Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Intranasal nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for neurodegenerative disorders: an Overview
No full textIntranasal nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have received increased attention in pharmaceutical research due to their ability to increase drug bioavailability, bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and provide non-invasive, patient-friendly alternatives to drug administration, particularly for drugs intended for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Drugs delivered via nasal route can enter the CNS via the olfactory pathway or the trigeminal nerve pathway, enabling access to deeper regions. Intranasal nanoparticulate systems have several pharmacological benefits, including increased bioavailability, a faster onset of action, higher patient compliance, and less systemic adverse effects. Intranasal nanoparticulate drug delivery has shown promise in a variety of therapeutic areas, including Alzheimer\u27s disease, Parkinson\u27s disease, depression, and anxiety. Intranasal vaccinations and antibacterial Nanoparticle are also utilized to treat respiratory and viral illnesses. This technique is thought to be useful in brain-targeted chemotherapeutic drugs for glioblastoma treatment. The authors of this review attempted to investigate the pharmacological features of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, including their benefits, mechanisms, formulation methodologies, and clinical applications.
Keywords: Alzheimer\u27s disease, Drug delivery, Nanoparticle, Nasal route, Neuro inflammation, Parkinson’s disease,
Cobalt nanomaterials as a delivery system in combating infectious diseases and cancer
No full textInfectious diseases and cancer possessing the most serious public health hazards throughout the world require the developments of more effective strategies to control them. The conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been restricted with their side effects and low efficiency such as insolubility, toxicity, non-specificity, drug resistance and other biological barriers urging for new technologies with more suitable therapeutic efficacies. Cobalt, the essential ultra-trace component, is involved in the metabolism of various organisms owing to its pivotal role in cobalamin (vitamin B12). Cobalt nanomaterials (CoNMs) such as cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) and cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO, Co2O3, Co3O4 NPs) have attracted attention not only for their nano-sizes, high surface area to volume ratios, intrinsic spinel crystal structures, photochemical, catalytic and bio-imaging features, ferromagnetic, antimicrobial and anticancer activities but also for their low synthesized costs, hypo-toxicity, photothermal conversion and high drug loading capabilities against anticancer and anti-infection treatments. Their surface-modifications with ligands/coatings and cargos may enhance their therapeutic efficiencies as nano-medicinal delivery system against diseases. This review demonstrates mainly the synthesis of CoNMs and their surface functionalization, characterizations, mechanisms of action, biomedical applications, toxicity, and elimination to consider them as future suitable nano-medicinal delivery system in combating infectious diseases and cancer.
Keywords: Infectious diseases and cancer; Cobalt nanomaterials; Delivery system; Therapeutic efficacie
Study on Drug Utilization and Prescribing Patterns of Antibiotics in the Pulmonology Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital
No full textBackground: The study aimed to evaluate drug utilization and prescribing patterns of antibiotics in the Pulmonology Department of a tertiary care hospital, with emphasis on rationality, adherence to standard treatment guidelines (STGs), and compliance with the National List of Essential Medicines(NLEM).
Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Pulmonology Department of PK Das Institute of Medical Sciences, Palakkad, including 300 prescriptions from patients diagnosed with respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, WHO core prescribing indicators, and adherence to STGs.
Results: The mean age of the study population was 37.87 ± 22.05 years, with males comprising 53.3%. Cephalosporins (47%) were the most prescribed antibiotics, followed by penicillins (32.7%), macrolides (30.7%), and fluoroquinolones (26.3%). Generic prescribing was minimal (2.2%), while NLEM compliance was high (99.6%). Overall, 9.3% of prescriptions were irrational due to duplication or unnecessary broad-spectrum use.
Conclusion: Although adherence to guidelines was satisfactory, empirical therapy and low generic prescribing remain major issues. Continuous audit and stewardship interventions are vital to promote rational antibiotic use.
Keywords: Antibiotic prescribing, drug utilization, respiratory infections, pulmonology, antimicrobial resistance, stewardship
Solubility and Dissolution Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drug Apixaban by Solid Dispersion
No full textApixaban is an anticoagulant used for the prophylaxis of stroke and systemic embolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leading to pulmonary embolism (PE), including in patients after a hip or knee replacement surgery. Apixaban has low water solubility, but more soluble in organic solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide. Various formulation strategies, such as solid dispersions and cocrystals, are being explored to enhance its solubility and bioavailability. Present work is primarily focused on the development of solid dispersions of apixaban through solvent evaporation technique utilizing a blend of lactose and MCC as a carrier. The dissolution test results showed that the increasing amount of lactose gave a significantly higher percentage of drug release profile. The present study introduced a new APX SD that potentially exhibits better solubility and permeability, thus increasing APX’s bioavailability.
Keywords: Solid dispersion; Apixaban; lactose; MCC; Solvent evaporation; Solubility; Dissolution; Bioavailabilit
Leveraging the potential of carbon: carbon quantum dots as a versatile probe for cancer diagnosis and treatment
No full textIn the global plane, cancer calls for creative strategies for diagnosis and treatment. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as a novel material for the field of cancer theranostics, showing their distinguishing features: biocompatibility, easy surface functionalization, and controllable fluorescence. Compared with semiconductor quantum dots, carbon-based fluorescent nanocrystals, called CQDs typically under 10 nm in size, are easier to synthesize and much less toxic. This paper reviews the synthesis, characterization and applications of CQDs synthesized from biomolecules and medicinal plants, which may be used to treat cancer. Depending on the method, several techniques have been developed for the synthesis of CQDs. Laser ablation, electrochemical oxidation, hydrothermal treatment and microwave synthesis are among the techniques developed for this purpose. Characterization techniques assist in gathering detailed information related to the structural and optical characteristics of CQDs. The review also discusses the challenges of CQDs and their future prospects by underlining the need for further research work to cope with the issues of toxicity, biocompatibility, and delivery specifically to the brain. Overall, the review holds enormous potential to revolutionize cancer treatment through a theranostic approach that combines diagnosis, imaging, and therapy.
Keywords: Carbon quantum dots, cancer, photodynamic therap
Prevalence and Usage of Dietary Supplements among Teenagers in Chennai: A Cross-sectional Study
Get PDFIntroduction: The use of dietary supplements is increasingly common among teenagers globally, driven by a variety of motivations such as perceived health benefits, peer influence, and body image concerns. Dietary supplements include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal products intended to supplement one\u27s diet and promote health. However, inappropriate or excessive use of these supplements can pose health risks, particularly in adolescents who may lack sufficient information about proper dosage and potential side effects. This study aims to analyze the prevalence and usage patterns of dietary supplements among teenage students in Chennai. Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional study was carried out for a period of 6 months from May to October 2024. A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data and a total of 175 responses analysed using descriptive statistics with statistical significance, p-value < 0.05. Results: Approximately 60% of the participants reported using dietary supplements. Among the users, 65% were male, and 35% were female, indicating a higher prevalence of dietary usage among male teenagers. A significant difference in supplement use was observed between medical and non-medical students. The most commonly used supplements were multivitamins, protein powders, and omega-3 fatty acids. Medical students showed a higher usage of specific supplements, possibly due to greater awareness of health benefits. Most students reported using supplements for general health improvement, increased energy, and enhanced physical appearance. Medical students more frequently cited specific health benefits and disease prevention as reasons for use. Conclusion: This study indicates a high prevalence of dietary supplement use among teenagers in Chennai, with a notable gender difference and higher usage rates among medical students. The findings suggest that medical students, possibly due to their academic training, may have a heightened awareness of dietary supplements\u27 potential benefits. However, the widespread use of supplements among teenagers, especially for aesthetic reasons, underscores the need for health education that informs adolescents about safe and effective use. Schools, parents, and healthcare providers should collaborate to ensure that teenagers have access to reliable information, minimizing the risks associated with unsupervised supplement intake.
Keywords: Dietary supplements, Protein, Vitamin, Teenager
Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery System: A New Approach
Get PDFAn extensive examination of the prior developments of drug delivery systems (DDS) based on nanoparticles will be covered in this study, along with novel research findings on the therapeutic improvement of antiretroviral therapy. Practitioners will be able to provide medications to target particular body parts thanks to the use of nanoparticle DDS. The application of nanoparticles as a DDS is having a discernible therapeutic impact in the treatment of cancers. DDS will also be used in medical imaging to illuminate brain function, cancers, or other body cellular activities. There is great promise for using nanoparticle DDS to enhance human health. Its unique features, such as its nanoscale structure, improved permeability and retention capacity, higher surface-area-to-volume ratio, ability to be functionalized on the surface etc., make it a successful drug delivery method for the administration of antiviral treatments. The more important variables that impact target-specific drug delivery, optimal cellular uptake, degree of opsonization by host immune cells, drug retention time, transcytosis, biological half-life extension, in vivo stability, and cytotoxicity are nevertheless the size, shape, charge, and surface topology of the nanoparticles. The review will shed light on the significant obstacle of clinical safety and efficacy as well as the elaborate role of drug delivery based on nanotechnology.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Dendrimers, Controlled drug release, Nanoparticle, Nanospheres
In vitro investigation of antifungal efficacy of diclofenac sodium salt against Aspergillus spp. strains causing food spoilage: a drug repurposing approach
No full textFungal species especially Aspergillus spp. causes contamination in food causing food spoilage. Aspergillus flavus is the most common fungal pathogen which secrets highly poisionous secondary metabolite aflatoxin which is toxic to mammals. So, to identify a compound which can control contamination of A. flavus of food is necessary and challenging. Drug repurposing is an alternative which is less time consuming and economical. Current study aimed to investigate potential of NSAID drug-diclofenac sodium for its antifungal potency. Isolation of Aspergillus species causing food contamination were carried out by the suspension-dilution technique and inoculation on agar medium from peanuts. Antifungal efficacy of diclofenac was conducted using the agar plate and liquid dilution methods. The inhibitory effect of diclofenac sodium was found significantly on A. flavus and A. niger in concentration dependent manner. The mycelial was significantly reduced at concentration of 300 µg/ml diclofenac for both A. flavus and A. niger strains. The MIC50 was achieved at 300 and 1200 µg/ml for A. flavus and A. niger respectively in liquid medium. Our findings suggest diclofenac can be used effectively to control food spoilage caused by Aspergillus species.
Keywords: Diclofenac sodium, Aspergillus spp, Drug repurposing, Mycelium inhibitio
A review on therapeutic effect of Siddha classical formulation Seenthil Chooranam
Get PDFIntroduction: Seenthil Chooranam is a classical Siddha formulation composed of Tinospora cordifolia, Eclipta prostrata, and earthworm extract. Traditionally used in Siddha medicine, it is known for its diverse therapeutic applications. The modern pharmacological studies on individual ingredients suggest its potential in managing various diseases due to its bioactive compounds, which exhibit multiple medicinal properties.
Objective: The objective of this review is to analyse the pharmacological activities of Seenthil Chooranam, evaluate its traditional indications, and examine scientific studies supporting its medicinal applications.
Source of Data Collection: The data for this review was collected from classical Siddha texts, published research articles, pharmacological studies, and scientific databases. Relevant literature on the bioactive compounds and therapeutic applications of Seenthil Chooranam and its key ingredients was systematically analysed.
Summary of the Content: Seenthil Chooranam is known for its wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing effects. The active compounds present in its ingredients, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and bioactive peptides, contribute to its therapeutic potential. It has been traditionally indicated for the treatment of sinusitis, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, cough, bronchial asthma, scrotal swelling, alopecia areata, and hair fall. Scientific studies validate its medicinal benefits, supporting its traditional use in managing various diseases.
Conclusion: This review establishes a strong correlation between Siddha textual references and modern pharmacological research, affirming the therapeutic potential of Seenthil Chooranam. While scientific evidence supports its medicinal applications, further research is necessary to determine its safety, optimal dosage, and clinical efficacy for widespread therapeutic use. Integrating traditional knowledge with contemporary research could enhance its acceptance in modern medicine.
Keywords: Seenthil Chooranam, Tinospora cordifolia, Eclipta prostrata, Earthworm, Chemical constituents, Pharmacological activity
Banana Peel Bar: An Effective Nutritional Supplement
Get PDFEvery year a lot of kitchen waste is generated, mainly fruit and vegetable peels. The increasing population increases the demand for raw materials and thus impact the generation of this waste. The large amount of waste gets dumped into dumping grounds, causing various airborne and waterborne diseases. The peels of vegetables and fruits can result as nutritional components of food or medicinal components of pharmaceutical products, as they contain various phytochemicals and nutrients. This research looks upon such a beneficial and cost-effective element that is Banana peels. Banana peels have been used since ancient times due to their soothing, anti-inflammatory, and fibre-rich properties. Banana peel is the core component of our nutritive bar along with various beneficial components like dates, rice flakes, germinated wheat, magaj (Watermelon seeds), and charoli seeds (Cuddapah almond) which provide an additional and balanced nutrient value to our nutritive bar. Why a nutritive bar? Nutritive bars are a balanced source of nutrients that fills the satiety and are also cost-effective so that the common man can affordably purchase them.
Keywords: Banana peel, Nutritive bar, Nutrition supplement, Fruit waste, Peel bar