceutical manufacturing are paving the way for highly personalized and on-demand therapies. This article discusses a novel approach that integrates Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) with 3D printing to produce drug dosage forms with customizable immediate- and modified-release profiles. By transforming APIs and polymers into drug-loaded filaments and then precisely printing them into dosage forms, this method addresses longstanding challenges, such as limited control over drug distribution and suboptimal solubility, while enhancing patient compliance. The innovative design not only promises tailored dosing regimens but also provides significant advantages in production efficiency and regulatory compliance.
Keywords: Personalized Medicine, Hot Melt Extrusion (HME), Solubility, Patient Complianc