Revistas Universidad del Bío-Bío
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Resilient urban design in the foothills of Santiago? Contrast of communal scenarios with seismic risk due to the San Ramón Fault
Get PDFIn recent decades, Santiago has seen a substantial increase in urbanized areas along its eastern foothills, where the San Ramón Fault (FSR) is also located. This has become a new geological risk scenario. Using the unquestionable appeal of the natural setting, the panoramic view of the city, and a healthy environment, luxury housing projects have been promoted that coexist with this seismic risk, something that seems to have been disregarded by communal and metropolitan planning instruments. The purpose of this article is to explore the urban design conditions on Santiago’s foothills to face the San Ramon Fault, through a contrast analysis of two specific sectors located within the potential buffer of the San Ramón Fault - the urban districts of Hospital de Carabineros in Las Condes and El Peral in Puente Alto - and the way these articulate with the natural and built environments, including critical infrastructure. Methodologically speaking, a mixed approach is applied through an analysis matrix of urban design elements that includes three areas of action - built, natural and regulatory - to identify critical situations in the areas studied, where the resilient response is either high or low. It is concluded that contrasting urban design experiences under extreme conditions regarding seismic risk is illustrative, both for permeating the operational layers of risk management such as communal and metropolitan regulations, and to consider the foothills in a resilient way, recognizing the San Ramón Fault as a new base criterion of urban design.Santiago ha experimentado en sus últimas décadas un aumento considerable de áreas urbanizadas en el piedemonte de su borde oriente, donde además se localiza la Falla San Ramón (FSR), de modo que se ha vuelto un nuevo escenario de riesgo geológico. Usando incuestionables atractivos sobre el medio natural, la vista panorámica a la ciudad y un ambiente saludable, se han promocionado proyectos de vivienda de alto costo que conviven con este riesgo sísmico, pero que parecen desestimarlo desde los instrumentos de planificación de nivel comunal y metropolitano. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo explorar las condiciones de diseño urbano que presenta el piedemonte de Santiago para enfrentar la presencia de la Falla San Ramón (FSR), mediante un análisis de contraste de dos sectores específicos localizados dentro de la franja de potencial ruptura superficial (buffer) de la FSR -distrito urbano Hospital de Carabineros en Las Condes y distrito urbano El Peral en Puente Alto-y su forma de articularse con el medio natural y con el medio construido, incluyendo la presencia de infraestructura crítica. Metodológicamente, se aplica un enfoque mixto a través de una matriz de análisis de elementos de diseño urbano que incluye tres ámbitos de acción -construido, natural y normativo- para identificar situaciones críticas de los sectores estudiados, donde se ve elevada o disminuida la respuesta resiliente. Se concluye que contrastar experiencias de diseño urbano en condiciones extremas respecto al riesgo sísmico es ilustrativo, tanto para permear las capas operativas de gestión de riesgo, como normativas comunales y metropolitanas, como para asumir el piedemonte de manera resiliente, reconociendo la Falla San Ramón como un nuevo criterio basal de diseño urbano
Financialization of the pharmaceutical industry and its impact on urban peripheries in the Metropolitan area of the Valley of Mexico
Get PDFThe process of financialization is present in the health sector, particularly in the case of large pharmaceutical companies. In the case of Mexico, there has been an expansion of pharmacies with medical offices as a result of capital flows, but also due to the absence of a quality public health system. This paper analyzes how the contemporary processes of pharmaceutical company financialization have allowed the expansion of the medical office-based pharmacy scheme and, to a certain extent, the “substitution” of health services managed by public authorities in the urban peripheries of the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico. Based on information from Farmacias Benavides and Farmacias Guadalajara, issued by the Mexican Stock Exchange, on several indicators on health and pharmacies in Mexico, as well as semi-structured interviews with residents of the metropolitan periphery, it is argued that the exponential growth of pharmacies in the last two decades is linked to the policy of expansion and construction of social housing. These housing projects, largely due to weak regulatory controls, do not develop an adequate health infrastructure both in qualitative and quantitative terms, thus favoring the opening of financial instruments that have allowed large pharmaceutical companies to expand in recent decades.El proceso de financiarización se encuentra presente en el ramo de la salud, de manera particular, en lo que se refiere a las grandes empresas farmacéuticas. Para el caso de México, se aprecia una expansión de las farmacias con consultorio derivado de los flujos de capital, pero, además, de la ausencia de un sistema de salud público de calidad. En el presente trabajo se analiza cómo los procesos contemporáneos de financiarización de empresas farmacéuticas han permitido la expansión del esquema de farmacias con consultorio y, en cierto grado, la “sustitución” de servicios de salud gestionados por autoridades públicas en las periferias urbanas de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México. Con base en información de Farmacias Benavides y Farmacias Guadalajara, emitida por la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, sobre diversos indicadores sobre salud y farmacias en México, así como mediante la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a residentes de la periferia metropolitana, se argumenta que el crecimiento exponencial de las farmacias en las últimas dos décadas está articulado a la política de expansión y construcción de vivienda social. Estos proyectos de vivienda, en gran medida debido a los débiles controles regulatorios, no desarrollan una infraestructura sanitaria adecuada tanto en términos cualitativos como cuantitativos, favoreciendo así la apertura de instrumentos financieros que ha permitido que grandes empresas farmacéuticas se expandan en las últimas décadas
NUEVOS PARADIGMAS ¿NUEVA ARQUITECTURA?
Get PDFParadigm is the term that identifies a theory or set of theories whose core or axis are unquestionably accepted, and consequently offers the basis and model for solving problems and progressing in knowledge.Until now, the origin of paradigms, that apparently perfect, rounded, and simple genesis, seemed inevitably tied to historically justified determining factors that always belonged to past times. Thus, the temporal distance for their examination did not offer questions about their emergence and causes; in other words, the paradigm already existed, we arrived later to examine it.Paradigma é o termo que identifica uma teoria ou conjunto de teorias cujo centro ou eixo é aceito sem questionar e que, consequentemente, oferece a base e o modelo para resolver problemas e progredir no conhecimento.Até agora, a origem dos paradigmas, uma gênese aparentemente perfeita, redonda e simples, parecia inevitavelmente ligada a determinantes historicamente justificados que sempre pertenceram a tempos passados. Assim, a distância temporal para o seu exame não implicava questionamentos sobre seu nascimento e suas causas; em outras palavras, o paradigma já existia e chegamos, posteriormente, para examiná-lo.Paradigma es el término que identifica a una teoría o el conjunto de ellas cuyo centro o eje, es aceptado sin cuestión, y en consecuencia ofrece la base y el modelo para zanjar problemas y progresar en el conocimiento.Hasta ahora, el origen de los paradigmas, esa génesis aparentemente perfecta, redonda y simple, parecía inevitablemente asida a unas determinantes históricamente justificadas que siempre pertenecían a tiempos pasados. De ese modo, la distancia temporal para su examen no ofrecía cuestionamientos sobre su nacimiento y sus causas; dicho de otra manera, el paradigma ya existía, nosotros llegamos después a examinarlo
Properties of biomass obtained from short-rotation inger willow clone grown on a contaminated and non-contaminated land
Get PDFThe paper aims to analyze the biomass at one year growth, resulting from the cultivation of the INGER energy willow clone as a short rotation crop (SRC), in order to use it as a renewable fuel. The paper completes the data in the field of renewable energies in the context of decreasing fossil energy reserves worldwide and emphasizing the impact on renewable energies. The effect of a contaminated land on the survival rate of the planted seedlings and the effect of the energy willow culture on the composition of the contaminated soil are analyzed. The obtained results show that the biomass characteristics, such as the calorific power of about 18,21 kJ/g to18,90 kJ/g, and the ash content of about 2,25 %, are comparable with the ones of other lignocellulosic energy materials. The results found in this studyshowed that the woody biomass in the first vegetation year of energy willow can be used directly as a renewable fuel without the need for compaction in the form of briquettes or pellets
Decay capabilities of basidiomycetes colonizing air-seasoning red oak and blackgum railroad ties
Get PDFFungi cultured from air-seasoning blackgum and red oak timbers were assessed for their ability to cause wood decay using two hardwoods and one soft wood species in an AWPA E10 soil block test. Weight losses were greatest for bigleaf maple and tended to be much lower on southern pine. Almost a quarter of the 35 taxa tested caused less than 5 % weight loss, suggesting they posed a relatively low decay risk, even under ideal laboratory conditions; despite all fungi tested having the ability to depolymerize wood. Three of the four fungi causing the largest weight losses were brown-rot fungi, although brown-rot fungi represented only small proportion of the total isolates from the original hardwood timbers. These results illustrate wide array of decay capabilities of fungi colonizing air-seasoning red oak and blackgum timbers, and the potential of many isolates to negatively affect wood properties through biodeterioration
Comparison of some wood properties of juvenile black pines of different origin planted in the same habitat
Get PDFBlack pine (Pinus nigra) is a significant raw material source for the forest products industry in Turkey. The purpose of this research was to study some chemical, anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of wood obtained from juvenile black pines planted in Kavaklıdere - Muğla, originating from five different locations: Muğla, Balıkesir, Denizli, Bursa, and Kütahya. Although pines originating from Muğla and Balıkesir were good in terms of wood properties, those from Denizli, Bursa, and Kütahya exhibited no remarkable features. Black pine of Muğla origin was recommended for planting in Kavaklıdere and similar habitats, whereas pines of Denizli, Bursa, and Kütahya origins were not recommended. However, pine of Balıkesir origin may be an alternative to that of Muğla origin for black pine plantations at Kavaklıdere and similar sites
Energy efficiency improvements in heating. Potential for intervention in an existing school building in the Metropolitan Area of San Juan, Argentina
Get PDFEl cambio climático, el constante crecimiento del consumo energético y los altos niveles de emisiones que registra el sector energético, requieren de la implementación de soluciones concretas. La rehabilitación de edificios ofrece una oportunidad significativa para contribuir en este aspecto. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el potencial de intervención en un edificio escolar perteneciente al Programa Nacional 700 Escuelas. Las mejoras en eficiencia energética se evalúan a través de simulación dinámica y se calculan indicadores respecto al consumo anual de energía para calefacción. Los valores para el edificio de referencia son de 74,5 kWh/m2 año y de 158 kWh/alumno. Con las propuestas de rehabilitación se podrían alcanzar ahorros energéticos de entre 39,7% y 60%. La alternativa R-Media se presenta como la más conveniente al lograr beneficios energéticos del 47%, con menores costos de inversión. Los indicadores de eficiencia energética para dicho conjunto de mejoras son de 39,2 kWh/m2 año y de 83,1 kWh/alumno. Los resultados alcanzados pueden servir de referencia para la rehabilitación de 71 edificios escolares erigidos en la provincia de San Juan entre los años 2004 y 2015, los cuales responden a una tipología constructiva con similitudes de materialización de la envolvente y configuración funcional.Climate change, the constant growth of energy consumption, and the high levels of emissions recorded by the energy sector, require the implementation of concrete solutions. Building rehabilitation offers a significant opportunity to contribute in this regard. The purpose of this work is to analyze the potential for intervention in a school building from the “Programa Nacional 700 Escuela” (National 700 Schools Program). The improvements in energy efficiency are evaluated through a dynamic simulation and indicators are calculated regarding the annual energy consumption for heating. The values for the reference building are 74.5 kWh/m2 year and 158 kWh/student. With the rehabilitation proposals, energy savings could be achieved of between 39.7% and 60%. The R-Mean alternative appears as the most convenient one as it achieves energy benefits of 47%, with lower investment costs. The energy efficiency indicators for said set of improvements are 39.2 kWh/m2 year and 83.1 kWh/student. The results achieved can serve as reference for the rehabilitation of 71 school buildings built in the province of San Juan between 2004 and 2015, which belong to a construction typology with a similarity of materials of their envelope and functional configuration
Glazed curtain walls: Thermal transmitance calculation
Get PDFGlazing is one of the dominant features of modern and contemporary architecture. This envelope design may have a great impact on operational energy demand of buildings. In this work, glazed façade systems available in Argentina are analyzed, with the purpose of determining the associated thermal transmittance ranges, in terms of the profiles’ design, the type of glazing and the size of glass panes. First, by using bidimensional numerical calculation, the impact of several profile design parameters on thermal transmittance is studied, highlighting the relevance of glazing fixing methods, to then calculate the thermal transmittance of the entire facade. The results indicate that the thermal transmittance value of glazed facades, mainly depends on the transmittance of the glass used, and exceeds this by 24% on average.La piel de vidrio es uno de los elementos dominantes de la arquitectura moderna y contemporánea. Este diseño de envolvente puede influir significativamente en la demanda de energía operativa de los edificios. En este trabajo, se analizan los sistemas de fachada de piel de vidrio disponibles en Argentina, con el objetivo de determinar los rangos de transmitancia térmica asociados, en función del diseño de perfiles, del tipo de vidriado y de las dimensiones de los paños vidriados. Inicialmente, se estudia mediante cálculo numérico bidimensional el impacto de varios parámetros de diseño de los perfiles sobre la transmitancia térmica, destacando la relevancia del modo de fijación del vidriado, para luego calcular la transmitancia térmica de las fachadas completas. Los resultados indican que el valor de transmitancia térmica de las fachadas de piel de vidrio depende principalmente de la transmitancia del vidriado empleado, y supera la misma en un 24%, en promedio
ARCHITECTURE FOR THE COMMUNITY IN LATIN AMERICA
Get PDFA revista Arquitecturas del Sur, em sua 60ª edição, dirige sua atenção às ARQUITETURAS PARA A COMUNIDADE NA AMÉRICA LATINA. Atualmente, há muitas iniciativas institucionais e/ou privadas que concentram sua atenção na resolução de problemas sociais com base em projetos adequados, tanto do ponto de vista econômico, quanto da sustentabilidade e da morfologia. Estas são propostas que dissipam de forma contemporânea as necessidades que surgiram em coletividades de base.Esta edição procura destacar as obras de caráter notoriamente público que surgiram no coração de diferentes comunidades; obras que às vezes recorrem aos materiais tradicionais dos lugares onde estão localizadas para dar-lhes uso ao estilo contemporâneo.Revista Arquitecturas del Sur, en su número 60, vuelve su mirada a las ARQUITECTURAS PARA LA COMUNIDAD EN LATINOAMÉRICA. En la actualidad, hay múltiples iniciativas institucionales y/o privadas que centran su atención en la resolución de problemas sociales sobre la base de proyectos apropiados, en lo económico, en lo sustentable y en lo morfológico. Se trata de propuestas que disipan de modo contemporáneo las necesidades surgidas en colectividades basales.Este número busca relevar aquellas obras de notorio carácter público, surgidas en el seno de diversas comunidades; obras que a veces recurren a los materiales tradicionales de los lugares en los que se asientan, para desplegarlos en clave contemporánea.Arquitecturas del Sur magazine, in its 60th issue, turns its gaze to ARCHITECTURE FOR THE COMMUNITY IN LATIN AMERICA. There are currently many institutional and/or private initiatives that focus their attention on solving social problems on the basis of suitable economic, sustainable and morphological projects. These are proposals that contemporarily dissipate the needs that have arisen in basic collectivities.This issue seeks to highlight those works of a notoriously public nature that have emerged within the heart of different communities; works that sometimes use the traditional materials of the places where they are located, to deploy them in a contemporary way
Inclusión educativa de estudiantes extranjeros: percepciones docentes y prácticas pedag´´ogicas
Get PDFEn el contexto del progresivo aumento de estudiantes extranjeros en el Sistema Educacional chileno 2010- 2020, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo comprender a partir de las percepciones docentes las características que presentan las prácticas pedagógicas vinculadas a la inclusión de estudiantes extranjeros en una escuela de la comuna de Parral, Región del Maule Chile. El estudio es de carácter cualitativo de tipo interpretativo y se lleva a cabo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, y el posterior análisis de contenido. Los resultados de este estudio permiten establecer que las prácticas pedagógicas que presentan los docentes son de tipo asimilacionista, por lo cual se debe trabajar en lograr la inclusión educativa de los estudiantes extranjeros dentro del establecimiento, garantizando el apoyo en la función docente. Emerge como requerimiento el continuar investigando sobre experiencias migratorias en el Sistema Educativo chileno.In the context of the progressive increase of foreigners in the Chilean educational system, the present study aims to understand, from teacher perceptions, the characteristics of pedagogical practices related to the inclusion of foreign students in a school in the commune of Parral, Maule Region, Chile. The study is qualitative and interpretive in nature and is carried out through semi-structured interviews, and subsequent content analysis. The results of this study allow to establish the need of teachers to have pedagogical tools for the development of their practices. These challenges must be assumed by the school, as well as the Ministry, which must deliver clear guidelines, consistent with working with foreign students, guaranteeing support in the teaching function. Continuing research on migratory experiences in the Chilean Educational System emerges as a requirement