Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
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Senyawa Glikosida sebagai Bahan Farmasi Potensial secara Kinetik
Get PDFKinetika molekul xenobiotik dalam sel dipengaruhi reseptor enzim dan non-enzim serta sifat fisiko-kimia dari molekul xenobiotik dan reseptor tersebut. Sifat fisik lipiditas reseptor sangat berpengaruh terhadap kinetika sehingga berakibat pada laju molekul dalam proses pembentukan efek dinamik maupun eliminasi. Rata-rata manusia mengandung 42 liter air yang menempati 3 liter dalam darah dan 39 liter dalam sel. Aqua atau air tersebut sebagai media transport metabolisme baik itu anabolisme maupun katabolisme metabolit dalam sel. Kandungan air dalam sel menyebabkan sifat lipiditas reseptor sangat rendah atau memiliki sifat aqua sangat tinggi. Senyawa glikosida memiliki sifat sangat polar mendekati air hingga menyerupai sifat lipiditas aqua. Sifat fisika sangat polar yang dimiliki oleh senyawa glikosida mempermudah penyerapan dalam sel sehingga memiliki laju pembentukan efek dinamik maupun eliminasi yang baik. Dengan demikian senyawa glikosida sangat potensial sebagai bahan farmasi jika ditinjau dari kinetika
Karakterisasi Agar dari Hasil Produksi Petani Kabupaten Brebes sebagai Eksipien Mukoadesif dalam Sediaan Farmasi
Get PDFAgar is widely used as a tablet binder, gel base, cream base, and the others in the manufacture of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Mucoadhesive drug delivery is expected to prolong the contact time of the drug in the mucus so that the maximum effect of the drug therapy. A number of studies have used that produced by the farmers in the district of Brebes as a tablet binder. However, for the quality of agar is not guaranteed, because the manufactured by home industry. The purpose of this study was to characterize agar in order to increase economic value and thus can reduce the dependence on imported raw materials for drugs Indonesia. The method used is to characterize the physical, chemical, and functional order. Data analysis used is to compare the test results to the existing literature. The results showed that the agar flour that has the characteristics: powder shape, white brownish and odorless; less irregular shape by SEM observation; many distributed on 100 mesh sieve (38.2%); relatively less hygroscopic; relatively high moisture content; containing functional groups C-O, C=O, CH3, CH, and -OH in its structure; classified as a weak base; viscosity increases with increasing concentration and decreasing temperature; have a relatively poor flow; has a rather good compressibility index; have different swelling behaviour in different media; and has a relatively weak mucoadhesive properties. The conclusion of this study is that agar flour from Gracilaria verrucosa less can be used as a mucoadhesive excipient in pharmaceutical dosage forms
Pembuatan Nanopartikel Berbasis Kitosan dari Infus Daun Sirsak (Annona Muricata LINN) sebagai Antioksidan
Get PDFDaun Sirsak (Annona muricata Linn), Annonaceae telah diketahui memiliki kemampuan meredam radikal bebas yang kuat dan bisa dikembangkan menjadi sediaan farmasi antioksidan. Pembentukan nanopartikel dari ekstrak akan meningkatkan stabilitas, kemampuan mukoadhesif dan penetrasi ekstrak sehingga dapat meningkatkan efektifitasnya. Pembuatan nanopartikel dilakukan dengan melarutkan kitosan dalam larutan asam asetat glasial 1%, dan dicampurkan dengan infus daun sirsak. Suspensi nanopartikel ekstrak daun sirsak dikeringkan dengan menggunakan alat pengering semprot. Hasil evaluasi nanopartikel ekstrak diperoleh ukuran partikel 131,23 ± 1,81%, indeks polidispersitas 0,3 – 0,4; padatan total 0,47 %, warna coklat muda, bau khas ekstrak, rasa pahit, sifat serbuk halus, higroskopis, kadar air 6.86 ± 0,88%. Pemeriksaan aktivitas antioksidan pada nanopartikel ekstrak daun sirsak dengan menggunakan metode peredaman radikal bebas DPPH menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan kuat dengan nilai 1C50 sebesar 80,98 bpj
Antibacterial Activity of thanol Extract and Ethylacetate Fraction of Casia Alata Leaf from Kendari-Southeast Sulawesi
Get PDFActive compound extracted from Casia alata leaf was obtained from methanol extract and ethylacetat fraction. Based on research, anti bacteria activity of methanol extract of Casia alata at concentration 6 mg/mL gave high inhibition of the growth of positive gram bacteria colonies of B. cereus and S. aureus with inhibition zone 11,0 mm and 16,1 mm and gaves negative inhibiton of negative gram bacteria colonies of E. coli and S. typhi with inhibition zone 11,6 mm dan 5,9 mm. Ethylasetat fraction showed higher zone inhibition then methanol extract. Based on research result it was show that ethylacetat fraction gaves strong inhibition of the growth of positive gram bacteria colonies of B. cereus and S. aureus with inhibition zone 18,1 mm and 14,3 mm, and gave moderate inhabitation for negative gram bacteria colonies of coli and S. typhi with inhibition zone 9,0 mm and 5,7 mm. Separation result of ethylacetat fraction using coloumn chromatography with silica gel G60 F254 Âas stationary pahase showed that ethylacetat fraction with the same concentration at 6 mg/mL show higher inhibition effect especially for positive gram bacteria colonies of B. cereus and S. aureus with inhibition zone 24,2 mm and 24.0 mm
Aktivitas Vasodilatasi Pembuluh Darah secara in vitro dan Uji Toksisitas Akut Minuman Fungsional Herbal Kaltim
Get PDFLatar belakang: pangan fungsional dapat berupa makanan atau minuman. Pangan fungsional lebih bersifat pencegahan terhadap penyakit, sedangkan obat lebih bersifat menyembuhkan penyakit. Minuman Fungsional Herbal Kaltim (MFHK) yang diracik dari bahan-bahan tumbuhan yang ada di Kaltim telah diketahui memiliki citra rasa yang enak dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat tetapi belum diketahui aktivitas vasodilatasi pada pembuluh darah dan keamanan pada penggunaan akut secara oral. Tujuan: mengeksplorasi MFHK pada kontraktilitas tonus pembuluh darah secara in vitro dan keamanan pada penggunaan akut secara oral. Metode: MFHK dikeringkan lalu diuji kontraktilitas pada pembuluh darah dengan menggunakan organ terpisah aorta tikus dengan endotel, hasil dinyatakan dalam bentuk persen tonus kontraktilitas aorta. Uji toksisitas akut peroral menggunakan tikus Wistar dan mencit Balb/c jenis kelamin jantan dan betina. Hasil: pada uji kontraktilitas aorta didapatkan secara berurutan dalam persen tonus kontraktilitas aorta pada konsentrasi ekstrak MFHK 0,04 mg/mL adalah (1,02 + 1,43) % dan kontrol (3,27 + 1,00) % dengan p>0,05; pada 0,08 mg/mL didapatkan (-1,39 + 1,41) % dan (4,50 + 1,14) % dengan p<0,05; 0,16 mg/mL didapatkan (-5,36 + 1,40) % dan (8,42 + 2,00) % dengan p<0,05. Dosis tunggal ekstrak 2 g/kgBB yang diberikan secara oral tidak didapatkan kematian pada tikus dan mencit jenis kelamin jantan dan betina. Kesimpulan: ekstrak MFHK memiliki aktivitas vasodilatasi pada pembuluh darah secara in vitro dan tidak toksik pada pemberian akut secara oral
Efek Imunostimulan Infus Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.) Asal Kab. Sidrab Sulawesi Selatan terhadap Sekresi Antibodi Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan dengan Teknik Hemaglutinasi
Get PDFPhaleria macrocarpa has chemical constituents that are flavonoids. Flavonoids may act as antioxidants and modulate the immune system. This study aimed to determine the effect of immunostimulatory infusion Phaleria macrocarpa using hemagglutination method. The animals were white rats (Rattus norvegicus) male. The animals were divided into 5 groups. Group I (control), group II (SDMD 5%), group III, IV and V are the groups given Phaleria macrocarpa infusion at the dose of 7.5 %, 15 % and 30 % respectively for 7 days. The animals were induced SDMD 5% intraperitoneally. Observations were made with a view the agglutination titer blood serum of the mice with SDMD. The results showed that infusion of Phaleria macrocarpaprovide the highest concentration at the 7.5% for titer antibody
SINTESIS 2,6-BIS(2′-HIDROKSIBENZILIDIN)SIKLOHEKSANON DARIHIDROKSIBENZALDEHID DAN SIKLOHEKSANON DENGAN KATALISNATRIUM HIDROKSIDA
Get PDFThe synthesis of ciklovalon (HGV-0) analogue was done by substituent modification on aromatic ring. One of the ciklovalon analogues is 2,6-bis(2′-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone. The objective of this study was obtaining the amount of mol NaOH catalyst in order to find the highest rendement. The synthesis of 2,6-bis(2′-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone has been done using aldol condentation reaction from 2′-hydroxybenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone. The variation of mol catalyst NaOH used in this research were 0.2 mole; 0.4 mole and 0.8 mole. The synthesized product was purified by recrystalization with ethanol and cold water. The structure of the synthesized compound was determined by UV-Vis, IR, 1H-NMR, and GC-MS. The result showed that the average rendement the variation of mol catalyst NaOH 0.2 mole; 0.4 mol and 0.8 mole were (25.12±0.86)%, (11.23±0.40)% and (9.50±0.56)%. The highest rendement was obtained when the 0.2 mole NaOH used. Statistical analysis using tukey test resulted significant differences. The spectroscopic analysis using UV-Vis, IR spectrometry, 1H-NMR spectrometry, and GC-MS showed that synthesized compound was 2,6-bis(2′-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone
Pengurangan Kadar CO2 Menggunakan Spirulina Platensis dalam Tubular Bioreactor
Get PDFIncreasing the population impact on increasing energy demand. On the other hand, the energy generation industry has been blamed as one of the contributors of carbon dioxide about 25% of total CO2 emissions worldwide. Meanwhile, the production of biogas, which aims to address the increasing need of energy, produces carbon dioxide in the range of 25–50% by volume. To overcome this, a cheap method, optimum and efficient as well as environmentally friendly in reducing CO2 levels by using Spirulina platensis is needed. This research aims to created a mathematical models and found the optimum flow rate to reduced levels of CO2 by using Spirulina platensis. This study used a glass tubular bioreactor (D = 2.6 cm) at a temperature of 30°C and irradiated with a fluorescent lamp Philips TL 36 Watt, color temperature: 6,200K cool daylight, light output: 2,600 lm, 72 lm/W. Tubular reactor was placed in a box lined with silver foil walls on three sides. With mathematical models of tubular reactor, the reaction rate constants could be predicted. Based on calculations of data and graphs, optimum volumetric velocity could also be predicted. Variation of flowrate to observed the reduction rate of CO2 was 0.25 mL/sec, 0.35 mL/sec, 0.5 mL/sec, 0.75 mL/sec, 1 mL/sec. Carbon source was 99.99% CO2.Observations of Spirulina growth was made on the flow rate of 0.25 mL/sec at the initial levels of dry weight 2.1208 g/L. The results of this study indicated that the low flowratewas a more effective way to reduced carbon dioxide levels using Spirulina platensis (= 2.82×10-4 sec-1). The highest conversion was obtained at a volumetric flow rate of 0.25 mL/sec and optimum speeds in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 mL/sec. The rate of incoming CO2 flux should be less than 0.047 mL/cm2.detik. Specific Growth Rate (µ) of Spirulina platensis in this study was 2.56×10-2 minute-1
Optimalisasi Ekstraksi dan Uji Metabolit Sekunder Tumbuhan Libo (Ficus variegate Blume)
Get PDFLibo leaves (Ficus variegate Blume) is never eaten by caterpillars. This is indicated that libo leaves has a good secondary metabolites. This research was conducted on optimization of extraction techniques and test of secondary metabolites of leaves Libo. The optimization was done by changing variables viz. method of extraction, variation of amount of solvent, and duration of extraction. The effectiveness of extraction was seen from % of yield. Method of extraction was using maceration and soxhlet. Methanol was used as solvent with various 1:10, 1: 20, and 1:30. Durations of extraction were 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days for maceration and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 cycles for soxhlet. The results show that the best method for extraction libo leaves was soxhlet with 34% of yield, solvent ratio 1:30, and 5 cycle of duration of extraction. The secondary metabolites of libo leaves were phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids
Metabolit Sekunder dan Aktivitas Fraksi Etil Asetat Kulit Buah Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain.) terhadap Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Bacillus subtilis
Get PDFThis research aims to determine the identification of secondary metabolites and antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Jengkol fruit peel (Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain.) against the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. Identification of secondary metabolites is done by testing be qualitative. Antibacterial activity assays performed by agar diffusion method with a test concentration are 0,5%, 1%, 5%, 10% and 15%. The results of identification of secondary metabolites are flavanoid, fenolic and tannin. Data has been analyzed with measuring the diameter of the kill zone of ethyl acetat fraction of Jengkol fruit peel against bacterial growth. The result of research showed that ethyl acetat fraction of Jengkol fruit peel produce radical zone. The effective concentration of ethyl acetate of Jengkol fruit peel was 15% against the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis