Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Oral Thin Films: A Modern Frontier in Drug Delivery Systems
Get PDFOral thin films (OTFs) are gaining popularity in the pharmaceutical industry for their advantages over traditional oral dosage forms, especially for patients with swallowing difficulties, such as children and the elderly. OTFs provide a discreet, convenient, and fast-acting method of drug administration. They dissolve quickly in saliva, enabling rapid absorption through the oral mucosa, bypassing first-pass metabolism and enhancing bioavailability, which can reduce required doses and side effects. OTFs are particularly useful for poorly soluble drugs and allow for precise dosing, making them ideal for pediatric patients. They can also mask unpleasant tastes, improving patient acceptance. Research on OTFs is expanding, with innovations like pH-sensitive films, micro-pellet-loaded films, and the potential for delivering vaccines and probiotics. The OTF market is projected to reach $7.65 billion by 2028, growing at a 13.6% CAGR. Future developments focus on personalized OTFs, made possible by printing technologies like inkjet and 3D printing, offering tailored dosing and drug combinations. OTFs hold great promise to revolutionize drug delivery, benefiting both patients and healthcare providers.
Key words: Oral thin film, Pediatric and geriatric drug dosing, market growth of OTF, Technologies of preparation of fil
Optimizing levofloxacin delivery using nanoparticles: a strategy for improved bioavailability and targeted release
Get PDFNanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a powerful strategy to enhance drug bioavailability and ensure targeted therapeutic release. Levofloxacin (LFX), a widely used broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is limited by poor aqueous solubility, low oral bioavailability, and systemic side effects. This study investigates the formulation, characterization, and evaluation of levofloxacin-loaded nanoparticles aimed at improving its pharmacological performance. Various nanoparticle carriers, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanocarriers, and inorganic nanoparticles, were explored for their ability to encapsulate LFX and improve its delivery. Key formulation parameters such as encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, in vitro release profile, and stability at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C were assessed. The optimized formulations demonstrated acceptable stability and sustained drug release across the tested conditions. Biocompatibility studies revealed no significant cytotoxic effects, as confirmed by high cell viability percentages, indicating the safety of the nanoparticle systems. Furthermore, the nanoparticle-loaded formulations exhibited enhanced dissolution behavior and potent in vitro antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (p<0.05). Pharmacokinetic studies revealed statistically significant improvements (p<0.05) in maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), elimination half-life (t1/2), and area under the curve (AUC) compared to conventional formulations. In vivo evaluation using an infection model confirmed the superior antimicrobial efficacy of the nanoparticle-based system. The results collectively indicate that nanoparticle-based delivery of LFX substantially improves its bioavailability, pharmacokinetic profile, and therapeutic efficacy. These findings support the potential application of nanotechnology in overcoming the limitations of conventional LFX therapy and enhancing clinical outcomes in bacterial infection treatment.
Keywords: Nanoparticle, Levofloxacin, Bioavailability, Encapsulation efficiency, Drug release kinetic
Ameliorative effects of Psidium guajava leaf extract on ibuprofen-induced renal toxicity
Get PDFIbuprofen is an effective, cheap, and frequently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Due to its availability as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug, there has been a prevalent increase in its abuse and overuse which poise high level risk of toxicity. Psidium guajava has been shown to be organoprotective. This present research study probed the efficacy of Psidium guajava (guava) leaf extract in mitigating ibuprofen-induced toxicity using renal parameters, haematological parameters in male albino Wistar rats. Adult male albino Wistar rats were weighed and separated into six groups of six rats each. Groups 1 & 2 served as normal and toxic controls receiving deionized water rand ibuprofen (20mg/kg) respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given 1250, 2500 and 3750mg/kg of Psidium guajava orally, respectively concomitantly with ibuprofen 20mg/kg for 28 days. Renal and haematological parameters obtained from the results served as scientific evidence in the study. Psidium guajava treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the decrease in the levels of haematological parameters (PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, PLT, MCHC, MCV, N, L, E, and M) as produced by ibuprofen. This decrease was significant (P<0.05) for RBC and platelet count. Similarly, alterations in the renal parameters produced by ibuprofen were mitigated by Psidium guajava administration. There were significant (P < 0.05) decrease in serum levels of sodium (126.0 ± 5.7 to 118.0 ± 1.0), potassium (3.8 ± 0.3 to 3.4 ± 0.3 mmol/L), creatinine (184 ± 6.6 to 83.5 ± 6.4 mg/dL) and urea (11.0 ± 1.0 to 4.3 ± 0.9 mg/dL) in the ibuprofen (20mg/kg) plus 2500 mg/kg Psidium guajava-treated groups. Ibuprofen produced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in serum albumin (45.0 ± 4.2 to 39.4 ± 3.6 g/dL) which was reversed in the Psidium guajava-treated groups. Histoarchitecture of the kidney tissues obtained from rats treated with ibuprofen with Psidium guajava extract (2500mg/kg and 3750 mg/kg) extract showed normal glomerulus, renal vessel, proximal and distal convoluted tubules with no obvious distortions. The collated evidence in this study indicates that Psidium guajava leaf extract may possess ameliorative effects against ibuprofen-induced toxicity in albino Wistar rats.
Keywords: Psidium guajava, nephroprotection, ibuprofen toxicity, renal function,
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies
Get PDFHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of death in cirrhosis and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and viral hepatitis, significantly increase the risk of HCC. Early detection and treatment are vital to improving patient outcomes. HCC development involves complex interactions between liver cells, genetic changes, and environmental factors. Diagnostic approaches include imaging tests, biomarkers, and liquid biopsy. Current treatments comprise surgery, liver transplantation, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies. Preventing HCC through lifestyle changes, such as reducing alcohol intake and maintaining a healthy weight, is crucial. Understanding HCC\u27s molecular mechanisms is essential for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.
Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer diagnosis, Cirrhosis, chronic liver diseas
Current and Emerging Formulations in Topical Antifungal Therapy: A Comparative Overview
Get PDFFungal infections, a widespread issue, affect millions of people worldwide and can range from minor skin diseases to serious, sometimes fatal infections. Traditional topical treatments, such as creams, gels, sprays, and ointments, are popular for treating fungal infections due to their ease of use, fewer adverse effects, and safety. However, they have drawbacks like frequent application, inability to stay on the skin for extended periods, and uneven efficacy. New drug delivery technologies, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and microemulsions, are transforming the treatment of fungal diseases by improving drug interaction with the skin, enhancing patient comfort, and reducing side effects.
Keywords: Fungal infections, Topical antifungal therapy, Nanotechnology, Therapeutic efficacy
Medicinal Potential of Curcuma caesia Roxb.: Phytochemical Composition and TLC Profile of Hydroalcoholic Rhizome Extract
Get PDFCurcuma caesia (black turmeric) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Southeast Asia for the treatment of various ailments, including inflammation and cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile and chromatographic characteristics of its hydroalcoholic rhizome extract to explore its anticancer potential. The rhizome extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening to identify major classes of bioactive compounds. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was performed using six different solvent systems of varying polarity to achieve comprehensive phytochemical profiling. Chromatograms were visualized under UV light (365 nm), and Rf values were calculated to assess compound diversity and migration behavior. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and glycosides. TLC profiling showed distinct separation patterns across all solvent systems, with the most effective resolution observed in Methanol:Ethyl Acetate (2:8) and Toluene:Ethyl Acetate (2:8) systems. A total of 69 phytoconstituent bands were detected across all chromatograms, with Rf values ranging from 0.08 to 0.94, indicating high chemical diversity. Bright fluorescent spots under UV light suggested the presence of conjugated aromatic compounds typical of phenolics and flavonoids. The study highlights the rich phytochemical composition and chromatographic complexity of Curcuma caesia rhizome extract, supporting its potential as a natural source of anticancer agents. The presence of biologically active compounds, especially flavonoids and terpenoids.
Keywords: Curcuma caesia, phytochemical screening, TLC profile, rhizome extract
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites from Leptadenia pyrotechnica and Crataeva nurvala
Get PDFPlants are an abundant source of bioactive compounds that are valuable for medicinal and therapeutic applications. The present study investigates the qualitative presence of primary and secondary metabolites in Leptadenia pyrotechnica and Crataeva nurvala, two plants widely used in traditional medicine. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of primary metabolites, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, as well as secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Quantitative analysis highlighted variations in metabolite composition between plant parts. Notably, Leptadenia pyrotechnica aerial parts exhibited high protein and lipid content, while Crataeva nurvala leaf showed significant phenol concentration. Our research demonstrates that Leptadenia pyrotechnica and Crataeva nurvala possess a rich array of bioactive compounds, validating their traditional medicinal applications. The identified metabolites exhibit potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, necessitating further investigation to characterize and quantify these compounds. This study lays the groundwork for future pharmacological studies and underscores the significance of preserving and sustainably utilizing these plant species in natural medicine. The results have far-reaching implications for the development of innovative therapeutic agents and the promotion of complementary and alternative medicinal practices.
Keywords: Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Crataeva nurvala, alkaloids, flavonoids, phytochemical
New Method of Quality and Quantity Control of the Insulin Glulisine Pharmaceuticals Based on Intrinsic Radiothermal Emission
Get PDFAccording to the WHO, the prevalence of type I and type II diabetes in the world exceeds 800 million people (14% of the adult population). Insulin pharmaceuticals are therapeutically applied in various configurations with different pharmacokinetic characteristics. There exist highly effective, validated methods for their quality control. However, each method exhibits a number of disadvantages, including long-term sample preparation, significant expense, and the inability to analyze the sample without opening the primary packaging.
Objective: The aim of current work is to develop a new approach to control the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a drugs based on insulin glulisine without opening the primary packaging.
Materials and methods: Insulin glulisine; TES-92 for estimating the intensity of the flux density of its intrinsic radiothermal emission; Zetasizer Nano ZSP for determining the dimensional characteristics of the samples.
Results: The heating of the samples to 370С effectively activates the emission activity (9.5 ± 0.5 µW/m2). The proposed method enables the differentiation of drugs that possess divergent qualitative characteristics. The effect of stress factors on the emission activity of insulin glulisine has been studied: heating, freezing and UV irradiation reduce the values of the flux density (1.2 ± 0.1; 1.7 ± 0.2; 3.2 ± 0.7 µW/m2). The feasibility of employing the proposed method for the quantitative determination of insulin samples is demonstrated.
Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, the radiothermal emission detection method can be applied to control the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of biologically active drugs without opening the primary packaging.
Keywords: insulin, quality control, quantity control, non-invasive method, intrinsic radiothermal emission, diabete
Traditional Wisdom Meets Chronic Disease: Unani Success in Managing Psoriasis with Zimad and Leech Therapy-A Case Report
Get PDFBackground: Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder marked by erythematous plaques with silvery-white scales, significantly affecting patients’ physical and psychological well-being. Conventional therapies, while often effective in symptom control, can result in side effects or limited long-term efficacy. Unani medicine, a traditional holistic system, incorporates unique therapeutic modalities such as Zimad (topical applications) and Taleeq (leech therapy), which aim to restore humoral balance and detoxify the body.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Unani therapeutic interventions, specifically Zimad and Leech therapy, in a patient with chronic psoriasis unresponsive to conventional treatments.
Methods: A 45-year-old female with 15-year history of psoriasis was presented with widespread lesions, erythema, scaling, and pruritus. The patient was treated with Unani regimens like Taleeq (Leech Therapy) in which, two leeches over the affected site were applied twice a week for 10 sittings along with herbal Zimad containing anti-inflammatory and keratolytic properties was applied twice daily. Clinical assessment was performed at baseline, 21st day and 35th day using Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Dermatological Life Quality Index (DLQI).
Results: Marked improvement was observed after 35 days of treatment. Erythema, scaling, and itching were significantly reduced, with a notable decrease in PASI and DLQI scores. The patient reported improved quality of life and no adverse effects. The outcome suggests potential benefits of Unani therapy in managing psoriasis.
Conclusion: This case demonstrates that Unani therapies, particularly Zimad and Taleeq, may offer an effective complementary approach for managing chronic psoriasis, especially in patients who are unresponsive to conventional treatments. These modalities appear to support symptom relief through detoxification and humoral correction without adverse events. Larger-scale clinical studies are warranted to validate these findings.
Keywords: Psoriasis, Taqashshur al-Jild, Zimad, Taleeq, Leech Therapy, Unan
Anticancer activity and toxicity of decoction of Ipomoea batatas leaves and Milicia excelsa roots used in cancer
Get PDFMedicinal plants are an integral part of the healthcare system in Africa. In traditional medicine, a mixture of Ipomoea batatas leaves and Milicia excelsa roots is used to treat cancer, mostly breast and colon cancer. It can be used on its own or with other common cancer treatments. While popular belief assumes that medicinal plants, being natural, are healthier than conventional medicines, scientific studies have shown that plants can induce serious adverse effects and influence a patient\u27s prognosis. In order to regulate its use, a literature review of the information available on the composition, toxicity and anti-cancer properties of the decoction of Ipomoea batatas leaves and Milicia excelsa roots was carried out in December 2024. To date, there are no scientific publications on the composition, toxicity and anticancer activity of the decoction of extracts of Ipomoea batatas leaves and Milicia excelsa roots. However, the leaves of Ipomoea batatas and the roots of Milicia excelsa, taken separately, are very rich in secondary metabolites which have been shown to be effective against several types of cancer. In terms of toxicity, Ipomoea batatas leaves are best tolerated at doses of 10 to 100 mg/kg. The roots of Milicia excelsa have not been the subject of repeated-dose toxicity studies. This review of the literature revealed a lack of data, particularly in terms of safety, which prevented the formulation of recommendations concerning its use. To find out more about the safety and effectiveness of using a mixture of Ipomoea batatas leaves and Milicia excelsa roots to treat cancer, more research needs to be done.
Keywords: Anticancer activity, toxicity, Ipomoea batatas, Milicia excelsa