Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Pharmacognostical Studies on Stems of Clerodendrum infortunatum L.
Get PDFClerodendrum infortunatum L. also known as Clerodendrum viscosum (Family Verbenaceae) is a perennial soft tomentose shrub that attains about 1m height consisting of light purple coloured or pinkish white flowers. It is widely used in traditional medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Homeopathy and Unani due to its significant medicinal properties. It is commonly found in waste places of India, Burma and Bangladesh.
Aim: The present study was undertaken to lay down the pharmacognostical standards of stems of Clerodendrum infortunatum L. in order to validate / document its therapeutic benefits.
Materials and Methods: Stems of Clerodendrum infortunatum L. were subjected to pharmacognostical studies which include evaluation parameters such as histological study, microscopical study, fluorescence study, physicochemical analysis and phytochemical screening. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts were used for the physicochemical analysis and preliminary phytochemical screening
Results: Histological study revealed the presence and arrangement of various cells in the stem. Microscopical study revealed the presence of important characters such as covering trichomes, glandular trichomes, lignified fibres, wood elements, stone cells, medullary rays and calcium oxalate crystals. Preliminary phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates and glycosides.
Conclusion: The generated data could be significantly used to establish the pharmacognostic profile for the correct authentification, standardization and quality control of stems of Clerodendrum infortunatum L.
Keywords: Clerodendrum infortunatum, Verbenaceae, Bhandirah, Pharmacognostic evaluation, microscopy, macroscop
Formulation and Evaluation of Guava Leaf-Based Nanogel for Mouth Ulcer Treatment
Get PDFMouth ulcers, also known as aphthous ulcers, are painful lesions affecting the oral mucosa, causing discomfort and irritation. Conventional treatments, such as antiseptic gels and corticosteroids, provide temporary relief but may have side effects with prolonged use. Guava leaves (Psidium guajava) contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols, which exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. This study focuses on the formulation of a simple, Nanogel using Carbopol 934 as a base for the treatment of mouth ulcers. The gel was prepared by incorporating guava leaf extract into a Carbopol-based gel matrix and was evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, and stability. The formulation showed good Nanogel properties, proper viscosity, and a suitable pH 6.5-7.5, making it safe and effective for oral application. This study suggests that a guava leaf-based Nanogel can be a natural, cost-effective alternative for mouth ulcer treatment.
Keywords: Mouth ulcer, Guava leaf extract, Nanogel gel, Carbopol 93
Green Analytical Chemistry: A Comprehensive Review of Eco-Scale, Greenness Metrics, and Sustainability Approaches
Get PDFGreen analytical chemistry (GAC) is developing quickly at the moment, necessitating the establishment of clear, succinct guidance in the form of GAC principles that will aid in greening laboratory operations. Because they fall short of analytical chemistry\u27s requirements, the current green chemistry and green engineering principles need to be revised for application in GAC. This article presents a collection of 12 principles that will be crucial for GAC\u27s future. These principles include some innovative ideas (like using natural reagents) as well as well-known ones (like reducing the use of energy and reagents and eliminating waste, risk, and hazard). The goal of green analytical chemistry is to make analytical processes safer for people and the environment. When evaluating the greenness of an analytical approach, a wide range of factors are taken into account, including the quantity and toxicity of reagents, waste generated, energy consumption, the number of procedural steps, miniaturization, and automation. The eco-scale assessment (ESA), the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and the national environmental methods index (NEMI) are the three evaluation techniques.
Keywords: Green chemistry, National environmental method index, Eco-scale assessment, Green analytical procedure index
Formulation and Evaluation of Ocular Inserts Containing Berberine HCL and Curcumin
Get PDFObjective: The purpose of this work was to develop an ocular insert for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.
Methods: Nine formulations of ocular inserts were prepared by solvent casting method using different ratios of various well-known hydrophilic polymers such as Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC), Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA), Pluronic F-68, Glycerine as a plasticizer, benzylkonium chloride as a preservative and distilled water as a solvent. These formulations were evaluated for mechanical properties like tensile strength, folding endurance. The physicochemical properties like surface pH, drug content, thickness, weight variation, percent moisture absorption was also evaluated.
Results: Based on the evaluation, it was found that formulation F9 was highest tensile strength and lowest folding endurance. Formulation F8 posess highest folding endurance as well as good tensile strength.
Conclusion: Based on results, it was selected as the optimized formulation.
Keywords: Curcumin, Berberine Hcl, HPMC, PVA, Pluronic F-68, Glycerine
A Scoping Review on Izkhar: an Aromatic herb with multiple healing power
Get PDFBackground: Izkhar (C. citratus) is one of the medicinal herbs with immeasurable pharmacological activities. Since times it has been used in folk and traditional medicine for its mesmerizing healing properties contained mainly in its essential oil. From its humble beginnings in kitchen gardens to its widespread cultivation on a large scale, this remarkable herb has come a long way. Initially used as a home remedy for relieving increased body temperature, as a taste enhancer in various savoury, and as stress busting agent due to its lemony odour, thus named Lemongrass. The aim is to review available data and insights from traditional sources as well as from modern studies.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using specific keywords related to Izkhar, phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of Cymbopogon citratus. Several textbooks were utilized to extract information from Unani medicine sources and ancient texts
Discussion: It contains significant amount of terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant and other phytochemicals which are responsible for its various pharmacological actions.
Conclusion: Recently this drug has gained immense popularity in pharma industries on global level due to its various therapeutic effects from taking it orally to using it locally, like anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-gout, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial etc. This article unveils its recently studied pharmacological actions and their scientifically proven therapeutic effects.
Keywords: Izkhar, Lemongrass, Essential oil, Citral, Citronella
Acarbose-Loaded PLGA Microspheres: Efficient Encapsulation and Controlled Release
Get PDFAcarbose, a locally administered oral anti-diabetic agent, also experiences bioavailability and controlled release difficulties. To overcome such limitations, Acarbose-loaded microspheres were designed to ensure a higher therapeutic efficacy through controlled release of the drug and increased stability. Microspheres were prepared using the solvent evaporation process with different ratios of drug and polymer. The best drug release profile was selected, and optimization of the formulation was done further. Encapsulation efficiency, particle size, surface topography, and drug release rates were considered critical parameters to test. Characterization of the microspheres was conducted through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine morphology, drug-polymer interaction, and physical state of Acarbose. Particle size distribution and zeta potential were also investigated to determine the stability of the formulation. The microspheres obtained using a 1:4 (Acarbose: PLGA) ratio showed high encapsulation efficiency (95.7%) and sustained release of drug for 24 hours. The optimized formulation showed smooth spherical morphology, particle size of 165.4 µm, and good flow properties. The zeta potential of the formulation showed excellent dispersion stability. The findings indicate that the 1:4 Acarbose: PLGA microspheres offer a promising drug delivery system with controlled release, improved stability, and good dispersion characteristics. These results underscore the possibility of enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic activity of Acarbose, opening the door for additional in vivo investigations and clinical use.
Keywords: Acarbose, microspheres, solvent evaporation, PLGA, drug release, encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution, zeta potential, SEM, DSC, FTIR, drug delivery system
Pharmacotherapy for Severe Malaria in Children Under Five Years Old in the Pediatric Department Gabriel TOURE Teaching Hospital Bamako
Get PDFIntroduction: Despite efforts to reduce the malaria burden, the disease remains a public health problem in Mali. The aim of this study was to analyse compliance with drug management for severe malaria in children under 5 years old.
Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out using data from June to December 2021 from the in the pediatric department Gabriel TOURE teaching hospital Bamako.
Results: During the six months period of the study, 238 patients were included. More than half of the children (55.5%) with severe malaria were male, with a sex ratio of 1.24. The main reasons for referral were anaemia (65.13%), followed by seizures (33.61%) and fever (26.47%). All patients with severe malaria were confirmed by paraclinical investigations. In accordance with NMCP guidelines, all patients with severe malaria were treated with artesunate. A total of 58.82% of patients received the combination of artemether and lumefantrine tablets. Regarding non-antimalarial drugs, paracetamol IV and ceftriaxone IV were the most widely administered drugs. Noncompliance concerns the lack of relay treatment with an oral artemisinin-based combination and antibiotic therapy based on the results of the blood count.
Conclusion: The nonconformities identified show the urgent need to focus on discharge prescribing oral artemisinin-based combination at discharge and the appropriate use of antibiotics.
Keywords: severe malaria, children, artesunate, compliance, Mali
Computational Approaches to Molecular Docking and Protein Modeling in Drug Discovery
Get PDFProtein modeling and molecular docking are crucial computational methods in contemporary drug discovery. To identify potential therapeutic possibilities with high affinity and specificity, molecular docking predicts the ideal binding interactions between tiny molecules (ligands). The best binding interactions between target macromolecules, such proteins, and tiny molecules, or ligands, are predicted by molecular docking. When experimental structures are not accessible, protein modeling—including homology modeling and ab initio techniques—allows for the creation of three-dimensional protein structures. By cutting down on time and expense, these methods work together to expedite the drug discovery process. related to experimental techniques. This review explores the principles of molecular docking, emphasizing key algorithms, scoring functions, and software tools like AutoDock Vina and Discovery Studio. Additionally, it highlights advancements in protein modeling approaches, such as AlphaFold and comparative modeling, and their integration with docking workflows. By using these computational approaches, researchers can effectively predict binding mechanisms, find lead compounds, and improve drug design. The growing increases integration between molecular docking, protein modeling, and artificial intelligence holds promise for more accurate predictions and faster drug development processes in the pharmaceutical industry.
Keywords: Molecular Docking; Protein Modeling: AutoDock Vina
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Vaccination Status Among Nursing Staff at Shaafi Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
No full textBackground: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a significant global health issue, greatly impacting both the illness and death rates. Healthcare professionals, especially nurses, are at a heightened risk of contracting HBV due to their regular contact with blood and bodily fluids. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding HBV play a crucial role in shaping preventive actions; however, there is a scarcity of research on KAP levels among nurses in Somalia.
Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the KAP and vaccination status of nursing staff for HBV infection at Shaafi Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 89 nurses was conducted at the Shaafi Hospital from February to March 2025. Data were collected through a pretested structured questionnaire that evaluated the KAP and vaccination status. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize the data, and chi-square tests were used to examine the relationships between KAP levels and sociodemographic factors, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.
Results: Among the 89 participants, 66.3% had sufficient knowledge of HBV, 74.2% exhibited a positive attitude towards prevention, and 68.5% engaged in safe practices. However, the vaccination rate was inadequate, with only 69.7% of patients having received the complete three-dose HBV vaccination series. Chi-square analysis revealed no significant links between sociodemographic factors and levels of knowledge or practice (p &gt; 0.05); however, there was a significant connection between department/unit and attitude (p = 0.031).
Conclusion: Although the levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) are generally positive, significant gaps persist in both vaccination rates and the observance of preventive measures. To effectively reduce the risk of HBV infection, it is crucial to enhance training programs, make vaccination more accessible, and implement strict infection control policies.
Keywords: Hepatitis B virus, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Vaccination, Nursing staff, Somali
Brain-Eating Amoeba Naegleria fowleri: Global Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutic Challenges, and Strategies to Combat Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
No full textNaegleria fowleri, colloquially known as the “brain-eating amoeba,” is a free-living protozoan that causes the fulminant and often fatal disease primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Although considered rare, the global case fatality rate exceeds 95%, making it one of the deadliest human infections. Traditionally associated with warm freshwater environments in tropical and subtropical regions, recent cases from temperate areas suggest climate change and water resource mismanagement are contributing to an expanding epidemiological footprint. Despite advances in molecular biology and phylogenetics, timely diagnosis remains elusive, as early clinical manifestations mimic bacterial or viral meningitis, often leading to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. Current therapeutic regimens, largely based on amphotericin B, azoles, rifampin, and miltefosine, demonstrate limited success, and no standardized treatment protocol has been universally adopted. This review synthesizes the latest insights into the biology and pathogenicity of N. fowleri, outlines the global epidemiological trends and phylogenetic diversity, and discusses diagnostic challenges and therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, it highlights the pathogen’s emerging public health threat in the context of climate change and globalization, and proposes multi-pronged strategies for prevention, early detection, and therapeutic innovation. Strengthening surveillance systems, integrating genomic tools, and fostering international collaborations are essential to mitigate the devastating burden of PAM and to prepare for the potential global spread of this lethal pathogen.
Keywords: Brain-eating amoeba, emerging infections, global health, Naegleria fowleri, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis