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    Ecosystem vulnerability according to the land protection planning of the Community of Madrid

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    Ecosystem Vulnerability according to Planning (VEP, in Spanish) seeks to value the role of ecosystem services for themaintenance and strengthening of our cities through the identification of ecosystems, their valuation, and consideration fromplanning itself. This research is a methodological adaptation of a European project that seeks to map ecosystems and thepressures these receive, through a proposal from the European Environment Agency. Thanks to this, policies should beestablished to reduce these pressures on the natural environment or to avoid exceeding critical levels with resulting changes inits level of resilience. The consideration of planning as another pressure factor means seeing a new risk for these ecosystemsthat, although it had not been contemplated until now, is greatly relevant in our context. In this sense, it is necessary to increasethe scale of work and to have the growth forecasts and existing land protections, whose information at an international levelwould be very difficult to homogenize and obtain. Thus, this methodological proposal focuses specifically on the Community ofMadrid, Spain, to identify the pressures contemplated by the European methodology, and to add a new variable that alters therisk of losing these spaces. The case study poses important challenges due to the high urban pressure there is, but exemplifiesthe problems of ecosystems in the area analyzed, identifying the spaces with less joint resilience on facing these changes, due totheir predisposition to urbanization.La Vulnerabilidad Ecosistémica según el Planeamiento (VEP) buscar valorar el papel de los servicios ecosistémicos para el mantenimiento y fortalecimiento de nuestras ciudades través de la identificación de los ecosistemas, su valoración y consideración desde la planificación. Esta investigación es una adaptación metodológica de un proyecto europeo que busca, a través de una propuesta de la Agencia Europea de Medioambiente, cartografiar sus ecosistemas y las presiones que reciben. Gracias a ello se deberían establecer políticas reductoras de estas presiones sobre el medio natural o evitar traspasar niveles críticos con el resultado de cambios en su nivel de resiliencia. La consideración del planeamiento como otro factor de presión supone la visibilización de un nuevo riesgo para estos ecosistemas que, si bien no había sido contemplada por el momento, tiene una gran relevancia en nuestro contexto. En ese sentido, es preciso aumentar la escala de trabajo y contar con las previsiones de crecimiento y protecciones de suelo existentes cuya información a nivel internacional sería muy difícil de homogenizar y obtener. Así, esta propuesta metodológica se centra concretamente en la Comunidad de Madrid (España) para identificar las presiones contempladas por la metodología europea y sumar una nueva variable que altera el riesgo de pérdida de estos sitios. El caso de estudio plantea desafíos importantes debido a la alta presión urbana presente, pero ejemplariza la problemática de los ecosistemas en el área analizada, identificando los espacios con menor resiliencia conjunta antes estos cambios, a razón de su predisposición a la urbanización

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    Exploratory spatial analysis of transfers in Mexico

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    El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si existe o no un patrón espacial en las transferencias intergubernamentales en México. Para alcanzar el objetivo, se utilizan herramientas de análisis espacial como el índice de Moran global, el indicador local de asociación espacial (LISA) y el indicador local Geary. Para capturar la interacción estratégica entre los estados se utilizan diferentes matrices de contigüidad. Los principales resultados son una autocorrelación espacial positiva en las transferencias que reciben las entidades federativas en México. Esto sugiere que las trasferencias intergubernamentales asignadas han creado clústeres de estados con nivel alto de transferencias rodeados de estados con el mismo nivel de transferencias. Asimismo, de acuerdo con el indicador local de asociación espacial (LISA) solo 9 estados en México son significativos para el análisis local.The objective of this work is to analyse whether there is a spatial pattern in intergovernmental transfers in Mexico. To achieve the objective, spatial analysis tools such as the global Moran index, the local indicator of spatial association (LISA) and the local Geary indicator are used. To capture the strategic interaction between states, different contiguity matrices are used. The main results are a positive spatial autocorrelation in the transfers received by the states in Mexico. This suggests that allocated intergovernmental transfers have created clusters of states with high level of transfers surrounded by states with the same level of transfers. Likewise, according to the local spatial association indicator (LISA), only 9 states in Mexico are significant for the local analysis

    Continuous Professional Development of teachers in Chile: Embedded in the Accountability Policy?

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    El Desarrollo Profesional Continuo en los profesores y profesoras es un ámbito de investigación y reflexión, dada su relevancia en la mejora de los sistemas educativos y en los aprendizajes de los y las estudiantes. Así, este campo se estructura no solo desde una conceptualización, sino en su relación como parte de un sistema. El objetivo del artículo, es realizar un análisis del desarrollo profesional docente continuo y su entramado en la política de Accountability o rendición de cuentas. Para este propósito, se utiliza como técnica el análisis de datos secundarios centrado en la perspectiva profesional y modelos de desarrollo propuestos por Day (2004) y Kennedy (2005, 2014), más otros autores claves, que permitan su anclaje teórico y la relación entre estos con las políticas de rendición de cuentas asociada el desarrollo docente. Entre las conclusiones, se evidencia que el sistema de desarrollo profesional continuo se encuentra entramado y condicionado por diversas prácticas o estrategias derivadas de este tipo de política. Lo anterior, repercute en la configuración de un modelo de profesional gerencial, además, de un itinerario formativo, centrado en la transmisión y modelamiento de una perspectiva profesional prescrita, por lo tanto, su forma general consolida la rendición de cuentas y la perspectiva gerencialista del quehacer profesional.Continuous Professional Development of teachers is a field of research and reflection, given its relevance in the improvement of educational systems and student learning. Thus, this field is structured not only from a conceptualization, but also in its relationship as part of a system. The objective of this article is to analyze the continuous professional development of teachers and how it is intertwined with the Accountability policy. For this purpose, secondary data analysis is used as a technique with a central axis in the proposal of models and professional perspective of Day (2004) and Kennedy (2005, 2014), together with other key authors, which allow theoretical anchoring, and the relationship between these with accountability policies associated with teacher development. Among the conclusions, it is evident that the continuous professional development system is interwoven and conditioned by various practices or strategies derived from this type of policy. This has repercussions on the configuration of a managerial professional model, in addition to a training itinerary, focused on the transmission and modeling of a prescribed professional perspective; therefore, its general form consolidates accountability and the managerialist perspective of professional work

    Formative value of history in school: a study through the disciplinary code

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    Este ensayo tiene por objetivo reflexionar sobre una forma de estudiar la contribución de la disciplina histórica en los estudiantes de enseñanza media a través del estudio de su valor formativo enmarcado en el análisis del código disciplinar propuesto por Cuesta Fernández, debido a los cambios que ha tenido dentro del curriculum nacional. En la actualidad, la educación se ha centrado, en medir el aprendizaje a través de pruebas estandarizadas, lo que ha llevado que la opinión de los profesores y estudiantes, no sea considerada en el proceso educativo ni en las políticas educativas, siendo necesario revalorizar a ambos protagonistas para comprender el valor de las disciplinas escolares y construir un marco curricular compartido por todos los entes. El código disciplinar de la Historia escolar posee tres dimensiones de estudio: un cuerpo de contenidos, discursos sobre el valor formativo de la disciplina y prácticas profesionales. Se analiza que las características del valor formativo de la historia, destacan una enseñanza elitista, arcaica, nacionalista y memorista, las cuales deberían evolucionar. Se concluye que desde la pedagogía contemporánea debemos atender a la integralidad del alumno para ver la real contribución de la asignatura, lo cual nos lleva a reflexionar sobre el estado del código actual y el aporte de la disciplina al curriculum nacional.The objective of this essay is to reflect on a way to study the contribution of the historical discipline in high school students through the study of its formative value, framed in the analysis of the disciplinary code proposed by Cuesta Fernandez, due to the changes it has had within the national curriculum. Currently, education had a focus on certificate learnings through standardized tests; it has made opinions of teachers and students to be considered irrelevant in educational process and policies. It is necessary to revalue both protagonists in order to understand the value of school disciplines and to build a curricular framework shared by all entities. The disciplinary code of school history has three dimensions of study: a body of content, discourses on the formative value of discipline, and professional practices. Data analysis has showed that characteristics about historic formative value have created an elitist, archaic, nationalist, and rote teaching, which should evolve. It is concluded from the contemporary pedagogy, that integrality of the student should be considered in order to see the real contribution of the subject, which leads to reflect on the state of the current code and the contribution of the discipline to the national curriculum

    Wine Production in the Commune of Quillón, Period 2000-2010, Ñuble, Chile

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    La producción vitivinícola es una de las actividades económicas agrarias de excelencia en el país y reconocida a nivel internacional, el estudio caracteriza en un periodo acotado de tiempo la producción vitivinícola en la comuna de Quillón. La importancia de la comuna en la producción vitivinícola expresa la relevancia que en la región de Ñuble tiene el Valle del Itata en la producción vitivinícola nacional. El análisis se estructura considerando la caracterización del territorio y su emplazamiento regional, y tres fases de análisis: primero en razón de las características de desarrollo de la actividad sectorial, en segundo término, la caracterización del volumen de producción y los productores y en tercer término algunas nociones del negocio vitivinícola en la comuna.The wine production is one of the agricultural economic activities of excellence in the country and internationally recognized, the study characterizes in a limited period of time the wine production in the Quillón commune. The importance of the commune in wine production expresses the importance that the Itata Valley has in the Ñuble region in national wine production. The analysis is structured considering the characterization of the territory and its regional location, and three phases of analysis: first because of the development characteristics of the sectoral activity, secondly, the characterization of the volume of production and producers, and thirdly some notions of the wine business in the commune

    Shear strength in friction welded joint of poplar wood impregnated with copper-based wood preservative

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    Environmentally friendly processes are of great interest and considerably needed due to the worldwide problem of pollution. Linear vibration welding of timber structural elements provides new opportunities to potentially achieve structural joints. Mechanically induced vibrational wood fusion welding is shown to be due mostly to the melting and flowing of some amorphous, cells-interconnecting polymer material in the structure of wood, mainly lignin, but also hemicelluloses. In this study, poplar (Populus euramericana) samples were impregnated with alkaline copper quat (ACQ) in order to enhance welding performance. Chemical changes of the impregnated and welded specimens were characterized by FT-IR techniques. A decrease in the proportion of unoxidized phenolic groups in the lignin were observed by FT-IR and the decreased joint strength observed is impregnated wood. After impregnation, shear strength decreased by 37 % to 54 %. The X-ray CT-scanning results revealed that the average density of the poplar wood (368 kg/m3) increased to 710 kg/m3 by welding

    Tiempo de esterilización mediante vapor de la madera aserrada de pino radiata

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    La madera de pino radiata destinada a la fabricación de embalajes para exportación requiere ser esterilizada de acuerdo a las normas fitosanitarias internacionales NIMF 15. En el presente trabajo se estudió en secaderos industriales el tiempo de esterilización con vapor que es necesario emplear con madera aserrada verde de pino radiata apilada sin separadores y destinada a la fabricación de embalajes, considerando como factores variables la temperatura del vapor (80 ºC, 90 ºC y 100 °C), el espesor de las piezas de madera (16 mm, 38 mm y 53 mm) y la altura del subpaquete de madera (150 mm, 200 mm y 400 mm). Un experimento piloto fue realizado en un horno industrial de 40 m3. Posteriormente se escaló el experimento a hornos industriales de 100 m3. Los resultados mostraron que el tiempo necesario para la esterilización con vapor en el rango de temperaturas analizado aumenta significativamente con el espesor de las tablas y con la altura del subpaquete. El tiempo mínimo para obtener las condiciones de esterilización con vapor en la madera apilada de pino radiata varió de 123 min hasta un máximo de 2275 min

    Effects of microcrystalline cellulose on some performance properties of chitosan aerogels

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    The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of the microcrystalline cellulose reinforcement on some physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the chitosan aerogels. The bio-based chitosan aerogels were produced using chitosan as a matrix and the microcrystalline cellulose as a reinforce material through freeze-drying method. The aerogel suspensions were prepared in five different ratios to investigate the effect of microcrystalline cellulose content. The density, porosity, thermogravimetric analysis, and compressive resistance tests were conducted according to relevant standards. Morphological properties were investigated using scanning electron microscope. The introduction of microcrystalline cellulose significantly improved the compressive resistance, thermal properties (Tonset and T%50) of the chitosan aerogels. The optimum performance properties determined as 0,12 MPa for compressive resistance, 0,27 MPa for compressive modulus, 292,45 °C for Tonset and 365 °C for T%50. According to scanning electron microscope images, aerogels showed microporous structure as expected. As a result, the bio-based chitosan aerogels reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose were successfully manufactured. The mechanical and thermal properties including compressive resistance, compressive modulus, Tonset and T%50 of chitosan- microcrystalline cellulose aerogels found promising

    Fumigation of imported Tectona grandis and southern yellow pine with Pongamia pinnata seed oil against sapstain and mould

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    An eco-friendly alternative of Pongamia pinnata seed oil was tested for fumigation of imported Tectona grandis and Pinus spp. (Southern yellow pine) against sap stain and mould fungi at 25 ± 2  and 75 %  ±  5 % relative humidity.Veneeer and block samples of both species, and Petri dishes with agar media were fumigated with three different concentrations (w/v) of Pongamia pinnata seed oil and exhibited significant inhibition of fungal growth in comparison to the control sets, with the highest concentration of 6,4 g/ 8 mL3 proving to be the most lethal. Tectona grandis exhibited no infestation of sapstain and mould in either type of specimens whereas highly perishable Southern yellow pine displayed slight infestation of 4 % and 5 % with 1,6 g/ 2 mL3 of Pongamia pinnata seed oil for venner and block specimens as compared to 18 % and 20 % infestation observed in respective controls.The infestation on Southern yellow pine reduced to 1 % and 2 % respectively for veneers and blocks with 4 g/ 5 mL3 of Pongamia pinnata seed oil and was completely inhibited at 6,4 g/ 8 mL3 for both type of Southern yellow pine specimens. Petri plates returned similar findings where all higher concentrations inhibited mould growth completely and the lowest concentration exhibited meagre mould growth. Sapstain was inhibited successfully by all three concentrations of Pongamia pinnata seed oil on agar media

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