Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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An Innovative Formulation Development Approach of Sustained Release Matrix Tablet: A Review
No full textThis review delves about the various manufacturing process/ method of the sustained release matrix tablet & the methods are direct compression, wet granulation, dry granulation, foam granulation, freeze granulation, nanosponge, sintering method, 3D Printing. These all method possesses distinctive traits & unique benefits. The choice of process depends upon the specific formulation, desired tablet characteristic and production scale. In these methods, the solid medicaments are distributed throughout the porous matrix formed by the polymer which controls the medicament releasing & there is a presence of a novel strategy for prolonging drug release is the disintegration-controlled matrix, which maintains release for up to 24 hours by regulating the tablets breakdown rate. This review also discusses about the formulation of sustained release matrix tablet by using Quality by Design (QbD) & their dissolution patterns is indirectly detected by using the AI tool.
Keywords: Sintering, Nano sponge, 3-D Printing, DCMT (Disintegration Controlled Matrix Tablet), Sustained-Release, Artificial intelligence
Formulation and development of capsules containing dry extracts from the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and the sheaths of Sorghum caudatum H., intended as a dietary supplement
No full textIntroduction: Anthocyanin-rich extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces and Sorghum caudatum H. sheaths are promising antioxidants, but instability and dose variability limit use. This study aimed to standardize and manufacturing capsules containing lyophilized and purified dry extracts with affordable, plant-based excipients.
Methodology: An experimental program (Ouagadougou, Nov 2022–Aug 2023) prepared three extracts, lyophilized H. sabdariffa, purified H. sabdariffa, and purified S. caudatum. Physicochemical and pharmacotechnical tests assessed appearance, pH, hygroscopicity, residual moisture, and powder flow (angle of repose, Carr index, Hausner ratio). Total anthocyanins were quantified by differential pH (H. sabdariffa) and Stonestreet (S. caudatum). Size-0 capsules were formulated with maize starch and, when needed, colloidal silica; quality control evaluated appearance, mass uniformity (n=20), and disintegration (n=6).
Results: Extracts were acidic (pH 4.4–5.3), had residual moisture <10%, and were hygroscopic. Anthocyanins were 11.33±0.49 mg/g (lyophilized H. sabdariffa), 83.91±0.15 mg/g (purified H. sabdariffa), and 317.77±10.07 mg/g (purified S. caudatum). Flow was fairly good for lyophilized Hibiscus (Hausner 1.25) but poor to extremely poor for purified extracts (1.39–1.64); colloidal silica improved filling. Capsules were cylindrical, smooth, and compliant for mass uniformity; mean disintegration was 2.88–3.91 min.
Discussion: Capsules manufacturing enhanced standardized dose delivery, masked acidity, and limited environmental degradation. Gaps include granulometry, microbiological testing, post-formulation flow testing, and finished-product anthocyanin assay; ICH-aligned stability, dissolution in biorelevant media, and content uniformity are recommended.
Conclusion: Bench-scale standardization and capsules manufacturing yielded reproducible, rapidly disintegrating capsules suitable for supplementation and highlight the value of local botanicals.
Keywords: Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Sorghum caudatum H, anthocyanins, capsule
Solid lipid nanoparticles: a promising platform for controlled and targeted drug delivery
No full textSolid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) represent a significant advancement in the field of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, offering the benefits of enhanced bioavailability, controlled drug release, and biocompatibility. These submicron carriers are composed of solid lipids stabilized by surfactants and are designed to encapsulate a wide variety of therapeutic agents. Compared to conventional nanocarriers such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, SLNs offer improved physical stability, scalability, and controlled release profiles. This review highlights the key components of SLNs, including types of lipids, surfactants, and co-solvents, as well as various preparation methods like high-pressure homogenization, solvent evaporation, and ultrasonication. Characterization techniques such as particle size analysis, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, and crystallinity are discussed in detail. Different drug incorporation models within the SLN matrix—such as homogeneous matrix, drug-enriched core, or shell—are also elaborated. The review further explores diverse applications of SLNs in oral, parenteral, topical, and pulmonary drug delivery, especially in targeting cancer, central nervous system disorders, and vaccines. Recent advances such as hybrid lipid systems, SLN-loaded hydrogels, and microneedle delivery platforms are also covered, alongside clinical and regulatory perspectives. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles thus hold promising potential as versatile and efficient carriers in modern pharmaceutics.
Keywords: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), Drug Delivery, Biocompatibility, Controlled Release, Nanotechnolog
Assessment of Glucosuria and Ketonuria in Diabetic Patients Attending Gitwe District Hospital
Get PDFBackground: Glucosuria and ketonuria are serious condition which mostly occur and affect in diabetes mellitus. Glycosuria is a rare condition in which kidney excrete glucose into the urine, nearly always caused by elevated blood glucose levels, most commonly due to untreated diabetes mellitus. while Ketonuria is a medical condition in which ketone bodies are present in the urine. It is seen in conditions in which the body produces excess ketones as an alternative source of energy. It is seen during starvation or more commonly in type I diabetes mellitus.
Aim: This cross-sectional study was conducted with the aim of assessing the levels of glucosuria and ketonuria in diabetes patients attending Gitwe District Hospital.
Methodology: The glucosuria and ketonuria in diabetes patients were tested. The study populations mainly comprised of diabetes patients, 116 study participants were included, the majority were 64.7% female while 35.3% were male. Urine sample was collected from diabetes patients and samples analysis was performed in biochemistry service of Gitwe District Hospital for glucosuria and ketonuria analysis using urine chemistry strips.
Results: During data analysis, the highest frequency of participants present in this study were (34.6%) between 51-60 years old. The mean age was 51years ± 10.787 SD (ranged from 26 – 79 years). 21.5% patients experienced glucosuria and 11.1% lived with ketonuria. correlation between glucosuria and ketonuria was found to be highly positive and statistically significant of 0.001 with Correlation Coefficient (r) of 0.886, which indicates that when glucosuria increase leads to increase of ketonuria too.
Conclusion: There are very few studies on glucosuria and ketonuria in diabetes patients, researchers are recommended to conduct researches related to this. Further researches are recommended to study the effects of change of glucosuria and ketonuria especially their association in diabetes patients.
Keywords: Glucosuria, Ketonuria, Diabetes, Insuli
Pharmacological Evaluation of Anti-depressant activity of Aegle Marmelos ethanolic leaves extract in mice
No full textBael (A. marmelos) is an important medicinal herb which has been and extensively used in Ayurveda, Siddha and other medicinal systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pharmacological activity of leaves part of the plant Aegle marmelos. Ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaves prepared by successive extraction technique. This research carroed out to find out the Percentage Yield of Extract of Aegle marmelos, determination of LD50 of the EEAML as per OECD guidelines and to investigate the anti-depressant effect of Aegle marmelos leaves extract using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) parameters at dose levels of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively in albino swiss mice. Aegle marmelos leaves extract showed significant antidepressant activity probably due to GABA facilitatory action of phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, tannic acid, marmesinin, phenols, saponin etc. Results suggested that cortisol and corticosterone responded differently to severe stressors with cortisol being a quicker responder than corticosterone.
Keywords: Aegle Marmelos, phytoconstituents, Anti-depressant activit
The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) for Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment
No full textBackground: With demographic aging, the frequency of cognitive and behavioral disorders gradually increases. Screening tests, which are simple to perform, help detect dementia for the clinician. The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) is a screening test developed in Australia, where people from many cultures and languages live together, and it is stated that it is not affected by language and education level. Our aim in this study is to create a wider field of use by evaluating the patients with mild cognitive impairment of this test, whose Turkish validity and reliability study has been done previously for Alzheimer disease patients.
Method: The study group was composed of a group with Alzheimer\u27s disease (n = 87), with a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (n = 95), and a non-dementia control group (n = 80) with similar age, education level, and gender distribution Mini-mental status exam (MMSE) and RUDAS were applied to the patients and the control group. Tests were re-administered seven days later for test-retest evaluation for reliability tests. The internal consistency coefficient was calculated. For validation, patient groups and control group were compared. For parallel test validity, MMSE and RUDAS scores were compared. For time validity, first day and seventh day scores were compared.
Results: The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the RUDAS scale is 0.8529. In our analysis, the scale was found to be highly reliable. In our study, the difference between the RUDAS scale mean scores of the groups was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). In estimating the Alzheimer\u27s Disease patient group, the AUC value under the curve of the RUDAS score was obtained as 0.998, and the mild cognitive impairment AUC value was obtained as 0.971, which was found to be significant. (p<0.001). The degree of the relationship between the RUDAS scale and the MMSE scale was found to be very strong and statistically significant in the positive direction. (r=0.938 p<0.001)
Conclusion: This study showed that the Turkish version of the RUDAS is a valid and reliable scale for the evaluation and follow-up of Alzheimer\u27s disease and mild cognitive impairment in the Turkish population.
Formulation and Evaluation of Liposomal Cream Containing Tolnaftate
No full textThe current study’s objective was to formulate and evaluate a liposomal cream containing tolnaftate in order to improve the drug’s bioavailability. Tolnaftate is a drug having low permeability which results in decreased drug absorption and so is the bioavailability. To overcome these problems tolnaftate is incorporated in liposomes. Liposome vesicular drug delivery system was preferred due to its greater solubility, permeability and bioavailability. It carries a substantial amount of drug which increased the drug’s penetration. The liposomes were prepared using a variety of phospholipids, specifically soy lecithin and egg phosphatidylcholine in varying ratios. Liposomes were prepared by ethanol injection method and evaluated for morphology, percentage practical yield, percentage entrapment efficiency, drug content and in-vitro drug release study. The formulation with the best result according to the evaluation parameters was F2 with greater percentage drug entrapment, drug content and in-vitro drug release was considered to be optimized formulation and this F2 formulation was further evaluated by SEM, DSC and XRD. Liposomal cream was formulated using the optimized formulation. Spreadability, Viscocity, pH measurement and in-vitro drug release were evaluated for liposomal cream. Formulation F2 and optimized liposomal cream formulation showed in-vitro drug release of 92.44% and 77.48% respectively at the end of 8th hour.
Keywords: Tolnaftate, liposomes, SEM, DSC, XR
An Overview on Natūl therapy (therapeutic irrigation) and its importance in Unani System of Medicine
No full textUnani System of Medicine takes entire constitution of the individual and lifestyle into account for prescribing treatment. It provides radical and safe cure for various chronic and lifestyle disorders. USM incorporates ´Ilāj bi’l Tadbīr (Regimenal therapy) as a treatment plan as well as the modification in Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya (six essential factors) through certain interventions. Natūl therapy, also known as therapeutic irrigation is one of the classical and effective method in regimenal therapy, which refers to pouring or dripping of liquid slowly and steadily over a body part from a pre-fixed height. Usually decoctions of drugs and medicated oils are used for this purpose. Natūl is done with a purpose of acceleration of process of Tanqiya Mawād-i-Fāsida (evacuation of morbid materials), Imāla-e-Mawād (diversion of matter) and Ta’dīl Mizāj-i-Aʻḍāʼ (normalization of morbid temperament). It also works by local absorption of medicines at the site. The benefits achieved are the combination of neurological effects, psychological effects and pharmacological actions of the procedure and the drugs used. It is specifically useful as an adjuvant treatment in the management of nervous system disorders like headache, insomnia, migraine, amnesia, melancholia, vertigo, epilepsy etc; and also in various other disorders like cystitis, mastitis, arthralgia etc. These therapeutic effects are achieved either by kayfiyāt (quality) of liquid or the constituents of the formulation used in the procedure. Natūl therapy also exhibits analgesic effect, thereby, suppressing musculoskeletal problems such as wajaʻal-mafāṣil (osteoarthritis), wajaʻal-ẓahr (low backache), wajaʻal-aẓlāt (myalgia), ʻirq al-nasā (sciatica), etc. The need of the hour is to further evaluate these age-old prescriptions on modern parameters, thus, highlighting its clinical importance in light of classical Unani literature.
Keywords: Natūl, ´Ilāj bi’l Tadbīr, Sakūb, Tadbīr, Unani, Joshānd
Epidemiological and clinical profile of rifampicin-sensitive and -resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in sites of displaced persons due to the 2022-2024 floods in N\u27Djamena, Chad
No full textPatients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) may remain a source of infection longer than rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis (RS-TB). The objective of this study was to detect active cases of rifampicin-susceptible and -resistant tuberculosis in displaced persons sites in the 9th District of N’Djamena.
This observational, cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted among 418 contacts of the displaced persons, including 285 in the Walia site and 133 in the Toukra site. Data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire administered by an interviewer. The identification of active cases of tuberculosis among the displaced persons was carried out by an interview to verify the presence or absence of TB symptoms. The TB-LAMP molecular technique was used to detect active tuberculosis among symptomatic and asymptomatic contacts. Instead, a GeneXpert analysis was carried out to detect cases of tuberculosis sensitive and resistant to rifampicin.
TB-LAMP detected 76 (5.5%) cases of active TB among 418 displaced persons, including 11 lost to follow-up and 65 new cases. Female patients were more dominant (59.21%) than males (40.78%), and the age of patients ranged from 12 to 65 years, with a mean age of 38.5 years with a sex ratio of 1.45 in favor of females. Loss of appetite (31%), asthenia (20.0%) and cough (16%) were the most common symptoms.
GeneXpert confirmed the 76 positive cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, of which 8 (10.52%) were resistant and 69 (90.78%) were sensitive to rifampicin.
HIV1/2 immunochromatographic tests detected 12 (15.78%) cases of HIV/tuberculosis coinfection among the positive cases.
This study highlighted the emergence of strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex resistant and sensitive to rifampicin.
Regular and effective screening of RR-TB contacts is necessary to stop transmission in displaced persons sites in Chad, Africa and even worldwide.
Keywords: Flood, displaced person, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resistance, rifampicin, molecular technique, Chad
The Relationship Between Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Neck Circumference and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
No full textBackground: This study aimed to estimate the correlation between body mass index, waist circumference and neck circumference and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adult men and women with no history of any disease or chronic drug intake from Diyarbakır and Dicle University medical faculties.
Materials and methods: The study included 199 subjects, 113 males (mean age 36.5 ± 11.3 years) and 86 females (mean age 33.8 ± 11.7 years) aged between 20 and 73 years. Age, height, weight, blood pressure, pulse rate, anthropometric methods; waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (NC), blood glucose and insulin levels were determined. Insulin resistance was evaluated with the Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) formula. Total-cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol levels were measured. Pearson correlation and independent t-test were applied to the obtained study parameters.
Results: 47.7% of women were obese, 1.2% were morbidly obese and 59.3% of men were obese. Waist circumference correlated with systolic blood pressure (r=0.426, p<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (r=0.414, p<0.001), total cholesterol (r=0.450, p<0.001), triglycerides (r=0.556, p<0.001) and LDL-cholesterol (i=0.486, p<0.001), and a negative correlation was found between waist circumference and HDL-cholesterol (r=0.261, p<0.001). In women, the relationship between BMI and HOMA-IR (r-0.415, p<0.001) was stronger than the relationship between waist circumference and HOMA-IR (r=0.333, p=0.02). In men, we found a positive correlation between waist circumference and HOMA-IR (r=0.271, p=0.04). In men, we found no correlation between BMI and HOMA-IR. Neck circumference was correlated with waist circumference (i=0.732), total cholesterol (r=0.534), triglycerides (r=0.365), LDL cholesterol (i=0.406), BMI (r=0.568), systolic blood pressure (r=0.200), diastolic blood pressure (r=0. 290), and glucose (r=0.280) (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Waist circumference was more tightly correlated with metabolic parameters. Waist circumference may better reflect the risk of cardiovascular disease than BMI. Neck circumference measurement, a new obesity indicator, can also be used as an obesity assessment method.
Keywords: Cardiovascular risk factors, body mass index, waist circumference, neck circumference