Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
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Optimization of Gelling Agents and Emulsifiers in Emulgel Bases, and Physical Evaluation of Emulgel containing Sepabang (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Leaves Extract
Get PDFSepabang (Melastoma malabathricumshot L.) leaf contains a group of phenolic compounds and has a very strong antioxidant activity so it is potentially to be developed in the form of pharmaceutical preparations. The purpose of this research is to optimize and formulate an emulgel containing Sepabang leaf extract that physically stable. Emulgel preparations are formulated using carbopol and hydroxyprophylmethylcellulose as gelling agents and Tween 60 – Span 60 and combination of triethanolamine and stearic acid as emulsifiers, with a concentration of methanol extract of Sepabang leaves of 0.25%. Physical characteristics of emulgel preparations include pH value, viscosity determination, and spreadability test evaluated at room temperature for 4 weeks. The physical stability test is done by the Freeze Thaw method for 6 cycles, of which 1 cycle consists of 48 hours at 4°C and 48 hours at 40°C. The results showed that the Sepabang emulgel that meet physical characteristic and stability parameters are F1 with HPMC as gelling agents and Tween 60-Span 60 3% as emulsifiers
Preparation and Characterization of Betel Leaves (Piper betle Linn) Extract Nanoparticle with Ionic Gelation Method
Get PDFNanoparticles are used in drug delivery which can increase mass transfer so increase the absorption and effectiveness of the drug. Therefore, its prospect to improve antibacterial and antioxidants activities of betel leaves. The research aimed to preparation and characterization of betel leaf extract using ionic gelation technique. The formulation of nanoparticles from betel leaf extract with ionic gelation method using alginate and CaCl2 with a ratio of 2.5: 1. The characterization of the nanoparticles includes particle size analysis, zeta potential, particle morphology and determination of flavonoid content. Particle size analysis demonstrated that the betel leaf extract nanoparticles had a particle size of 243,03 ± 1,48 nm, zeta potential of -23,0 ± 0,35 mV and morphology of particle showed that a flat shape. The betle leaf exctract nanoparticle positively contained flavonoid with Rf 0.7 equivalent to quercetin. The betel leaf extract can be made nanoparticles with ionic gelation method using alginate and CaCl2
Isolation and Characterization of the Roots of Rumex nervosus
Get PDFRumex nervosus belongs to the family of Polygonaceae,which is traditionally used in Ethiopia to treat various diseases. This prompted us to isolate bioactive compounds from the root of this plant. Ground root parts of Rumex nervosus were subjected to exhaustive extraction successively with petroleum ether and methanol.The solvent from each extract was evaporated under reduced pressure using rotavapour to obtain petroleum ether and methanol extract. Chromatographic purification of the methanol extracts by Column chromatography followed by Preparative Thin layer Chromatography using Chloroform: methanol (9.5:0.5) ratio gave a compound coded as RN-6. The structure of this compound 4-ethylheptyl benzoate was characterized as by means of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV and IR spectral data
Formulation and Characterization on Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Eleutherine Palmifolia Extract Employing Short, Medium, and Long Chain Triglyceride
Get PDFEleutherine palmifolia (E. palmifolia) is a common plant used as an anticancer drug in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The active compound present in it is naphthoquinone, which has low water solubility and needs to be formulated into SNEDDS preparations to improve its dissolution and bioavailability in the body. The dispersion method is used in the preparation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) and PEG 400 cosurfactants. Furthermore, this study aims to ascertain the effects of oil on the SNEDDS preparations. The results showed that the effect of the preparations on olive oil, VCO, and oleic acid in the organoleptic test produced dark red, clear, and non functional emulsion. The average particle sizes obtained in the AGF media were 61,10, 774,33, and 211,70 nm; in AIF media it amounted to 211,70, 123,65, and 830,22 nm. The pH value for each formula was 6,8, while the average emulsification time for the AGF media was 24,10, 22,53, and 25,75 seconds, and, lastly, for the AIF media, they were 20,96, 19,62, and 23,74 second
Acute Toxicity Assay from Seeds and Flesh of Tarap Fruit (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) Ethanolic Extract against Daphnia magna Larvae
Get PDFTarap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) is one of the plants in the tropics that are consumed by dayak tribe in East Kalimantan. Toxicity tests on seeds and bark have been done but there is no data regarding the acute toxicity of Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco seeds and flesh of fruit causing the need for acute toxicity tests. This Research to know the acute toxic effects of tarap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) seed and flesh extracts on larvae of Daphnia magna. Tarap seeds and flesh (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) was taken from dayak market in Samarinda, is East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The seeds and flesh of the tarap fruit are extracted by maceration with ethanol solvent. An acute toxicity test was performed by exposing Dapnia magna larvae aged ? 24 hours with a solution of the experimental group and the control group for 48 hours. Toxicity test results are expressed in percentage of immobilization of larvae of Daphnia magna calculated by probit test to obtain EC50 (Half maximal effective concentration) values. Extracts are toxic if the EC50 value > 1000ppm. EC50 Ethanol extract of tarap seeds obtained values ( 3922,301 ± 324,590 ) for EC50 24h and ( 2964,498 ± 412,498 ) for EC50 48h. The EC50 value of ethanol extract from flesh of tarap fruit is ( 12224.514 ± 2186. 899 ) EC50 24h and ( 6165,235 ± 1940,006 ) EC50 48h.Ethanol extract of tarap fruit and flesh is non toxic to larvae of Daphnia magna
In Vitro Anti-bacterial Activities of Aqueous, Ethanol and Chloroform Crude Extracts of Olinia rochetiana and Vernonia myriantha
Get PDFIn the past with the advent of antibiotics, bacterial diseases have been under control. However rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant this success is reversing and searching for newer antibacterial agents is currently a top priority. This study was, thus, aimed at assessing the anti-microbial activities of two traditional medicinal plants: Vernonia myriantha and Olinia rochetiana. The crude extracts were tested for their in vitro antibacterial activities and phytochemical content. The extracts were tested against selected 3 clinical and 4 standard test bacterial strains by using agar well-diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). The ethanol leaves and stem-bark extracts of O. rochetiana inhibited the growth of all bacterial strains at a concentration of 250mg/mL. The inhibition zones ranged from 20.33±0.57mm for clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 25.66±0.57mm for standard Salmonella typhi strains. The values for these same extracts were 20.66±2.51mm and 24.33±1.15mm for standard P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains respectively. The chloroform extract was similarly effective against all of the strains with inhibition zones between 19.00±1.73mm against P. aeruginosa and 22.66±2.51mm for S. aureus. Comparatively, the ethanol extract of O. rochetiana had the highest MIC (7.81mg/mL) and MBC (62.50mg/mL) were noted against P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, chloroform extract of O. rochetiana leaf showed the highest MIC (15mg/mL) and MBC (125mg/mL) were recorded against P. aeruginosa. The ethanol extract of V. myriantha showed growth inhibition only on S. aureus (21.00±1.7mm). Both plants tested for terpenoids and glycosides showed positive result, but none for resin
Pharmacological Activities of Three Kinds “Kayu kuning”: Arcangelisia flava, Fibraurea tinctoria, and Coscinium fenestratum – an Short Review
Get PDFThe literature-based review was constructed discussing three types of yellow woods plant from Indonesia, including Arcangelisia flava, Fibraurea tinctoria, and Coscinium fenestratum. Yellow wood plants are widely used as traditional medicine due to its activities that were pharmacologically studied. Those activities include antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, toxicity, antidiabetic, anticolestroleia, antihypertensive to liver activity, and health-behavior changes in experimental animals
Antibacterial Activity of Scopoletin from Stem Bark of Aleurites moluccana Against Salmonella typhi
Get PDFBackground: Based on a previous survey of ethnopharmaceutical studies (local culture), it was known that the use of decoction of candlenut stem bark (Aleurites Moluccana) was used as typhoid medicine in the treatment tradition of the people of East Kalimantan. In antibacterial screening by diffusion test, methanol extract of stem bark A.moluccana showed excellent growth inhibition of Salmonella thypimurium. Working method: Simplicia of A.moluccana stem bark was extracted by maceration using methanol. Maserate was extracted liquid-liquid using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. The hexane and ethyl acetate fraction was monitored for active spots with TLC bioautography. The active compound is separated using vacuum liquid chromatography and radial chromatography. Results: The fraction J of KCV and J2 subfraction results from radial chromatography provides antibacterial activity of S. thpimurium. From the J2 subfraction obtained pure isolates in the form of yellowish needle crystals. The isolate was tested for antibacterial S.thypimurium using the microdilution method with a value of MIC is 250 µg/ml. Based on spectroscopic data and comparing the published spectra of the compound, the elucidation of the isolate is Scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin)
Monitoring Use of Antibiotic with ATC/DDD and DU 90% on Pediatric Patients at One of the Government Hospitals in East Borneo
Get PDFPediatric patients are among the recipients of most antibiotic treatment in hospitals so as to induce irrational use of antibiotics. This study aims to monitor the use of antibiotics in pediatric using ATC/DDD methods and DU 90%. This study is a descriptive study with a retrospective study by taking data from medical records to assess the use of antibiotics in pediatric patients with various diseases in the hospital. Quantitative data analysis using ATC/DDD methods showed that the widely used antibiotic was ceftriaxone 16,93% DDD. Antibiotics that include into the DU segment 90% use in the order of the largest to the smallest, respectively are ceftriaxone, metronidazole, cefotaxime, gentamycin, polymyxin B, colistin, cotrimoxazole, cefuroxime, and meropenem. The prescribing effect of short-term antibiotic use in basic medical services may increase the incidence of resistance
Isolation of Caffeine from Carbonated Beverages
Get PDFThe work presented on the isolation of naturally occurring alkaloid from carbonated beverages. The extensive presence of caffeine in different plants plays an important role in the long-standing acceptance of caffeine-containing products. Caffeine (3,7-dihydro-1, 3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione or 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is an alkaloid belongs to Methylxanthine family. Liquid-liquid extraction methods were used in the assay of research work. Chloroform was taken as extracting solvent. Solid residue of caffeine was recrystallized from 95% ethanol using 5ml/gram (5ml per gram). It is declared to raise caffeine, effects a number of different drugs include Paracetamol, Benzodiazepines and Aspirin and amount of plasma free Fatty acids increases. While inform that in regular sleeping interaction caffeine take place and raise the absorption of certain drugs. Changes in drug metabolizing enzymes, acts as an agent in a microsomal system of the body. The highest amount of caffeine dry crystal is extracted in sting sample while the 7up sample is free from caffeine