Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
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Phytochemicals Screening, Proximate composition and Antioxidants Analysis of Italian Citrus paradisi Fruits
Get PDFCitrus paradise is a largely consumed fruit for nutrition and medicinal importance. This study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemicals, proximate, and antioxidants contents of Italian Citrus paradisi fruits. The phytochemicals screening and proximate analysis were performed using the methods of AOAC. Antioxidants contents and capacities of the extract were determined by DPPH and FRAP Assay. The grapefruits aqueous extract revealed the presence of various phytochemicals and contains significant (p < 0.05) amount of carbohydrates (89.36 %), moisture (74.80 %), lipids (4.56 %), protein (3.36 %), crude fiber (2.36 %), and ash content (0.83 %). The extract exhibited significant (p < 0.05) increase in DPPH percentage inhibition of free radical scavenging activity and FRAP properties comparable to that of the standard, ascorbic acid. The grapefruits extract contains various phytochemicals, proximate nutrients, and exhibited free radical scavenging activity. The grapefruits have nutritional status, antioxidant properties, and medicinal importance
Formulation of the Balm Aromatherapy Combination Using the Essential Oils Ocimum basilicum L. and Cymbopogon citratus DC
Get PDFThis study aimed to analyze the formulation of an aromatherapy balm composed of the essential oils O. basilicum L. and C. citratus DC. Experimental research design involving the compilation of five balm formulations at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. For four months, balm formulations were made, and physical, chemical, and microbiological tests were carried out, which were further analyzed descriptively. The findings showed that the yield of essential oils obtained from distillation reached 0.19% w/v (O. basilicum L.) and 0.24% w/v (C. citratus DC). All formulations at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% passed the organoleptic tests for topical dosage balms. This means that they were semisolid, smelled like essential oils, and were yellowish-brown based on the raw materials. The balm is completely homogeneous; there are no granules, and the color is evenly spread throughout the smear. The pH for the topical preparations ranged from 6–7, the dispersion power ranged from 5.02–6.10, and the adhesion ratio ranged from 2–6 depending on the concentration. Microbiological testing revealed that the aromatherapy balm was free of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacteria
Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Sempur Air (Dillenia suffruticosa) and Akar Kaik-kaik (Uncaria cordata) Leaves Against Shigella dysentriae and Salmonella typhimurium
Get PDFSempur air (Dillenia suffruticosa) and akar kaik-kaik (Uncaria cordata) are two plants that can be found on Sumatra, Indonesia. The locals employ those herbs as traditional medicine in variety of ways, including treating diarrhea. This study sought to confirm the efficacy of sempur air and akar kaik-kaik leaf extracts as traditional diarrhea remedies. Leaves were obtained in Bangka-Belitung and Riau, Sumatra. They were extracted with 70% ethanol as a solvent and then evaluated for the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial properties. The phytochemical screening found that the ethanol extract of akar kaik-kaik leaf contains alkaloids, tannins, and saponins, but no flavonoids or steroids/triterpenoids. The ethanol extract of sempur air leaf included alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins; but neither steroids or triterpenoids. The ethanol extract of akar kaik-kaik leaf showed no impact on Shigella dysentriae and Salmonella typhimurium, whereas the ethanol extract of sempur air leaf could inhibit S. dysentriae but not S. typhimurium
Evaluation of Acute and Repeated Dose Oral Toxicity of Phoenix dactylifera L. Pollen Methanolic Extract in Rats
Get PDFPollen of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) has been used for thousands of years as a traditional herbal medicine for improving fertility. However, safety of plant-derived materials is an important concern to human health, and herbal remedies should be taken with adequate knowledge about their toxicity, adverse effects, purity, appropriate dosage and dose limits. The current work was undertaken to evaluate the safety of date palm pollen (DPP) and to classify it according to its oral toxicity in rats. The experiments were done according to the reported guidelines of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to assess the acute and repeated dose oral toxicity in rats. The obtained results showed neither death nor sign of toxicity or abnormality in any of the animals throughout the experimental period regarding acute and repeated dose oral toxicity. Also the results of the hematological and clinical biochemistry determinations showed no significant differences between the control and DPP-treated rat groups. It could be concluded that, the tested plant material is a relatively safe substance and its approximate LD50 defined by 2000mg/kg < LD50 < 5000mg/kg according to the OECD tests guidelines
Cost-Effectiveness of Length of Stay of Intravenous Aminophylline and Nebulized Salbutamol in Asthma Exacerbations
Get PDFAsthma is a heterogeneous disease which is also one of the major health problems in the world. Uncontrolled asthma symptoms will exacerbate asthma, which is the biggest cause of the patient into the ER. Salbutamol is a bronchodilator that belonged to the short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA), which is an obligatory choice in the management of asthma exacerbations. Unlike the aminophylline group in Indonesia which is still often used widely and rarely appear in the side effects of its use. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of nebulized salbutamol versus intravenous aminophylline for reduction in asthma symptoms, improvement in lung function, and a long hospital stay. The study involved 57 adults asthma exacerbation patients without complication who received treatment in the ER, were studied by using quasi-experimental methods in this study cost-effectiveness analysis to compare intravenous aminophylline (n:27) versus nebulized salbutamol (n:30) therapy to determine the most cost-effective. Intravenous aminophylline therapy was more cost-effective than nebulized salbutamol in reducing the symptoms of asthma and PEF value improvement. Clinical outcome of the length of hospital stay outcome both had the same effective, and cost analysis results showed intravenous aminophylline (US5.71). intravenous aminophylline was more effective in reducing asthma symptoms than nebulized salbutamol (Pvalue=0.001). Meanwhile, the average decrease in lung function intravenous aminophylline than nebulized salbutamol, although not significantly different (Pvalue=0.507). Aminophylline therapy was more cost-effective in reducing asthma symptoms and improvement in lung function compared nebulized salbutamol in exacerbations asthma patients. But cost-effectiveness researchers need to measure substance abuse outcomes in terms of Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALY), as this will make their findings more relevant to the development of treatment policy
Evaluation of Acute and Subacute Oral Toxicity of Erlangea tomentosa (Oliv. & Hiern) S. Moore (Asteraceae) Methanol Leaf Extract in Experimental Wistar Albino Rats
Get PDFErlangea tomentosa (Oliv. & Hiern) S. Moore\u27s leaves, which are in the Asteraceae family, were tested for acute and subacute toxicity in experimental Wistar rats. Lorke’s (bi-phasic) method was used to evaluate the acute toxicity profile of the plant extract. In phase 2, twelve rats of both sexes were administered a maximum dosage of 5000 mg/kg of extract. Observations of toxicity signs were made and recorded for 2 hours consecutively, for 24 hours intermittently, as well as for the next 14 days. For the subacute study, rats were orally administered water and plant extract daily for 28 days. Toxicological effects were recorded daily, and body weights were documented weekly. Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological tests as well as relative organ weights were evaluated at the conclusion of the study. In phase 2 of the acute toxicity study, it was found that the plant extract was toxic at doses of 1600, 3100, and 5000 mg/kg, with only one death at the highest dose. In the subacute toxicity study, animals that were administered 800 mg/kg of extract for 28 days showed symptoms of toxicity. The weight of the kidneys increased; urea and ALT levels increased; as well as total protein and albumin levels decreased compared to the control group. At the same dose, histopathology examination revealed alterations of the liver and kidneys, while hematopoietic cells were significantly disrupted compared to the control animals. Based on the findings, the methanol-extracted leaves of E. tomentosa showed a moderate level of acute toxicity. The administration of the extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg was safe, but 800 mg/kg was toxic. This caused damage to their livers and kidneys. This led to an increase in ALT and ALP, changes in blood parameters like Hb, RBC, and PLT, as well as the development of inflammatory cells
Synthesis and Toxicity Tests of N-Carbothioamide-3-(2,4- Dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)Pyrazoline
Get PDFPyrazoline is an alkaloid compound which has various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and anticancer. The compound N-carbotioamide-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)pyrazoline was successfully synthesized from the basic ingredients 2\u27,4\u27-dichloro-4-hydroxy-3-methoxychalcone and thiosemicarbazide with sodium hydroxide catalyst at 80°C for 7 hours. The synthesized compound was characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectroscopy and had a yield of 28.03%. Based on the results of toxicity tests using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, this compound has an LC50 value of 44.6 ppm and has the potential to be an antimicrobial compound
Exploring the Relationship between PheSA Scores and Ligand Efficiency in the Discovery of Potent Antimalarials: A Computational Perspective
Get PDFPharmacophore Enhanced Shape Alignment (PheSA) compares the similarities of compounds based on their pharmacophoric and geometrical characteristics. Ligand efficiency is a notion used to maximize the potency and effectiveness of medication candidates by taking into account their molecular weight and binding affinity. This study mainly focused on Cycloguanil analogues to evaluate the association between PheSA scores and ligand efficiency in the identification of effective antimalarials. Information on 36 PfDHFR inhibitors, their structures and biological activity was retrieved from the ChEMBL database. Based on shape and pharmacophore similarity, the PheSA algorithm was used to compare the 3D structures of the inhibitors. Based on a de novo synthesis method, 257 new compounds with greater PheSA similarity scores that have a striking resemblance to cycloguanil were created. The PheSA score and ligand efficiency have a moderately positive link (correlation coefficient of 0.675) according to the analysis. However, the virtual screening of cycloguanil analogues based on PheSA similarity scores offers a useful initial evaluation of structural similarity, directing further experimental studies to find interesting substances for the creation of effective antimalarial drug
Cost-Effectiveness of Antibiotics for Typhoid Fever at Hermana Lembean Hospital
Get PDFSalmonella typhi bacteria, which contaminate ingested food and beverages and sufferers\u27 feces, urine, or other secretions, are typically to blame for typhoid fever. This study\u27s objectives were to identify the traits of inpatient typhoid fever patients who received antibiotics evaluating the cost-effectiveness of antibiotics for typhoid fever patients receiving inpatient typhoid fever at Hermana Lembean Public Hospital. The cost-effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for inpatients with typhoid fever was examined in this study utilizing descriptive research, which involved retrospective data collecting using secondary data, such as medical record data and record costs of patients who had received inpatient care at Hermana Lembean General Hospital. According to the calculations from the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, ceftriaxone injectable therapy has an ACER value of Rp. 15.987, and an efficacy of 100%, is the most economical antibiotic treatment
Larvicidal Effect of 96% Ethanol Extract of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Leaves with PEG 400 Diluent on Aedes aegypti Larvae
Get PDFLarval control is remain the best method in reducing the high incidence of Dengue Fever, but temephos-resistance has also been reported. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) leaves are thought to be a promising material to replace temephos. This study aim to identify the larvicidal effect of lime leaves ethanolic extract on Aedes aegypti. Lime leaves were extracted by maceration method and PEG 400 diluent was added as a dispersing agent. Total of 400 Aedes aegypti larvae at stages III-IV were enrolled. At 24 hours of observation, mortality rate of Aedes aegypti larvae in group with extract concentration of 0.3% and 0.4% was 92% and 100%, respectively. From post-hoc Mann Whitney test, p-value of <0.05 was only found when any study group were compared to negative control group. As as conclusion is 96% ethanol extract of lime leaves in addition of PEG 400 diluent has larvicide effect on Aedes aegypti larvae