Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
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Formulation and Stability Tests of Hair Tonic from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Leaves Extract and Effectiveness in Protecting Hair
Full text linkHair loss is a condition that unavoidable process, where the hair is detached more than 100 strands per day that occurs continuously. Oil palm leaf with their compounds can be used to treat hair loss and damage. The purpose of this study was to formulate oil palm leaf extract into hair tonic preparations and evaluate the effectiveness in preventing hair damage. Hair tonic formula from oil palm leaf extract contains 96% ethanol, menthol, propylene glycol, phenoxyethanol, and aquades. The evaluation of hair tonic preparations included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity tests, as well as tests of antioxidant activity and effectiveness of hair tonic preparations. The results of the antioxidant activity test of oil palm leaf extract hair tonic showed the IC50 value at room temperature (25°C) indicating an average value of 37.2519±8.535 ppm, warm temperature (50°C) 40.5459±9.086 ppm, and cold temperature (4°C) 36.8257±6.928 ppm, which belongs to the category of very strong antioxidant activity, with the results of the evaluation of the oil palm leaf hair tonic slightly colored. greenish to dark green, has a distinctive menthol aroma, has a pH and viscosity that meets the requirements of a good hair tonic preparation, with pH between 3-7 and viscosity less than 5 cPs. Hair tonic preparations of oil palm leaf extract can prevent hair decolorization due to sun exposure at concentrations of 25 ppm to 200 ppm
Review of Chemical Characteristics of Antioxidant Compounds and Biological Activities that have the Potential for Pharmaceuticals
No full textChemical characteristics of a compound to be an antioxidant compound are more reactive than the compounds making up cells and tissues as well as metabolic component compounds, to radical compounds in the mammalian metabolic system. A highly reactive compound is (1) has one or more unpaired electrons in the form of radical electrons or compounds that lose or excess electrons form ionic (2) have many paired electrons (3) the distance between groups or atoms that have radical electrons very close or distance between same ion in a compound or the distance between groups or atoms which have electron pairs very close in term chemical bond or in space or conformation (4) and compounds that contain a lot of oxygen atoms. Therefore, a group of potential compounds that have strong antioxidant activity is phenolic, especially polyphenols because they have a hydroxy group or another group that has many paired electrons, located in an aromatic ring very close in chemical bonds, or an electron pair between aromatic rings in a very close compound based on space. Furthermore, highly reactive compounds are potentially toxic because they react easily with chemical compounds making up cells and tissues, as well as metabolic component compounds; such as proteins, lipids as fats, carbohydrates, non-fat lipid compounds, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Therefore, the excess of antioxidant compounds in the metabolic system is not good, if there is no free radical in the metabolic system or excessive radical compounds. Thus, the biological activity of antioxidant compounds that must be known if an antioxidant compound will be used in the pharmaceutical field is toxicity. Toxicity information that prospects to be continued as a pharmaceutical antioxidant product is minimally sourced from preclinical testing
Formulation Of a Transdermal Patch Containing Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) Extract As An Antioxidant Agent
Full text linkPigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is an indigenous Indonesian plant known not only as a food source but also for its high antioxidant content. This study aimed to develop a transdermal patch containing C. cajan extract and evaluate its physical properties and antioxidant activity. The extract was obtained through maceration using 96% ethanol and incorporated into patch formulations with varying concentrations of HPMC (10–20%) and PVP (10–20%). The optimal physical characteristics were observed in the formulation containing 20% HPMC and 10% PVP (F1). This base was then combined with the extract at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%, followed by antioxidant testing using the DPPH method. Results showed increased antioxidant activity with higher extract concentrations, with IC₅₀ values of F1: 160.87 ppm (weak), F2: 137.09 ppm (moderate), and F3: 96.17 ppm (strong). Formula 3 demonstrated the best performance, combining good physical properties with strong antioxidant activity
Antioxidant Test of Ethanol Extract of Purple Passion Fruit Leaves (Passiflora edulis Sims var edulis) from Tenggarong City, Kutai Kartanegara Regency
No full textAntioxidants are compounds that have the ability to reduce free radicals. Antioxidants are obtained from secondary metabolites such as flavonoids. One of the plants that contain flavonoids is purple passion fruit leaves (Passiflora edulis Sims var edulis). This study aims to determine the percentage of yield obtained from the soklet extraction of purple passion fruit leaves using 96% ethanol solvent, and to determine the IC50 of the extract. Percent yield done by calculating the weight of extract divided by the weight of the simplisia and multiplied by one hundred percent, obtained a percent yield of 18.6% show a good yield. Antioxidant activity test using DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, calculate the IC50 value, where ascorbic acid is used as a positive control. The results of the antioxidant activity test of extract ethanol purple passion fruit leaves showed very strong activity with IC50 value of 26,37 ppm and ascorbic acid IC50 value of 6,03 ppm
Antioxidant Potential of Avocado Leaf Kombucha (Persea americana Mill.) at Different Fermentation Times Using the DPPH Method
Full text link Avocado leaves contain various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols, which contribute to antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are crucial in safeguarding cells from oxidative stress and mitigating the risk of chronic illnesses. This study sought to assess the antioxidant capacity of avocado leaf kombucha across various fermentation durations. The experimental design entailed the preparation of kombucha tea, execution of antioxidant assays utilizing the DPPH method, and statistical analysis by One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD to ascertain significant differences. The IC₅₀ values recorded were 183.25 ppm (moderate) for unfermented tea, 67.99 ppm (moderate) at day 9, 49.91 ppm (very strong) at day 12, and 40.18 ppm (very strong) at day 14, whereas vitamin C, serving as a positive control, exhibited 9.16 ppm (very strong). These findings demonstrate that fermentation significantly enhances antioxidant activity, with the highest effect observed at 14 days of fermentation. In conclusion, avocado leaves represent a promising natural source for developing functional kombucha beverages with strong antioxidant activity.
Prediction and ADMET of Bioactive Gingerol from Red Ginger Plant (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum)
Full text linkThe present study focuses on the predictive analysis of pharmacological activity and ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) profiles of a selected bioactive compound using advanced in silico tools, PASS Online and pkCSM. The pharmacological potential was assessed through the Pa (probability of activity) and Pi (probability of inactivity) values, revealing strong activity predictions such as serotonin release stimulation, linoleate diol synthase inhibition, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrate potential. These results suggest multiple biological interactions and diverse therapeutic possibilities. Furthermore, the ADMET evaluation highlighted favorable pharmacokinetic behavior, including good intestinal absorption (92.416%), moderate water solubility (-3.164 log mol/L), and non-substrate characteristics toward P-glycoprotein inhibitors. The compound exhibited safe toxicity parameters, being non-mutagenic in the AMES test, non-hepatotoxic, and showing low hERG inhibition potential, which indicates minimal cardiotoxic risk. Moreover, its moderate volume of distribution (0.524 log L/kg) and high clearance (1.339 log ml/min/kg) demonstrate effective systemic disposition. The combined PASS and pkCSM predictions indicate that the compound possesses a promising pharmacological profile, suitable absorption characteristics, favorable metabolism, and low toxicity risks, supporting its potential for further experimental validation as a therapeutic candidate
Correlation between dry matter intake and weight gain in bali cattle
Full text linkBeef cattle productivity is strongly influenced by the quality and quantity of feed provided. Dry matter intake (DMI) is a key indicator of nutritional adequacy. Previous studies have been largely descriptive and have not emphasized the quantitative relationship between DMI and growth performance of Bali cattle under intensive smallholder farming systems.
This study analyzed the correlation between dry matter intake and body weight gain in male Bali cattle raised intensive management. The research was conducted in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, involving 45 respondents, with a total of 180 male Bali cattle. Data were collected through field surveys, body weight measurements, and laboratory analyses of the feed dry matter content. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson’s correlation and simple linear regression.
The results indicated that the average daily body weight gain of the Bali cattle reached 0.48 kg/head/day. Dry matter intake was positively and significantly correlated with body weight gain (r= 0.777; p < 0.01) using the regression equation Y= 8.159 + 0.483X. These findings confirm that increasing the DMI directly enhances the growth performance of Bali cattle.
The study concluded that feed management emphasizing dry matter intake optimization is essential to support the productivity of local beef cattle
In Silico Approach in Predicting Bioactivity, ADMET, and Therapeutic Targets of Dexamethasone
Full text linkDexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid widely used for its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects; however, its broad biological activity and potential adverse effects necessitate a comprehensive pharmacological evaluation. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivity profile, potential molecular targets, and ADMET properties of dexamethasone using an integrated in silico approach. Bioactivity prediction was performed using PASS Online, target identification was conducted via SwissTargetPrediction, and pharmacokinetic–toxicological profiling was evaluated using the pkCSM platform. The results revealed high probabilities for anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and immunosuppressive activities, confirming the established therapeutic roles of dexamethasone. Multiple nuclear receptors, including the glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgen, and progesterone receptors, were identified as primary targets, providing mechanistic insight into both therapeutic effects and endocrine-related adverse outcomes. Additional targets related to inflammatory signaling, metabolic regulation, and G-protein–coupled receptors suggested broader pharmacological interactions. ADMET predictions indicated high intestinal absorption, moderate distribution, limited central nervous system penetration, manageable metabolic interactions, and low predicted toxicity risks
Green Preparation of Cu Nanoparticles with Bioreductor of Red Dragon Fruit Peel Extract: Visible Spectroscopy Properties
Full text linkCopper nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using the green synthesis method by utilizing red dragon fruit peel extract as a bioreductor. Red dragon fruit peel contains secondary metabolites that can reduce Cu2+ ions to Cu0. Physically, the formation of copper nanoparticles is indicated by a color change from light blue to green. In addition, the success of copper nanoparticles of red dragon fruit peel extract can be analyzed using a Visible and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. The measurements using a Visible spectrophotometer showed the formation of copper nanoparticles at absorption peaks in the wavelength range of 400-450 nm. The stability of copper nanoparticles can be determined through the SPR peak absorption for 30 minutes, which shows that copper nanoparticles have good stability and have an estimated particle range of 46.43-92.93 nm, with a band gap value of 2.45 eV. The results of the FTIR spectrum on copper nanoparticles-red dragon fruit peel extract show a shift in the absorption peak of the wave number 3412.07 cm-1 to a wave number of 3439.07 cm-1 indicating a reduction of Cu2+to Cu0
Synthesis, Chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Some Novel Triazole Substituted 5-Oxo-Imidazoline Derivatives
Full text link5-oxo-imidazoline rings have been reported to possess various biological activities such as antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, and anthelmintic activities. These activities also include anticonvulsant, and anthelmintic. These observations and findings prompted to synthesize the novel triazolo substituted 5-oxo-imidazoline derivatives. In the present investigation, a series of 10 new 1-trazolyl-5-oxo-imidazolinones were synthesized in good yield by using appropriate synthetic methods and have been established on the basis of their M.P., TLC, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR data. Also, all the compounds were evaluated for the possible antibacterial activity by cup-plate agar diffusion method by measuring % zone of inhibition. Streptomycin at the concentration of 50?g/ml was used as standard drug. Of all the tested compounds, A6 exhibited significantly high potency against the various gram positive and gram negative organisms used in the investigation