Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
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Isolation and Morphological Characterization of Endophytic Fungi from Leaves and Bark of Keledang (Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.)
Full text linkArtocarpus lanceifolius Roxb which is also known as Keledang., an endemic member of the Moraceae family, exhibits notable pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and photoprotective effects associated with its secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi, which inhabit plant tissues asymptomatically, are known to synthesize bioactive compounds comparable to those of their host plants. This integrated study aimed to isolate and characterize endophytic fungi from the leaves and bark of A. lanceifolius to assess their potential as alternative sources of bioactive metabolites. Leaf and bark samples were surface sterilized, sectioned into explants, and inoculated onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Emerging colonies were purified and examined macroscopically based on colony color, texture, margin, and reverse pigmentation, and microscopically based on hyphal morphology, conidiophores, phialides, and conidia. As an exploratory descriptive study, no statistical tests were applied. Eight endophytic fungal isolates were obtained: four from leaves—Gliocladium sp., Geotrichum sp., and two Aspergillus spp.—and three from bark—Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., and Aspergillus niger. The differences between leaf- and bark-derived isolates indicate organ-specific ecological niches. These findings demonstrate that A. lanceifolius hosts diverse endophytes with potential for natural product discovery, warranting further molecular and metabolomic investigation
Disease-Associated Anemia: An Integrated Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Implications
Full text linkDisease-associated anemia is a heterogeneous and prevalent clinical problem, arising from diverse underlying conditions that interfere with erythropoiesis, red blood cell survival, iron metabolism, or blood loss. Major underlying causes include chronic kidney disease, chronic inflammation or infection, malignancy, bone marrow failure syndromes, haemoglobinopathies, autoimmune haemolysis, and chronic blood loss (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding or parasitic infection). Distinct pathophysiological mechanisms impaired erythrocyte production, increased erythrocyte destruction, and iron sequestration or chronic blood loss often overlap, complicating diagnosis and treatment. Recent advances in understanding molecular regulators such as hepcidin and erythroferrone, and therapeutic innovations including hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF) stabilizers, hepcidin antagonists, gene therapy for haemoglobinopathies, and refined iron-management protocols, promise improved outcomes. This review synthesizes current evidence on mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies across major disease categories causing anemia
Nutrigenomics and Jamu: Integrating Nutritional Genomics with Indonesian Traditional Medicine for Precision, Preventive, and Systems-Oriented Health
Full text linkNutrigenomics and nutrigenetics often grouped under nutritional genomics investigate how nutrients and bioactive food compounds modulate gene expression and related molecular phenotypes, and how genetic variation modifies individual responses to diet. These approaches are increasingly operationalized through multi‑omics (transcriptomics, epigenomics, metabolomics, proteomics, microbiomics) and data-driven dietary interventions, including randomized controlled trials in personalized nutrition. In parallel, Indonesian jamu an ancestral system of multi‑herb preparations used for health maintenance and symptom management represents a rich, under‑modeled source of phytochemical diversity and culturally embedded dietary practices. This review synthesizes evidence at the intersection of nutrigenomics and jamu by (1) outlining core concepts and methodological standards in nutritional genomics; (2) summarizing translational frameworks for connecting botanical complexity to molecular mechanisms using systems biology, network pharmacology, and multi‑omics; and (3) appraising representative jamu‑relevant botanicals (e.g., Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Andrographis paniculata, Centella asiatica) for nutrigenomic effects on inflammatory, antioxidant, metabolic, and mitochondrial pathways. We propose an implementation pathway for “precision jamu nutrition” that aligns cultural acceptability with clinical governance, quality systems, and evidence hierarchies, emphasizing standardized extracts, rigorous phenotyping, genotype‑aware subgroup analyses, and safety monitoring. Key challenges include botanical variability, confounding from complex diets, population genetic diversity, limited prospective trials, and regulatory harmonization. Future research should prioritize pragmatic trials embedded in health services, mechanistic sub-studies leveraging omics, and equitable governance to prevent widening health disparities in precision nutrition
Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.)
Full text linkA research has been conducted on the antibacterial activity of the santol leaves extract (S.koetjape Merr.) against S.aureus and E.coli. The santol leaves extracts were prepared by maceration used methanol as solvent and the methanol extract was then fractionated. The antibacterial activity was determined by measured the diameter of inhibition zones in difusi method. The result showed that santol leaves extracts and fractions has antibacterial activity against S.aureus and E.coli. The effective concentration as an antibacterial of methanol extracts is at 10%, and of n-hexane fractions is at 5%
Potensi Antibakteri Ekstrak Diethyl Ether Daun Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl) terhadap Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Staphylococcus aureus
Full text linkThis study aims to test the antibacterial potential of diethyl ether extract of mahkota dewa leaves (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl) with the test method Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Kill Concentration (MBC) against the microbe, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The test materials were obtained by maceration of leaves with methanol, followed by partition using diethyl ether and n–butanol, each extract was tested its activity with solid dilution method. Solid dilution test results showed the active extract is extract of diethyl ether. Active extracts were further tested by using MIC and MBC. Value of MIC and MBC is determined by the most active and liquid dilution method followed by scratches on solid media. The results show that diethyl ether extract of mahkota dewa leaves (Phaleria macrocarpa [Scheff] Boerl.) Has the potential antibacterial against bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC value of 0.025%, and the value of MBC, respectively - each is 0.4% for the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, and 0.1% for the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Aktivitas Imunoglobulin M (IgM) Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) terhadap Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus)
Full text linkThe research of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) activity of Theobroma cacao peel extract has been done to 20 rats. The parameter is agglutination between serum of rats and antigen. Rats were grouped to 4 group, which are group of negative control and 3 groups as experiment groups those given by extract in 250, 500 and 700 mg doses of rats. On the first day was given SDMK 2% by Intraperitonial and after 5 day the serum taken and tested. The data of agglutination then analyzed by Anova. The experiment showed that Theobroma cacao peel extract has activity as immunostimulant in 500 mg doses of rats effective dose
The Immunosuppressant Effect Comparation Between Ethyl Acetate and n-Butanol Fractions of Kalanchoe Pinnata (Lmk) Pers In 2,6,10,14 Tetramethylpentadecane-Treated Mice
Full text linkImmunosuppressant drugs are the main treatment of lupus patient. The ACR and SLICC treatment guidelines are able to increase the quality of life, but the outcome is not satisfying since the off-label therapy of corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs give a lot of side effects. Many breakthrough efforts still develop in order to find the safe and effective drugs for lupus, such as finding immunosuppressant drugs from natural resources. One of the potential resources is Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers, which have immunosuppressant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant effects. Thus, in the previous study, we found the effect of the aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers is active to repair the lupus manifestation in 2,6,10,14 tetramethylpentadecane (TMPD)-treated mice. Then, this research was focused on the in vivo immunosuppressant effect of a flavonoid-rich fraction of the extract which was consisted of the ethyl acetate (FE) and n-butanol (FB) fractions. The induction method and the extraction procedure were the same as the previous study and then the fractionation was performed by using liquid-liquid extraction. After 2-week treatment of both fractions, we obtained the differences in the total leukocytes, organ indexes, and also the spleen, kidney, and joint structure parameters. The total leukocyte of the FE group was 3,600±264 cells/mm3, which was lower than that in the FB group. The spleen and kidney indexes increased after the administration of FB fraction, while the FE fraction was not. At last, despite the histology observation of spleen resembled mild structural changes differences, the clear differences between both treatment groups occurred in the kidney and joint histology. The differences led to a conclusion that the FE fraction has the better immunosuppressant effect in TMPD-treated mice
Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation using Monascus sp. as a Candidate Cervical Cancer Drug
No full textCervical cancer is the fourth most common female cancer worldwide and results in over 300000 deaths globally. Given that HPV prophylactic vaccines do not exert a therapeutic effect in individuals previously infected, it is unlikely that HPV-associated cancers will be eradicated in the coming years. Therefore, there is an emerging need for the development of anti-HPV drugs. The purpose of this study is to find out Monascus sp. as cervical anticancer using molecular docking and dynamics methods. The results of docked with AutodockTools were visualized with Pymol, analyzed the effectiveness using the Ramachandran plot. The docking results show that there are 2 pigments that have lower G than raloxifen in estrogen receptor beta with the lowest G indicated by the pigment Monascin and Ankaflavin, which is -6.94 kcal/mol with Ki value of 39.49 nM and -6.22 kcal/mol with Ki value of 27.78 nM. The results of molecular dynamics, Ankaflavin and Monascin have good stability at estrogen receptor beta because the outlier area has a value 11.722% and 10.256%. And the amino acid residues in the most preferred area were 68.864% and 70.330%. In addition, Monascopyridine B and Monascuspiloin pigments showed good and stable results at the EGFR receptor because the outlier areas were 14.692% and 10.623%. And the amino acid residues in the most-favored region were 65.403% and 73.260%. Based on the results of this study, we predict that Ankaflavin, Monascin, Monascopyridine B and Monascuspiloin can be used as new cervical anticancer candidates after validated with in vitro and in vivo tests
Test of Antidiabetic Effect of Taro Leaf Extract (Colocasia esculenta L.) on Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Full text linkDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder defined as chronic hyperglycemia. In addition to the symptoms associated with hyperglycemia itself such as thirst, polyuria and weight loss, it can also cause acute hyperglycemia emergencies that are potentially life threatening. One of the traditional plants that has potential as an antidiabetic drug is the taro plant (Colocasia esculenta L) because it contains chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and polyphenols which are known to have antidiabetic effects. This study aims to determine the effectiveness and what dose of Taro Leaf Extract gives the best effect of reducing blood glucose levels in zebrafish. This study used zebrafish (Danio rerio) induced with alloxan and glucose to raise blood glucose levels. The 20 test animals used were divided into 6 groups, namely group 1 without treatment (normal), group 2 control (-) alloxan induction 0.1% + glucose 1%, group 3 control (+) metformin, group 4 taro leaf extract 200 mg, group 5 taro leaf extract 300 mg, group 6 taro leaf extract 400 mg. Then glucose levels were measured using a glucometer. Data analysis was carried out statistical tests. The results showed that a dose of 400 mg/2L had the ability to reduce blood glucose levels that were not significantly different from normal zebrafish glucose levels
Aliskiren, Obat Antihipertensi Baru dengan Mekanisme Penghambat Renin
Full text linkHypertension is a chronic disease with a prevalence reaching 1 billion people around the world. Hypertension is the major treatable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. Despite the risks associated with the condition, the majority of patients with hypertension across the world do not have their blood pressure (BP) controlled to recommended target levels. RAAS is a main target, although, in total inhibition of RAAS can not be obtained with ACEI and ARB class of drugs because of the feedback mechanism. As a solution, we could inhibit the early stages of the mechanism, that is renin. Previous studies have indicated that the renin inhibitor class of drugs effective as antihypertensive and well tolerated, both as monotherapy and in combination with other drugs. Based on researched to aliskiren and the success of antihypertensive drug class of ACEI and ARB in reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension, it is rational if the expected drug classes like renin inhibitor aliskiren would provide the same benefits. Whether the benefits are equal, larger or even smaller than another RAAS inhibitor, we needed long research to find supporting data