Revistas Universidad del Bío-Bío
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Tuhouse: Sustainable, high-density social housing prototype for the tropics
Get PDFLa presente contribución expone los resultados de la investigación desarrollada en el marco del concurso internacional Solar Decathlon LAC 2019, la cual tuvo por objetivo el diseño y construcción de un prototipo de vivienda económica TUHOUSE (Technically Unique House Using Solar Energy), a escala 1:1, capaz de incorporar estrategias sostenibles y bioclimáticas acordes con la región tropical. Para esto se llevó a cabo una metodología de taller de diseño, basada en el trabajo interdisciplinario entre distintas áreas de la Arquitectura y la Ingeniería, pertenecientes a diversos programas de las Universidades de San Buenaventura y Autónoma de Occidente (Cali, Colombia). El principal aporte metodológico fue lograr aquel trabajo interdisciplinario desde las etapas iniciales, lo cual se suma a que estudiantes y profesores participaran en la construcción del prototipo para finalmente verificar su comportamiento con las pruebas del concurso. Entre resultados de la experiencia, se destaca la propuesta urbana con alta habitabilidad y densidad, y la comprobación de estrategias pasivas de diseño enfocadas en la envolvente del prototipo, que pueden ser replicadas en condiciones similares, pero también la importancia del interrogante sobre la validez del modelo de confort térmico propuesto para regiones tropicales.This work presents the results of research made within the framework of the Solar Decathlon LAC 2019 international competition, which aimed at designing and building a prototype of a TUHOUSE (Technically Unique House Using Solar Energy) affordable dwelling, at a 1:1 scale, a house that is capable of incorporating sustainable and bioclimatic strategies for the tropical region. The methodology consisted of a design workshop with interdisciplinary work from the different architecture and engineering areas in programs at the Universities of San Buenaventura and Autonoma de Occidente (Cali, Colombia). The main contribution of the methodology was to achieve interdisciplinary work from the initial stages, alongside students and teachers participating in the construction of the prototype, before finally checking its performance using the contest’s tests. Among the results that stand out from of this experience, are an urban proposal with high habitability and density, the testing of passive design strategies focused on a prototype envelope that can be replicated in similar conditions, but also the importance of the question about the validity of the thermal comfort model proposed for tropical regions
Minga: sustainable and replicable urban renovation model, the Buenaventura case
Get PDFEste artículo presenta los resultados obtenidos en la investigación realizada durante la ejecución de un diseño de renovación urbana sostenible en la ciudad de Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, como parte de la propuesta del equipo MINGA para el SDLAC 2019 (Solar Decathlon Latin America and Caribbean). Este proyecto fue desarrollado por un grupo de estudiantes y profesores, dentro de los espacios académicos de los programas de pregrado de Arquitectura e Ingeniería Civil de las universidades partícipes del equipo MINGA. Se utilizó la metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje basada en proyectos, con integración curricular en cursos interdisciplinares tipo taller de proyectos. El objetivo principal fue demostrar la viabilidad de un proyecto de urbanismo resiliente, concebido para el clima futuro en una ciudad costera del trópico cálido-húmedo. Los resultados demostraron que se puede crear un urbanismo climático, resiliente al clima, que garantice la permanencia de los habitantes originales de las zonas costeras, mitigando los riesgos por inundación y garantizando el arraigo cultural de sus habitantes, aun en escenarios de aumento en el nivel del marThis article presents the results obtained in research made during a sustainable urban renewal design in the city of Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, as part of MINGA team's proposal for SDLAC 2019 (Solar Decathlon Latin America and Caribbean). This project was developed by a group of students and professors, as part of the undergraduate programs of architecture and civil engineering of the partner universities in the MINGA team. A project-based teaching-learning methodology was used, integrating the curricula in interdisciplinary project workshop-type courses. The main goal was to demonstrate the viability of a resilient urban planning project, conceived for the future climate in a coastal city in the hot-humid tropics. The results showed that a climate-resilient urbanism can be created, which guarantees the permanence of the original inhabitants of the coastal areas, mitigating flooding risks, and preserving the cultural roots of the inhabitants, even under sea-rise scenarios
A habitação coletiva da modernidade em tempos de COVID19. Contribuições do paradigma habitacional
Get PDFLa habitación colectiva de la modernidad generó un paradigma de diseño urbano-arquitectónico, que incorporaba espacios cuyo diseño fomentaba, de acuerdo con los arquitectos de la modernidad, salud e higiene mediante la circulación de aire puro, iluminación y ventilación naturales al interior de las viviendas, al igual que en los espacios compartidos y de circulación característicos de esa tipología habitacional. Esos elementos de diseño parecen ser útiles en la reducción de contagios del virus SarsCov2 y que actualmente afecta al mundo entero. Para verificar este supuesto, se realizó un trabajo de campo y en línea con habitantes del Centro Urbano Presidente Alemán (CUPA), conjunto representativo de la modernidad arquitectónica en la Ciudad de México. Mediante reconstrucciones volumétricas y cuestionarios en línea se analizaron los elementos de diseño que materializan los ideales modernos orientados a garantizar espacios exteriores e interiores sanos; se evaluó la utilidad de los equipamientos colectivos, espacios de circulación y el diseño de las cuatro tipologías de vivienda que tiene el conjunto. Los resultados del estudio y la ausencia de casos de COVID19 en el CUPA, ayudan a demostrar la validez que recobra la arquitectura moderna en la pandemia mundial, así como la importancia de las lecciones del pasado para integrar nuevos paradigmas de diseño para una arquitectura post-Covid.Modern collective housing generated an urban-architectural design paradigm, which incorporated spaces whose design promoted, following modern architects, health and hygiene through the circulation of clean air, natural lighting and ventilation inside dwellings, as well as in the shared spaces and those where people move around, characteristic of this housing typology. These design elements seem to be useful to reduce the spread of the SarsCov2 virus, that is currently affecting the entire world. Field and online work was carried out with the inhabitants of the CUPA, a housing complex representative of modern architecture in Mexico City, to verify this assumption. Using volumetric reconstructions and online questionnaires, the design elements that embody modern ideals, aimed at ensuring healthy indoor and outdoor spaces, were analysed. The usefulness of the collective facilities, public spaces and the design of the four housing typologies found within the, were assessed. The results of the study and the absence of COVID-19 cases in CUPA help to prove the validity that modern architecture has regained during the global pandemic, as well as the importance of the lessons from the past to integrate new design paradigms for a post-Covid architecture.A habitação coletiva da modernidade gerou um paradigma de desenho urbano-arquitetônico que incorporava espaços cujo design promovia, de acordo com os arquitetos da modernidade, saúde e higiene por meio da circulação de ar puro, iluminação e ventilação naturais no interior das casas, bem como nos espaços compartilhados e de circulação característicos desta tipologia habitacional. Esses elementos de design parecem ser úteis na redução da disseminação do vírus SarsCov2, que atualmente afeta o mundo inteiro. Para verificar esta hipótese, realizou-se um trabalho de campo e on-line com moradores do Centro Urbano Presidente Alemán (CUPA), um conjunto representativo da modernidade arquitetônica localizado na Cidade do México. Mediante reconstruções volumétricas e questionários on-line, foram analisados os elementos de design que incorporam os ideais modernos que visam garantir espaços exteriores e interiores saudáveis; Foi avaliada a utilidade dos equipamentos coletivos, dos espaços de circulação e do desenho dos quatro tipos de habitação existentes no conjunto. Os resultados do estudo e a ausência de casos de COVID19 no CUPA ajudam a demonstrar a legitimidade que a arquitetura moderna recupera durante esta pandemia de escala global, bem como a importância das lições do passado para integrar novos paradigmas de design em uma arquitetura pós-Covid
La plaza de Yumbel, de su origen militar a su consolidación como villa: Descripción de la plaza fuerte de 1585 a 1817, una aproximación histórica
No full textYumbel has its origin in a military fort, the San Felipe de Austria, built in 1585. From there, a process of installation of several forts began during the 17th century, until consolidating the Fort San Carlos de Austria in 1668. This fort, which remained into the 19th century, is the one that experienced a decrease in its functions that allowed the formation of an urban nucleus in Yumbel. This research work exposes through a bibliographic and documentary review the evolution of the fort of Yumbel to a nascent village, giving emphasis to the ruinous situation of the Plaza of Yumbel once the Laja Island was colonizedYumbel tiene su origen en un fuerte militar, el San Felipe de Austria levantado en 1585. A partir de ahí, comienza un proceso de instalación de varios fuertes durante el siglo XVII, hasta consolidar el Fuerte San Carlos de Austria en 1668. Dicho fuerte que permanece entrado el siglo XIX, es el que experimentó una disminución en sus funciones que permitió la formación de un núcleo urbano en Yumbel. Este trabajo de investigación expone a través de una revisión bibliográfica y documental la evolución del fuerte de Yumbel a una naciente villa, dándole énfasis a la situación ruinosa de la Plaza de Yumbel una vez colonizada la Isla de la Laja
The impossible stroll through the unreachable city. Reyner Banham's urban ecologies revisited
Get PDFThe city of Los Angeles, CA, is, for sure, the first city to authentically emerge as a result of the widespread popularisation of automobile use, and it should, therefore, come as no surprise that the analytical and synthetic understanding of its profound nature is associated with this means of transportation and the infrastructures that make it possible. This is how the critic and historian Peter Reyner Banham understood it, when he proposed that only from behind the wheel of a vehicle could it be possible to reveal the true idiosyncrasies of this unusual city that the most orthodox European critics rejected, who were unable to extract a synthesis that could explain it. What was happening was that the city appeared as the pioneer of a new urban form which, relying on the widespread use of the car and the single-family dwelling, which is typical of the suburban garden city, proposed an absolute decentralisation as an alternative to the compact industrial city. In 1971, Banham published a now canonical text -Los Angeles, The Architecture of Four Ecologies- which aimed at revealing a clear and synthetic image of the city. This article highlights the main points of Reyner Banham's proposal, looking to expand its theoretical approach -which handles the structural and morphological scales- to a third scale: that of the sensory perception of the physical experience of space, based on some academic works of reference, but also on literary references by writers linked to the city in an attempt to transfer the poetic and sensitive vision to the field of urban studies. This vision makes it possible to show a change of paradigm regarding the relationship that the inhabitant of a contemporary city like Los Angeles -and, by extension, so many others- establishes with the scenario of collective life, represented by public space.La ciudad de Los Ángeles es, seguramente, la primera ciudad surgida auténticamente como resultado de la amplia popularización del uso del automóvil y, por tanto, no debería extrañar que la comprensión analítica y sintética de su naturaleza profunda esté asociada a este medio y a las infraestructuras que lo posibilitan. Así lo entendió el crítico e historiador Peter ReynerBanham cuando asumió que sólo al volante de un vehículo podría descubrir la auténtica idiosincrasia de esta insólita ciudad que la crítica europea más ortodoxa despreciaba incapaz de extraer una síntesis que la explicara. Lo que sucedía es que la ciudad se presentaba como pionera de una nueva forma urbana que, apoyándose en el uso masivo del automóvil y la vivienda unifamiliar característica de la ciudad jardín suburbana, proponía una descentralización absoluta como alternativa a la ciudad compacta industrial. En 1971, Banham publicó un texto hoy canónico, Los Angeles, The Architecture of Four Ecologies, que pretendía desvelar una imagen clara y sintética de la ciudad. Este artículo destaca lo principal de la propuesta de Reyner Banham y busca ampliar su planteamiento teórico-que maneja las escalas estructural y morfológica- a una tercera escala -la de la percepción sensorial de la experiencia física del espacio- a partir de algunas obras académicas de referencia, pero también a partir de referencias literarias de escritores vinculados a la ciudad, en un intento por trasladar la visión poética y sensible al campo de los estudios urbanos. Esta visión permite mostrar un cambio de paradigma respecto de la relación que establece el habitante de una ciudad contemporánea como Los Ángeles –y, por extensión, tantas otras- con el escenario de la vida colectiva que representa el espacio público
Sustainable hospitals: critical items for their construction and the role of technical inspection
Get PDFCurrently, the public health infrastructure in Chile, at its different scales, has made important advances in determining sustainability design criteria. However, it is possible to see that, during its construction, there are no standardized verification processes on sustainability aspects, and that the work of technical inspection focuses on the administrative compliance of construction contracts, rather than on checking technical aspects. This research proposes a list of critical items and activities to supervise hospital construction, to guarantee sustainable criteria in their operation. A survey was also made to professionals involved in the design, construction, and supervision of hospital construction, ranking the results with a multi-criteria methodology (AHP), which showed a preference in the thermal envelope (20%) and thermal and ventilation installations (17%). Finally, based on the weaknesses stated by the professionals, a control and monitoring process of these items and activities is proposed, redesigning the work of the Worksite’ Technical Inspector.Actualmente, la infraestructura de salud pública en Chile, en sus distintas escalas, presenta avances significativos en la determinación de criterios de diseño en sustentabilidad. Sin embargo, es posible observar que durante su construcción no existen procesos de verificación estandarizados sobre aspectos de sustentabilidad y que la labor de la inspección técnica se centra en el cumplimiento administrativo de los contratos de construcción, más que en la verificación de los aspectos técnicos. La presente investigación propone una lista de partidas y actividades críticas a fiscalizar en la construcción de hospitales para asegurar criterios sustentables en su operación. Luego, se realiza una encuesta a profesionales que participan en el diseño, construcción y fiscalización de obras hospitalarias. Los resultados se jerarquizan con una metodología multicriterio (AHP), a partir de la cual se evidencia una preferencia en la envolvente térmica (20%) e instalaciones térmicas y de ventilación (17%). Finalmente, en base a las debilidades señaladas por los profesionales, se propone un proceso de control y seguimiento a estas partidas y actividades con un rediseño de la labor del Inspector Técnico de Obras
Desarrollo y cambios hacia nuevas formas de libertad
Get PDFEn Chile y en el mundo estamos viviendo profundos cambios, en parte por la pandemia, la crisis económica asociada, el surgimiento de las tecnologías 4,0 y en el caso nacional por el despertar social cuya manifestación más crítica fue el llamado “estallido social” de octubre de 2019
Institutional elements of the development of pedagogical teaching practices
Get PDFEl objetivo de la investigación fue describir las relaciones entre los elementos institucionales asociados a la evolución de las prácticas pedagógicas en docentes de la Región Metropolitana. La investigación es cualitativa y con enfoque teórico-metodológico de Teoría Fundamentada, mediante la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes con un destacado desempeño en su evaluación docente. Los resultados se presentan a nivel descriptivo y relacional axial, destacando la importancia que los docentes consideran de los lineamientos que las escuelas entregan para propiciar la mejora de sus prácticas pedagógicas, los cuales a su vez, suelen ser impulsados por exigencias ministeriales o contextuales. Sumado a esto, parece relevante la generación de un modelo explicativo sobre las relaciones entre los diversos factores institucionales asociados al mejoramiento de las prácticas pedagógicas desde la perspectiva de los docentes.The objective of the research was to describe the relationships between the institutional elements associated with the improvement of pedagogical practices in teachers in the Metropolitan Region, in Chile. The research is qualitative and with a theoretical-methodological approach of Grounded Theory, by conducting interviews with teachers with outstanding performance, according to the teaching evaluation model. The results are presented at a descriptive and axial relational level, highlighting the importance that teachers consider of the guidelines that schools provide to promote the improvement of their pedagogical practices; which in turn, are usually driven by ministerial or contextual demands. In addition to this, the researchers find it relevant to generate an explanatory model on the relationships between the various institutional variables associated with the improvement of pedagogical practices from the perspective of teachers
Natural weathering performance of thermally treated poplar and black pine wood
Get PDFWood of poplar (Populus sp.) and black pine (Pinus nigra) species was subjected to thermal treatment under variant conditions of temperature, 180 ºC and 200 ºC, and duration of 3 h, 5 h, 7 h, and its resistance to natural weathering was investigated through the determination of crucial properties, such as the colour and surface roughness, while the appearance of the boards was assessed both visually and through a microscope, prior to and after their exposure outdoors. Prior to the outdoors exposure, it was observed that, as the intensity of heat treatment increases, wood tends to darken, with the parallel decrease of L* index, referring to tangential, radial and cross-sectional surface of both species specimens. The surface roughness of both wood species was found decreased only in the boards of the mildest treatment, while as the treatment intensity increases, the roughness degree demonstrated a strong increase compared to unmodified wood. After the 100-day exposure of poplar and pine boards to external conditions, they acquired a wilder look and new checks and cracks emerged in the boards surface, while fungi infestation signs appeared, most apparent in control and boards treated at milder treatments, with modified poplar boards to demonstrate more dense defects patterns on their surfaces, compared to modified black pine boards. A similar degree of discoloration recorded on unmodified boards was observed also on the thermally modified boards, which was except for the visual assessment, confirmed by the recorded progress of L*, a* and b* colour indexes of poplar and pine surfaces and is probably attributed to leaching of the water soluble extractives. The roughness of all of the exposed boards surfaces was found higher than the respective values recorded prior to the exposure and among the treated boards only those of the milder treatments presented lower roughness values than the unmodified ones. Thermal treatment enhanced the biological durability and dimensional stability of both species, but it did not adequately protect wood from the weathering effect when it was exposed outdoors. Nevertheless, wood modified at short-term heat treatments exhibited enhanced properties compared to unmodified wood and taking into account that the milder treatments did not cause mechanical strength loss, these materials could be utilized in applications where structures are not continually and directly exposed to aging factors, such as under shelter applications, or after the application of a thermal and surface modification with protective preservatives combination
Elastic constants of chilean Pinus radiata using ultrasound
Get PDFElastic constants of Pinus radiata were determined using ultrasound technique. In parallel, typical compression mechanical testing was carried out to compare the effectiveness of the nondestructive test using ultrasound technique. The longitudinal elastic constant values were similar to the mechanical testing (ultrasound technique was 12,8 % higher than mechanical testing), showing that ultrasound technique is a reliable and valid tool. The values for radial and tangential moduli obtained by ultrasound technique versus mechanical testing showed more differences. This may be due to the difficulty in obtaining adequate samples for mechanical testing. The symmetry of the shear modulus was revealed by ultrasound technique (Gij = Gji). Poisson’s ratios were not comparable using either method; however, values obtained by ultrasound technique were more consistent with the existing literature for Pinus species. Additionally, the elastic anisotropy of the analyzed wood samples was demonstrated through ultrasound velocity propagation in the material. It was thus possible to obtain the twelve engineering constants that characterize the mechanical behavior of wood by means of the proposed ultrasound technique