Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Navigating Recent Progressions in Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Get PDFMerkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and highly aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer, characterized by rapid growth, early metastasis, and high mortality rates. Despite accounting for less than 1% of all skin cancers worldwide, its aggressive nature and association with immunosuppression, advanced age, UV exposure, and Merkel cell polyomavirus (McPyV) underscore its clinical significance. Modern diagnostic advancements, including sentinel lymph node biopsy and ctDNA assays, improve early detection and monitoring. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as avelumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab, have revolutionized the therapeutic landscape, delivering durable responses and improved survival. Combination therapies and experimental agents, like Retifanlimab and anti-LAG-3 inhibitors, offer hope for addressing resistant cases. Despite these advances, MCC presents significant challenges, including diagnostic delays, treatment resistance, and immunotherapy-associated toxicities. Chemotherapy remains an option but offers limited and transient benefits compared to immunotherapy. Early detection, advanced molecular profiling, and personalized therapies are crucial for optimizing outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive summary of MCC\u27s clinical and molecular characteristics, current treatment paradigms, and ongoing research, highlighting the pressing need for continued innovation and research. Effective interventions are critical to improving survival rates and addressing the unique challenges posed by this aggressive malignancy.
Keywords: Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA), Immunotherapy, Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (McPyV), Sentinel Lymph node biopsy (SLNB)
Nanoparticles (NPs) Based Drug Delivery System: An Inspiring Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer Therapy and Their Future Prospects
Get PDFNanoparticles (NPs)-based drug delivery systems (DDs) have emerged as a promising strategy for cancer therapy, offering targeted, controlled, and efficient drug delivery while minimizing systemic toxicity. Their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, tunable size, and enhanced permeability, enable precise tumor targeting through passive, active, and stimuli-responsive mechanisms. The various nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric NPs, dendrimers, and metallic NPs have been extensively explored for chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and theranostic applications. The ability of NPs to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), enhance drug bioavailability, and facilitate combination therapies has significantly improved treatment outcomes. Despite the remarkable advancements, challenges such as biocompatibility, large-scale production, and regulatory approval remain critical hurdles. Future research will focus on personalized nanomedicine, smart and multifunctional nanocarriers, gene-editing nanoparticle systems, and green nanotechnology for safer and more effective cancer treatments. The continuous evolution of NPs in cancer therapy holds immense potential to transform oncology, paving the way for patient-specific, minimally invasive, and highly efficient treatment modalities. This review article focuses on nanocarriers such as lipid-based, polymeric, and inorganic nanoparticles as a drug delivery system and their applications in cancer therapy. The current limitations and future perspectives of various nanoparticle-based DDS in cancer therapy are also discussed.
Keywords: Drug delivery, Nanocarriers, NDDS, Sustained, Targete
Effect of Rosmarinic Acid in the Rat Experimental Wound Model
Get PDFObjective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) on wound healing using an experimental rat wound model, assessing collagen organization, inflammation, and epithelial regeneration.
Methods: Twenty-one rats were divided equally into three groups: Control, Wound, and Wound+RA. An wound was created on the dorsal skin of rats in the wound and wound+RA groups. Rosmarinic acid cream (10%) was applied daily to the wound+RA group for 14 days. Tissue samples were collected at the end of the experiment for histological (Masson Trichrome) and immunohistochemical (Cytokeratin 14, CK14) analyses.
Results: Histological evaluation showed significantly improved wound healing in the wound+RA group, characterized by organized collagen deposition, decreased inflammatory response, and enhanced epidermal regeneration compared to the wound group. Cytokeratin 14 immunostaining indicated increased CK14 expression, reflecting better epithelialization and keratinocyte differentiation in the RA-treated group.
Conclusion: Topical application of Rosmarinic Acid significantly improved wound healing by enhancing collagen organization, reducing inflammation, and promoting epithelial regeneration, suggesting potential clinical applications of Rosmarinic Acid in wound care management.
Keywords: rosmarinic acid, wound healing, CK14, immunohistochemistr
Bioactive compounds of Hemidesmis indices inhibit the acyl-homoserine lactone synthase
Get PDFAHL (acyl homoserine lactone) is a signaling molecule responsible for communication in gram negative bacteria, which is responsible for bacterial virulence as well as biofilm formation. The speedy growing in the number of resistant pathogenic bacteria takes controlled to a decrease in the efficacy of the existing antimicrobial agents. Acyl-homoserine lactone synthase plays an important role in the key molecules responsible for the formation of antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria. The molecular docking studies performed by using molecular docking server online respectively in which the oral biofilm target namely N-acyl homoserine (ESAI) (PDB id: 1kzf) have a potential interaction with vanillin and Hexadeconoic acid. In this study, the protein N-acyl homoserine (ESAI) was used from its structure perspectives. The primary and secondary structures were calculated using online tools. Its role in oral biofilm was assessed by molecular docking the compounds present in the root extract of Hemidesmis indices assayed by GC-MS analysis. This in-silico study results throw light on how these active components of Hemidesmis indices are effective in oral biofilm.
Keywords: Hemidesmis indices, Docking studies.
A Comprehensive Review of Cancer: Types, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatments
Get PDFCancer is a complex and multifaceted disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the biology of cancer, it remains one of the leading causes of death globally. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on cancer, including its causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for various types of cancer including breast, gastric, pancreatic, oral, prostate, gallbladder, colorectal, thyroid, and ovarian cancer. The pathophysiology of cancer involves genetic and epigenetic changes, inflammation and cell adhesion. Inflammation plays a crucial role in cancer development and progression, and immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment approach. Furthermore, Current treatment options for cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy.
Keywords: Cancer, Breast cancer, Radiation Therapy, epigenetic Therapy, Nanotechnology
Cichorium intybus in Translational Medicine: Phytochemicals, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Applications
Get PDFCichorium intybus (chicory) has long held a prominent place in traditional medicine, valued for its hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. While its ethnomedicinal uses are well-documented, the scientific exploration of its therapeutic potential is scattered and often lacks standardization, particularly concerning its phytochemical consistency, pharmacokinetics, and translational applicability. This review consolidates and critically analyzes the current knowledge on the bioactive constituents of C. intybus, including polyphenols, inulin, and sesquiterpene lactones, which exert multi-target effects through modulation of inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and hepatic function. Despite encouraging preclinical outcomes, the clinical development of C. intybus-based interventions faces significant challenges such as low solubility, limited bioavailability, and a paucity of well-structured human trials. Novel formulation strategies including nano-based delivery systems, alongside emerging tools like systems pharmacology and artificial intelligence, present promising avenues to overcome these limitations. Regulatory harmonization and interdisciplinary collaboration are critical to translating these findings into effective therapeutic products. This review highlights the untapped therapeutic value of Cichorium intybus, emphasizes the scientific gaps limiting its modern medical use, and proposes strategic innovations to accelerate its integration into evidence-based pharmacology.
Keywords: Cichorium intybus; Traditional medicine; Pharmacological potential; Bioactive compounds; Advanced delivery system
The Role of Ferula asafoetida in Neurological, Antidiabetic and Gastrointestinal Therapies: Unani Perspective
Get PDFObjective: To provide a comprehensive overview of Hilteet, including its traditional uses, botanical characteristics, chemical composition, pharmacological activities, and potential areas for future research.
Data sources: A review of literature on Ferula asafoetida was done based on bibliographic database viz. Science Direct, Scopus, Pub Med, and Google Scholar. Important informative data were also collected from classical and conventional textbooks, journals and resale.
Background: Ferula asafoetida Regal (Hilteet) is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the rhizomes and roots of Ferula asafoetida Regel Syn., Ferula narthex Boiss, and other species of Ferula from the Umbelliferae family. It has a long history of medicinal use, first documented by Theophrastus and Dioscorides, and is frequently employed in Unani medicine. Traditionally widely used in Unani medicine for various ailments. Razi recommended its application in paralysis and developed "Majoon-e-Hilteet," which has been demonstrated as a nervine stimulant. Botanically it belongs to Umbelliferae family, Derived from specific species of the Ferula genus. Chemically it is composed of some bioactive compounds responsible for its medicinal properties. Pharmacologically it Exhibits nervine stimulant effects and other therapeutic activities, as supported by existing literature.
Conclusion and Future Directions: The review highlights the traditional significance and pharmacological potential of Hilteet while identifying opportunities for further research to advance herbal medicine.
Keywords: Ferula Asafoetida; ethnopharmacology; gastrointestinal; neurological; traditional medicine
Genetic Diversity of Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) in HIV/AIDS Positive Patients Regarding Side Effects Induced by Cotrimoxazole at the ALNADJMA Multipurpose Center in N\u27Djamena, Chad
Get PDFIntroduction: HIV is a retrovirus that destroys the immune system. In Chad, HIV prevalence is 1.1%. Cotrimoxazole is a prophylactic drug that effectively reduces the morbidity associated with opportunistic infections. The genetic diversity of drug-metabolising enzymes, such as CYP2C9, influences the metabolism of cotrimoxazole in the occurrence of side effects. Although cotrimoxazole prophylaxis is common and cost-effective, clear guidelines are lacking in countries such as Chad. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare CYP2C9 gene variants in HIV-positive patients at the Alnadjama centre and to analyse their impact on cotrimoxazole tolerance in order to support personalised therapeutic approaches.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted from May 2022 to September 2024 at the Alnadjama Multipurpose Center in N\u27Djamena, Chad, with molecular analyses performed at LAPHER-Biotech, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon. HIV-positive patients aged 18–60 years on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis were divided into groups based on the presence or absence of side effects. After informed consent, interviews and blood samples were collected, and medical records reviewed. DNA was extracted using the Chelex-100 method, CYP2C9 gene amplified by PCR, digested with BstNI enzyme, and fragments analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Statistical analyses included allele frequencies, Chi-square tests, odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals, with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: Among 160 patients, 120 received cotrimoxazole, with 58 (48.3%) reporting side effects. The CYP2C9*2 wild-type genotype (C/C) predominated (98.3%), with the mutant (T/T) rare (1.7%), regardless of side effects. For CYP2C9*3, the heterozygous genotype (A/C) was most common (96.6–98.4%), and the mutant (C/C) was rare (1.6–3.4%), with no significant differences between groups. Association tests showed no significant correlation between CYP2C9*2 or *3 variants and cotrimoxazole adverse effects (OR near 1, p not significant).
Conclusion: CYP2C9*2 and *3 variants were not significantly associated with cotrimoxazole side effects in this HIV-positive cohort. The findings highlight the value of pharmacogenetics and recommend further research incorporating multiple genes and clinical factors to better predict adverse drug reactions in these patients.
Keywords: N\u27Djamena, Side effects, Cotrimoxazole, CYP2C9, HIV, Genetic diversity, Chad, Polymorphism.
Simultaneous Method Development for Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride and Desloratadine
Get PDFIntroduction: Chromatographic techniques are primarily used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical compounds, drug formulations, and raw materials throughout the drug development process, from the early research phase to the final release of therapeutic products. Objective: Simple, accurate, economical and reproducible RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of two component drug mixture pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and desloratadine in combined tablet dosage form. Material and methods: Developed HPLC method is reversed phase chromatographic method using inertsil C18 column and methanol: ammonium acetate buffer in ratio of 70:30 pH 6.5 adjusted with sodium hydroxide, as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/ min. The developed method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, intermediate precision, accuracy, robustness and solution stability. Results: The linearity was observed in concentration range of 12.5-37.5 ug/ml of desloratadine and 450-1350 ug/ml of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. The results are validated statistically and by recovery studies. The proposed RP-HPLC method achieved satisfactory resolution between desloratadine and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. It can be used for the synthetic process control and determination of desloratadine in drug substance and pharmaceutical preparation. Conclusion: Quality is paramount in all products and services; a \u27regulatory analytical technique\u27 is used to evaluate a distinguishing attribute of raw materials, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and pharmaceutical formulations within the pharmaceutical industry. This method is suitable for routine quality control and stability testing of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and desloratadine in pharmaceutical formulations.
Keywords: RP-HPLC, Simultaneous estimation, Method development, Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, Desloratadin
Stability-Indicating UPLC Method Development and Validation for Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Injection with Comprehensive Forced Degradation Profiling
Get PDFObjective: To develop and validate a stability-indicating UPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim in injectable dosage form, including comprehensive forced degradation profiling as per ICH guidelines.
Design: Experimental study involving method development, validation, and forced degradation in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) and Q1A(R2) protocols.
Intervention: Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column (150×4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase of Methanol:Acetonitrile (80:20 v/v), a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection at 254 nm.
Main Outcome Measures: The method was evaluated for linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness, specificity, and forced degradation under acidic, basic, oxidative, thermal, and wet heat conditions.
Results: Accuracy values ranged between 99.02% and 99.72% for both drugs. %RSD for precision and ruggedness were consistently below 0.32%. Forced degradation showed significant degradation in basic (8.97%) and oxidative (6.25%) conditions, while all degradation products were well-separated from the analyte peaks, confirming specificity.
Conclusion: The developed UPLC method is specific, accurate, and stability-indicating. It meets regulatory validation criteria and is suitable for routine quality control and stability testing of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim injectable formulations.
Keywords: Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, UPLC, Method Validation, Forced Degradation, Stability-Indicating Method, ICH Guideline