Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Comparative study of synthetic and natural superdisintegrants to enhance the disintegration of mouth dissolving tablets
No full textMouth dissolving tablets have received ever-increasing demand during the last decade, particularly the Mouth dissolving tablets drug delivery systems formulated with natural polymers have more demand because natural materials are easily available, easy to administer, non-toxic and non-irritant nature etc. The main aim of the present study was to formulate the Mouth dissolving tablets of Aceclofenac using mango pectin powder, Guar Gum and Aloe Vera mucilage. The results obtained from the natural polymer were compared with the synthetic superdisintegrants such as Sodium Starch Glycolate, Crosspovidone and Croscarmellose Sodium. The Mouth dissolving tablets different superdisintegrants with varying concentrations were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, drug content, disintegration time and drug release. The mouth dissolving tablets made from natural disintegrants was found superior over a mouth dissolving tablets made from a synthetic polymer.
Keywords: Mouth dissolving tablets, synthetic disintegrants, and natural disintegrants
Effects of Anti-Retroviral Drugs on Liver and Kidney function among HIV Patients Attending Gitwe District Hospital
Get PDFBackground: About 35.3 million people were living with HIV and AIDS worldwide by 2012 up from 33.4 million in 2008 and more than 25 million have died since the first cases were reported in 1981. Sub-Saharan Africa is the worst affected region with an estimated 25 million people (70.8%) of the global total. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for only 11-12% of the world’s population. The pandemic killed an estimated 1.4 million people in 2012 of which 1.2 million of the cases were from sub-Saharan Africa. The goal of ART is to suppress viral replication and have impaired immunity restored but its major drawback is adverse effects accompanying its use. HAART toxicity has emerged as an important complication and eventually a major reason for ART switch and/or discontinuation. Acute drug toxicities still exist, and although typically not life-threatening, they can affect the quality of life and patients’ willingness to adhere to their treatment regimens.
Aim: the present study aimed to assess the effects of anti-retroviral drugs on liver and kidney function among HIV patients at Gitwe District Hospital.
Methodology: The study used both cross-sectional and retrospective study. A total number of 118 patients participated in the study. Blood samples were examined to assess the effect of HAART on liver and kidney.
Results: Prevalence of abnormal liver and renal analytes in HAART treated were 42.4%.
Conclusion: The study recommended that Gitwe District Hospital and Ministry of Health should establish stringent measures in investigating and screening liver and renal dysfunction by taking blood samples for full hemogram. There are also needs for improvement of diagnostic ability of organs among patients on HAART by the health workers. Routine screening should be encouraged as a prophylactic measure.
Keywords: Anti-Retroviral Drugs, human immune-deficiency virus, Liver function, Kidney function
Antimicrobial Activities of Citrus Seed and Leaf Extracts Against Selected Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens Linked to Human Diseases: In vitro Experimental Study in Musanze, Rwanda
No full textAntimicrobial resistance has caused major challenges in both bacterial and fungal infections. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity with different crude extracts of leaves and seeds of Citrus limon against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans) obtained from different clinical settings. Filtrate extracts after maceration technique and the phytochemical substances detected in plants were flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid, glycoside, and resin under investigation. In vitro, a disc diffusion assay was applied to measure the inhibition zone of the plant effect in millimeters (mm). It was observed that Citrus limon activity showed the highest on ethanolic seed against Staphylococcus aureus and the lowest activity plant observed on methanolic leaf extract against Klebsiella oxytoca. The mean values of Citrus limon extract convinced there was no statistically significant correlation among extract solvents used in the study (ρ > 0.05). Oxacillin was used as the positive control and discs without antibiotic content as the negative control during testing. To conclude, ethanolic seed extract has shown the highest effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi from isolate. Indeed, plant extracts that showed potential effectiveness, such as (Citrus leaves and seeds) can be used as natural alternative preventive measures to control pathogenic bacterial diseases and prevent the rise of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, studies to evaluate the in vivo potential in an animal model are recommended.
Keywords: Citrus limon, Crude extract, Bacteria, Fungi, Antimicrobial resistance.
Restoration of Memory Potential by Piper betel Leaves Extract in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Induced Dementia in Mice
No full textThe present study has been designed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Piper betel in high fat diet (HFD) induced dementia and memory restoration effect in Albino mice by various parameters like Morris water maze (MWM) test, Elevated Plus Maze etc. and Estimation of serum total cholesterol using commercially available kit. Dementia is a syndrome in which the deterioration of cognitive functions occurs.
The results of this study indicate that the administration of a high-fat diet to the Swiss mice produces a severe deterioration of spatial memory as determined by the Morris water maze (MWM) test, Elevated Plus Maze, T Maze delayed alteration task performed. Administration of ethanolic extract of Piper betel (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days significantly attenuated high-fat diet-induced memory deficits. Moringa Oleifera treatment to HFD induced mice improves cognition by virtue of its results support that the protective effect obtained with Piper betel may be through the activation of pregnane x receptors.
ethanolic extract of Piper betel treatment to HFD induced mice improves cognition by virtue of its results, supports that the protective effect obtained with Piper betel may be through the activation of pregnane x receptors.
Keywords: Dementia, Piper betel, high fat diet, Morris water maze, Elevated plus Maze, T Maze and Piracetam
Venlafaxine induces Teratogenesis and alters SHH Gene Expression and Protein Biochemistry of Developing Gallus sp. Embryos
No full textThe use of antidepressant drugs during pregnancy is increasing globally. SNRIs and SSRIs are most widely used for treating panic disorders. Venlafaxine is an antidepressant that inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Given the increasing prevalence of antidepressant use during pregnancy, Venlafaxine exposure during the early stages of development could lead to changes in protein dynamics and disrupt essential gene pathways, raising concerns about the potential teratogenic effects of antidepressant exposure during pregnancy. This study explores the developmental impact of Venlafaxine, a commonly prescribed serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), on protein biochemistry and gene expression in the developing Gallus gallus domesticus embryos. Significant changes in protein profiles were observed among control and Venlafaxine-treated groups. Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene, a key regulator of embryonic patterning and organogenesis, specifically neural tube formation, and limb development, is known for its crucial role in embryonic development. qRT-PCR analysis of Venlafaxine-treated embryos showed changes in SHH gene expression suggesting that Venlafaxine may target SHH gene expression, and potentially alter signalling pathways crucial for normal embryogenesis. However, detailed studies are needed to understand the long-term consequences of prenatal and foetal antidepressant exposure on embryonic growth and development. These changes may lead to abnormal growth patterns or congenital defects, emphasizing the need for caution when prescribing Venlafaxine during pregnancy.
Keywords: Antidepressants, Venlafaxine, SNRI, Gallus gallus domesticus, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Protein Biochemistry, qRT-PC
In-vitro approaches to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of phytochemicals: A Review
No full textPhytochemicals, bioactive compounds derived from plants, have drawn considerable attention for their ability to modulate inflammatory pathways, presenting promising alternatives for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammation, a complex biological response to injury or infection, involves a cascade of cellular and molecular events mediated by enzymes, cytokines, and reactive species. In vitro assays provide an essential platform for screening and investigating the anti-inflammatory potential of phytochemicals, offering valuable insights into their mechanisms of action. Commonly used techniques include the inhibition of protein denaturation and membrane stabilization, which evaluate the ability of compounds to prevent structural damage to proteins and cell membranes. Enzymatic assays, such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibition tests, focus on the suppression of key enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Other assays, like proteinase and hyaluronidase inhibition tests, assess the ability of compounds to block enzymes contributing to tissue degradation and inflammation. These assays offer robust, reproducible frameworks for evaluating phytochemicals in preclinical research, helping to identify compounds with potential therapeutic value. However, their limitations, such as lack of in vivo context and inter-assay variability, necessitate their integration with complementary studies to validate findings and understand their translational significance.
Keywords: Phytochemicals, in vitro methods, anti-inflammatory activity, protein denaturation, membrane stabilizatio
Cephalosporin Utilization Pattern and Prescribing Trends in Gram-Negative Bacteria: Evidence for Facilitating Antimicrobial Stewardship
Get PDFBackground: India faces a high burden of infectious diseases globally, with Gram-negative bacteria posing a major threat. Cephalosporins are commonly used to treat these infections, but focused data on their utilization for Gram-negative infections is scarce, hindering targeted treatment and antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Our study aims to address this by providing comprehensive data on cephalosporin use for Gram-negative infections, promoting rational drug use, and enhancing antimicrobial stewardship practices.
Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in Chennai from July to October 2024, to evaluate cephalosporin use in Gram-negative infections. The study enrolled 126 patients aged 20-70 prescribed cephalosporins, either empirically or on definitive therapy based on culture results. Data on demographics, diagnoses, culture reports, and treatment were recorded, categorized as empirical or definitive, and analyzed using chi-square tests (p < 0.05).
Results: The analysis showed a significant preference for third-generation cephalosporins in empiric and definitive therapy, confirmed by substantial deviations from expected distributions (p < 0.05), with cefoperazone with sulbactam being the most frequently prescribed in empirical treatment.
Conclusion: The study reveals the predominant use of third-generation cephalosporins in treating Gram-negative infections, emphasizing the need for antimicrobial stewardship, stricter guidelines and treatment protocols to include definitive therapies, and promoting rational drug use by adhering to antibiotic policies to combat resistance.
Keywords: Cephalosporin, Gram-negative infection, Drug Utilization, Prescribing pattern, antimicrobial stewardship
Effectiveness of Alosteen Toothpaste: A Comprehensive Analysis
No full textDental health is a critical component of overall well-being, with poor oral hygiene linked to systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders and diabetes. Alosteen Toothpaste, developed by Renatus Nova, is a novel oral care product enriched with bioactive and natural ingredients. This study evaluates the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and physical properties of Alosteen, comparing its efficacy to that of marketed products. Results from pH, viscosity, foamability, abrasiveness, antioxidant activity, and stability tests indicate that Alosteen outperforms conventional toothpaste in key parameters, offering superior dental protection and therapeutic benefits. This paper aims to discuss the detailed methodology, results, and implications of these findings.
Keywords: Alosteen toothgel, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidan
Investigation of Placentas of Preeclamptic Patients with Very Premature Membrane Rupture
No full textPurpose: In this study, placental histological differences between the control group and the PROM+preeclampsia group were evaluated.
Materials and Methods: In our study, placentas were obtained from a total of 90 pregnant patients (regardless of age), including 45 control and 45 PROM+Preeclampsia pregnant patients, by obtaining informed consent form.
Results: In the control group, placental structures appeared normal with regular chorionic villi, properly organized trophoblast layers, minimal syncytial nodes, and limited fibrin accumulation. Villous capillary endothelial cells were thin and elongated, while stromal cells were well-placed without signs of bleeding or inflammation. In the PROM+preeclampsia group, villous degeneration, trophoblastic apoptosis, vascular congestion, endothelial hyperplasia, and increased fibrin deposition were observed. The intervillous area showed extensive hemorrhage and immune cell infiltration, with numerous Hoffbauer cells in the villous stroma and marked decidual cell degeneration near the maternal plate.
Conclusion: In our study, placental histopathological changes observed in the PROM+preeclampsia group show that this condition may seriously affect the placental structure.
Keywords: placenta, PROM, histopathology, preeclampsia
Synergistic Anti-Migration Effects of Garcinia cowa and Doxorubicin in T47D Breast Cancer Cells: A Scratch Assay Analysis
No full textObjective: Breast cancer metastasis is a major cause of mortality, highlighting the need for effective anti-migratory therapies. This study investigated the synergistic anti-migratory effects of Garcinia cowa bark ethanol extract and doxorubicin on T47D breast cancer cells, aiming to explore its potential as a combination therapy to inhibit cancer cell migration
Methods: T47D cells were treated with Garcinia cowa bark ethanol extract (GCBEE) (130 µg/mL), doxorubicin (Dox) (0.026 µg/mL), and their combination. Cell migration was evaluated using the scratch assay, with scratch closure monitored at 0, 24, and 48 hours.
Results: The combination of GCBEE (130 µg/mL) and Dox (0.026 µg/mL) significantly inhibited T47D cell migration at both 24 and 48 hours, compared to the individual treatments of DOx (0.026 µg/mL) alone and GCBEE (130 µg/mL) alone.
Conclusions: The combination of Garcinia cowa ehtanol extract and doxorubicin demonstrates synergistic anti-migratory effects on T47D breast cancer cells, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant therapy to enhance the efficacy of doxorubicin in preventing metastasis.
Keywords: Garcinia cowa, doxorubicin, T47D cells, anti-migration, scratch assay, combination therapy