Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Effectiveness and Safety of Common Non-Oncologic Pharmaceuticals in Cancer Management: A Systematic Review
No full textBackground. De novo anticancer drug development is lengthy, costly, and risky, motivating cautious evaluation of off-label use of common non-oncologic agents where mechanistic plausibility and clinical signals exist.
Objectives. To synthesize the effectiveness and safety of frequently repurposed non-oncologic drug classes in oncology and to identify priorities for practice and research.
Methods. A PRISMA-guided systematic review (2015–2025) screened titles/abstracts and full texts in duplicate, with standardized extraction and narrative/thematic synthesis. Records identified: 1,699; duplicates removed: 119; other removals (missing metadata): 33; records screened: 1,547; excluded at title/abstract: 956; reports sought: 591; not retrieved: 410; assessed for eligibility: 181; included: 181. Outcomes included OS, PFS/DFS, ORR, QoL, and CTCAE-graded toxicities.
Results. Antihypertensives comprised the largest class, followed by antidiabetics, statins, anti-inflammatories/aspirin, antibiotics, antidepressants, and anthelmintics; lung, breast, colorectal, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers were most represented. Signals suggest possible benefit for overall survival and mortality, with limited and inconsistent evidence for PFS/DFS and ORR; QoL was rarely reported. Outcome definitions, progression ascertainment, censoring rules, exposure metrics (dose, duration, timing), and reporting completeness were heterogeneous, constraining meta-analytic pooling and causal inference.
Conclusion. Generalized repurposing for oncology is not supported at this time beyond established non-oncologic indications. Biologically coherent, low-toxicity signals, most consistently for β-blockade and RAAS modulation, and more variably for metformin, statins, and aspirin, justify targeted, rigorously designed evaluation in prospective trials and robust observational emulations, with harmonized endpoints and systematic CTCAE capture. Equity-by-design, common data elements, preregistration, and data/code sharing are essential to accelerate credible, practice-informing evidence.
Keywords: Non-Oncologic Agents, Effectiveness and Safety, Cancer Managemen
Unveiling the Therapeutic Arsenal of Cassia fistula L.: Traditional Wisdom to Modern Biomedical Applications
No full textCassia fistula L., widely known as the golden shower tree, has been deeply rooted in traditional medicine systems for centuries and is now emerging as a potential candidate in modern pharmacotherapy. This review comprehensively explores the phytochemical, pharmacological, and nanotechnological dimensions of C. fistula, synthesizing recent preclinical and in vitro evidence. The plant exhibits a broad spectrum of therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities—largely attributed to key phytoconstituents such as rhein, emodin, quercetin, and kaempferol. Advances in green nanotechnology have further enhanced its biomedical relevance, with silver and gold nanoparticles synthesized from C. fistula extracts demonstrating increased cytotoxicity, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. While traditional usage and animal studies suggest a favorable safety profile, data on reproductive toxicity, nanotoxicity, and human clinical trials remain limited. Regulatory challenges, including phytochemical standardization, dose optimization, and formulation consistency, must be addressed to ensure safe translation from bench to bedside. Future research should prioritize clinical validation, sustainable sourcing, and mechanistic insights into molecular pathways to fully realize the therapeutic potential of Cassia fistula in integrated healthcare systems.
Keywords: Cassia fistula; Phytochemicals; Nanotechnology; Pharmacological activities; Traditional medicine
Review of Orodispersible Tablet: The Current Trends
No full textOrodispersible tablets (ODTs) are an advanced dosage form that disintegrate rapidly in the oral cavity upon contact with saliva, without the need for water or chewing. This unique property makes them particularly advantageous for pediatric and geriatric populations, as well as for patients experiencing dysphagia or poor compliance with conventional solid dosage forms. Beyond improving ease of administration, ODTs can enhance drug absorption, patient adherence and therapeutic effectiveness. The development of ODTs involves the incorporation of specialized excipients such as superdisintegrants, diluents and taste masking agents that promote rapid disintegration and improve palatability. Various manufacturing approaches have been employed, including conventional techniques like tablet moulding, freeze drying as well as advanced methods such as spray drying, sublimation and the application of nanotechnology. More recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a promising tool, enabling personalised dosage forms with improved functionality. Quality evaluation of ODTs encompasses parameters such as hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time and drug content uniformity while packaging plays a vital role in ensuring stability and protection against environmental factors. With several marketed formulations already available, ODTs continue to gain importance as a patient-friendly and effective drug delivery system, offering significant potential for future pharmaceutical innovations.
Keywords: Orodispersible, Superdisintegrants, Formulations, Lyophilization, Microencapsulation, Nanotechnology
Historical Evolution of Ilmul Wasaful Aqaqeer: Foundations and Advances in Unani Pharmacognosy
No full textIlmul Wasaful Aqaqeer, commonly referred to as pharmacognosy in the Unani system of medicine, is the branch of science that deals with the study of crude drugs obtained from natural sources, including plants, minerals, and animal products. This discipline has been an integral component of Unani medicine since its inception, with its foundations rooted in Greco-Arabic medical traditions and classical Indian practices. The historical development of Ilmul Wasaful Aqaqeer reflects the synthesis of ancient knowledge from civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, and India, later enriched during the Golden Age of Arabic medicine. Key contributions by luminaries such as Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Galen, Al-Razi, and Ibn Sina laid the groundwork for systematic classification, authentication, and therapeutic application of medicinal substances. In the Indian context, Unani scholars incorporated and validated pharmacological knowledge, complementing Ayurveda and local folk practices. Modern pharmacognosy continues to evolve, integrating molecular biology, DNA barcoding, nanotechnology, and phytochemical research, while maintaining its roots in classical Unani principles. This review traces the historical evolution of Ilmul Wasaful Aqaqeer, highlights its contributions to drug discovery, and underscores its relevance in contemporary herbal medicine and pharmaceutical research.
Keywords: Unani Medicine, Ilmul Wasaful Aqaqeer, Pharmacognosy, Historical Development
Applicability of Katan (Flaxseed) according to Unani Perspective and Scientific Insight: A comprehensive Review
No full textThis review comprehensively examines Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed) through the dual lenses of classical Unani medicine and contemporary biomedical research. It highlights flaxseed’s extensive therapeutic potential, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, bone-strengthening, anticancer, wound-healing, immunomodulatory, and gut microbiota-modulating effects. The integration of traditional Unani concepts such as Mizāj (temperament) and Akhlāṭ (humors) with modern pharmacological findings underscores the convergence of ancient humoral theory and molecular science. Key bioactive constituents—lignans, α-linolenic acid, mucilage polysaccharides, bioactive peptides, phenolic acids, and phytosterols—mediate these effects through synergistic mechanisms involving oxidative stress reduction, inflammation modulation, lipid metabolism regulation, and immune support. Clinical evidence supports flaxseed’s safety and efficacy within recommended doses, though variability in outcomes and limited large-scale trials highlight the need for further rigorous research. Emphasizing integrative approaches that incorporate Unani diagnostic frameworks, this review positions flaxseed as a valuable model for evidence-based integrative medicine and nutraceutical development.
Keywords: Flexseed, Katan, Unani Medicine, Linum usitatissimum, Pharmacolog
Unani Perspectives on Dyslipidemia: An Integrative Review of Classical Concepts and Contemporary Relevance
No full textBackground: This review examines dyslipidemia from both Unani and contemporary perspectives. Dyslipidemia is one of the most prevalent pathological conditions in modern times, primarily resulting from unhealthy dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles. Due to its high atherogenic potential, it is a major contributor to systemic disorders, particularly cardiovascular diseases and cerebrovascular accidents. In Unani medicine, dyslipidemia is attributed to the predominance of Baroodat (coldness) in the liver and the body, which disrupts the phlegmatic balance, impairs fat metabolism, and leads to abnormal accumulation. Accordingly, therapeutic interventions that temper hepatic and systemic coldness and restore metabolic harmony may offer significant benefits
Methods: Literature for this study was obtained from electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Elsevier, as well as from major resource libraries containing Unani books and manuscripts relevant to the topic.
Results: Lipids and phlegm share significant similarities in origin, nature, pathophysiology, and complications. Despite differences in terminology, both systems converge common outcomes such as vascular obstruction, metabolic inefficiency, and heightened cardiovascular risk. This suggests that classical descriptions of Balghamī disorders may represent early interpretations of lipid dysregulation.
Conclusion: Combining biomedical and Unani perspectives provides a more integrated view of dyslipidemia. Such an approach can enhance early recognition, guide context-specific interventions, and contribute to better cardiovascular risk management.
Keywords: Dyslipidaemia, lipids, Phlegm, Phlegmatic disorders, Unani Medicin
Guava Leaf (Psidium guajava): A Potential Natural Remedy for Ulcer Treatment
No full textMucosal injury triggered by disequilibrium between noxious factors like gastric acid and impaired mucosal defence mechanisms is a characteristic of peptic ulcers that are gastric, duodenal, and stress ulcers. Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic NSAID therapy, mental stress, cigarette smoking, and dietary habits are common etiologic causes. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 receptor antagonists, and antibiotics are some of the conventional ulcer medications that have worked well but are frequently linked to problems of recurrence, expense of therapy, adverse side effects, and drug resistance. Owing to these drawbacks, natural medicines like guava (Psidium guajava) leaves have gained interest due to their multi-target activity, easy availability, and good safety profiles. Guava leaf has long been traditionally utilized for the control of gastrointestinal disorders in various cultures. Its gastro protective effect is attributed to a multifaceted mixture of bioactive constituents, including alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol). Through the neutralization of oxidative stress, suppression of inflammation, reinforcement and repair of the gastric mucosal barrier, inhibition of H. pylori, and possibly stomach acid secretion modulation, these compounds operate in various mechanisms. Guava leaf provides a natural, plant-based solution with fewer side effects reported and additional benefits to health over traditional medicine. The argument for guava leaf as a natural cure for ulcers is further supported in this review, together with the benefits of this over traditional medicine treatments in terms of cost, safety, and broad-spectrum activity.
Keywords: Guava leaf, anti-ulcer activity, Phytochemicals, Gastroprotective effect, Herbal remedy
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry based Phytochemical Profiling of Marine Macroalga Ulva compressa Methanol Extract
Get PDFMarine macroalgae are widely recognized as vital sources of bioactive compounds, having prospective applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and biotechnology. As global demands for natural therapeutics continue to grow, marine macroalgae, especially Ulva species, have emerged as a promising candidate due to their diverse profiles of phytochemicals. In such cases, qualitative phytochemical analysis is fundamental in determining these bioactive constituents, as well as their potential functional activities. In this study, the methanolic extract of Ulva compressa was subjected to Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis in both positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) Electrospray Ionization modes to characterize its phytochemical composition in detail. Using ESI-, a total of 66 phytochemicals were detected, and 29 by ESI+, showing the phytochemical richness of the marine alga. The detected phytochemicals belonged to many biologically vital chemical classes, which include flavonoids, phenolics, peptides, fatty acids, lipids, terpenoids, and glycosides. These findings support the application of Ulva compressa as a marine-based resource for drug discovery and functional product development. This work also highlights the potential of LC-MS as an effective technique for marine phytochemical profiling, providing in-depth molecular insights.
Keywords: LC-MS, Phytochemical Profiling, Ulva compress
Nobiletin as a Neuroprotective Agent: Therapeutic Potential and Formulation Strategies for Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders
Get PDFObjectives: The purpose of this review is to investigate the neuroprotective properties of the dietary polymethoxy flavone nobiletin (NOB), specifically in connection to Alzheimer\u27s disease and other neurological conditions. To enhance the compound\u27s medicinal effectiveness, it also examines its chemical properties, modes of action, and the latest developments in formulation techniques.
Data Sources: From 2000 to 2024, pertinent scientific literature on pharmacological investigations, formulation developments, and preclinical assessments of nobiletin was compiled from databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science.
Study selection: Research was chosen based on its experimental significance for the pharmacodynamics, bioavailability, neuroprotective effectiveness, and formulation technologies of nobiletin. Pharmacokinetic studies, patents, and in vitro and in vivo research were all included.
Summary of Contents: Citrus peels are the primary source of nobiletin, which has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective qualities. Problems including low bioavailability and poor water solubility have prompted the creation of sophisticated formulations such as solid dispersions, micelles, and nanoemulsions. Its pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic potential have been enhanced by these developments.Conclusion: In conclusion, nobiletin has excellent potential as a neuroprotective agent, particularly for diseases such as Alzheimer\u27s. Although its unique structure promotes metabolic stability and membrane permeability, problems with solubility and bioavailability are now limiting practical translation. Its future therapeutic usage depends on addressing these constraints with innovative formulation techniques.
Keywords: Citrus flavonoids, Alzheimer\u27s disease, neuroprotection, nobiletin, bioavailability, and formulation techniques
Beyond Current Therapies: In Silico Drug Repurposing as a Strategy to Overcome Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance in NSCLC
Get PDFTyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) poses a major challenge to the long-term success of current targeted treatments. This paper explores this clinical obstacle and advocates for In Silico drug repurposing as an essential, rapid strategy to discover new therapies for various resistance mechanisms, including mutations in EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and MET. By applying advanced computational techniques, combining extensive genomic and phenotypic data, and utilizing sophisticated machine learning, this method provides a transformative way to find new uses for existing drugs. This approach significantly reduces the long development times, high costs, and failure rates associated with traditional new drug discovery. Although preclinical results are promising and clinical efforts are underway, there are no approved repurposed drugs specifically targeting TKI resistance in NSCLC, which remains a significant therapeutic challenge. We highlight the need for focused research to turn In Silico findings into practical clinical solutions, broadening treatment options and improving patient care in NSCLC.
Keywords: In Silico Drug Repurposing, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Drug Resistance