Revistas Universidad del Bío-Bío
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Architectures for solitude. Proliferation and pandemic of isolated chapels [chilean versions]
Get PDF"Architectures for solitude", which are those that are small in size and were first used by a single resident to later be inhabited by a very small number of people as a place of spiritual retreat or for liturgical rites, deals with analysing the circumstances and causes of the great increase in the number of isolated chapels that have been projected and built in the first two decades of the 20th century around the world, and particularly in Europe and Latin America. The study of such a notorious proliferation focuses, by way of example and symptom, on a reduced repertoire of works designed by Chilean architects. Methodologically speaking, although the progress presented only contains some indications of the procedures used, the study will be carried out by reviewing the pages and cover pages dedicated to them by architecture publications, printed or digital, resorting to the discursive strategies of architectural types and semantics analysis, comparison and statistical calculation, the communicative potential of the photographic image, and the expressive capacity of the word. From the theses raised, it is proposed that the term “chapel” be redefined to re-signify it; of the cases presented, that the heterogeneous formal repertoire of contemporaneity starts from the vernacular to venture into experimentation devoid of prejudice. Ultimately, the data allow us to deduce that the current rise of hermitic architectures is related to the circumstances of hegemonic urban societies, as well as to predict that the process will be accelerated by upcoming pandemics.“Arquitecturas para la soledad” (aquella de reducidas dimensiones que primero fue usada por un solo residente y después habitada por una mínima cantidad de personas como lugar de retiro espiritual o ámbito de ritos litúrgicos) se ocupa de analizar las circunstancias y causas del gran incremento del número de capillas aisladas que se han proyectado y construido en las dos primeras decenas del siglo XX en el orbe, y particularmente en Europa y en Latinoamérica. El estudio de tal proliferación porcentual se centra, a modo de ejemplo y de síntoma, en un reducido repertorio de obras proyectadas por arquitectos chilenos. Metodológicamente (aunque el avance que se presenta solo contenga algunos indicios de los procedimientos utilizados), el estudio se llevará a cabo revisando las páginas y portadas que les dedican las publicaciones de arquitectura, impresas o digitales, recurriendo a las estrategias discursivas de los análisis de los tipos arquitectónicos y a la semántica, a la comparación y al cálculo estadístico, a la potencialidad comunicativa de la imagen fotográfica y a la capacidad expresiva de la palabra. A partir de las tesis planteadas se propone que se redefina el término capilla para resignificarlo; de los casos presentados, que el heterogéneo repertorio formal de la contemporaneidad parte de lo vernáculo para aventurarse en la experimentación carente de prejuicios. Los datos, finalmente, permiten deducir que el auge actual de las arquitecturas eremíticas está relacionado con las circunstancias de las sociedades urbanas hegemónicas, así como pronosticar que el proceso se verá acelerado por las situaciones pandémicas venideras.“Arquiteturas para a solidão”, aquelas de dimensões reduzidas inicialmente utilizadas por um único residente e, mais tarde, utilizadas por um número mínimo de pessoas como locais de retiro espiritual ou âmbitos de ritos litúrgicos, trata da análise das circunstâncias e causas do grande aumento da quantidade de capelas isoladas que foram projetadas e construídas nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX no mundo e, particularmente, na Europa e na América Latina. O estudo dessa proliferação percentual foca-se, a título de exemplo e sintoma, em um repertório reduzido de obras de arquitetos chilenos. Metodologicamente, embora os avanços apresentados contenham apenas alguns indícios dos procedimentos utilizados, o estudo será realizado através da revisão das páginas e capas a elas dedicadas por publicações de arquitetura, impressas ou digitais, recorrendo às estratégias discursivas da análise dos tipos arquitetônicos e à semântica, à comparação e ao cálculo estatísticos, ao potencial comunicativo da imagem fotográfica e à capacidade expressiva da palavra. A partir das teses levantadas, propõe-se que o termo capela seja redefinido para ressignificá-lo e que, dos casos apresentados, o repertório formal heterogêneo da contemporaneidade parte do vernáculo para se aventurar na experimentação desprovida de preconceitos. Os dados, por fim, permitem deduzir que o atual auge das arquiteturas eremíticas responde às circunstâncias das sociedades urbanas hegemônicas, além de permitir antever uma aceleração do processo devido às futuras situações pandêmicas
Design of green office buildings to promote green occupants
Get PDFFew studies focus on researching the potential of sustainable buildings to promote the sustainability of their occupants. Therefore, this study aims at analyzing the use of LEED credits, with the intention of promoting pro-environmental behaviors. The methodology is exploratory in nature, with a descriptive logic, and comparatively analyzes LEED-certified office buildings [Argentina (n = 351); Chile (n = 494); Colombia (n = 432); and Peru (n = 282)], between 2012 and 2020. The results revealed that the most used credits were: "Access to Public Transportation", (99.34%); “Surrounding Density”; (98.34%); and, “Tenant construction and design guidelines”, (96.53%); and the least used ones were: “Enhanced commissioning”, (44.30%); "Daylight" (31.31%); and, "Controllability of systems", (7.53%). It is concluded that those who choose to include the occupant in the design, choose to intervene in the culture, while those who choose not to include them, choose technology.Escasos son los trabajos que se enfocan en investigar el potencial de los edificios sustentables de promover sustentabilidad en sus ocupantes. Por ello, el siguiente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el uso de créditos LEED para fomentar comportamientos pro-ambientales. La metodología utilizada es de carácter exploratoria y de lógica descriptiva, y analiza comparativamente edificios de oficinas certificados LEED [Argentina (n= 351), Chile (n= 494), Colombia (n= 432), Perú (n= 282)] en el período 2012-2020. Los resultados revelaron que los créditos más empleados fueron: “Acceso a Transporte Público” (99,34%), “Densidad del Entorno” (98,34%) y “Pautas de diseño y construcción para inquilinos” (96,53%); y los menos empleados: “Puesta en servicio mejorada” (44,30%), “Luz diurna” (31,31%) y “Controlabilidad de los sistemas” (7,53%). Se concluye, finalmente, que aquellos que optan por incluir al ocupante en el diseño, eligen intervenir en la cultura, mientras que quienes optan por no hacerlo, eligen la tecnología
EVALUACIÓN DEL DESEMPEÑO DE LOS SISTEMAS DE GESTIÓN CALIDAD
Get PDFUno de los problemas constantes en la mejora de la evaluación de los sistemas de gestión de calidad, está relacionado con minimizar la subjetividad e incrementar los criterios de valoración. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo proponer un procedimiento de cálculo y análisis para la evaluación del desempeño de los sistemas de gestión de calidad, orientado a reducir la subjetividad en la valoración del nivel de eficacia del sistema, según norma ISO 9000, a través del análisis de la literatura. Con estepropósito, se correlacionaron los principios básicos de la gestión de calidad con indicadores de la entidad, utilizando el método de expertos para conformar una base de cálculo. El resultado obtenido fue un indicador del desempeño del sistema de gestión de calidad (EDsgc) de la organización; que, de acuerdo a los resultados del sistema, identifica la organización como: Principiante, Proactiva, Flexible, Innovadora o Sostenible. El procedimiento minimiza la subjetividad del resultado con el uso de escalasnuméricas en cada indicador.Minimizing the subjectivity and increasing the criteria of valuation, have been a constant problem in order to improve the evaluation of the quality management systems. The objective of the present investigation was to develop a proposal of calculation procedure and analysis for the performance assessment of the quality management systems, guided to reduce the subjectivity in the valuation of the level of effectiveness of the system, according to norm ISO 9000, through the analysis of the literature. For this purpose, it was correlated the basic principles of the quality management with indicators of the entity, using the method of experts to conform a calculation base. The obtained result was an indicator of the performance of the quality management system (EDsgc) of the organization; that according to the results of the system, it identifies the organization as: Beginner, Proactive, Flexible,Innovative or Sustainable. The procedure minimizes the subjectivity of the result with the use of numeric scales in each indicator
CALIDAD: UN NUEVO ENFOQUE CONCEPTUAL Y DEFINICIONES
Get PDFAl iniciar la investigación, no se encontró una definición universalmente aceptada sobre la Calidad, junto a la escasa información sobre Calidad bajo el paradigma cualitativo. Esto derivo a establecer como objetivo constatar si al culminar el presente estudio existiese una definición única y universal de Calidad, proponer razonamientos considerando la Calidad como un ente hipotético y definiciones inéditas sobre binidad, calidad, calidad absoluta, calidad relativa. Con un Paradigma cualitativo y diseño bibliográfico, la investigación se basó en obtener la información de documentos pertinentes a la calidad y en buscar un argumento ontológico para elucidar la existencia de la Calidad como un ente hipotético. En los resultados no se estableció una definición universalmente aceptada sobre la Calidad y por lo tanto se propusieron definiciones novedosas sobre la Calidad, con los que se contribuya a la cultura de la Calidad que propicien resultados satisfactorios cualitativos y cuantitativos en lo teórico y lo práctico.At the beginning of this work, a universally accepted definition of Quality was not found, and there is little information on Quality under the qualitative paradigm. Justification: the above evidences the opportunity to expand research on the subject. Goals: to verify if at the completion of the present study there was a unique and universal definition of Quality, propose reasoning considering Quality as a hypothetical entity and previously unpublished definitions of: Binity, Quality, Absolute Quality, Relative Quality. With a qualitative paradigm and bibliographic design, the research was based on obtaining the information from documents relevant to quality and searching for an ontological argument to elucidate the existence of Quality as a hypothetical entity. In the results, a universally accepted definition of Quality was not found and therefore novel definitions of Quality were proposed, with which to contribute to the culture of Quality, promoting satisfactory qualitative and quantitative results in theory and practice
San Sebastian of Yumbel: historic description of a peregrination in 1904.: Analysis from a cultural and social see point of a religious festival (1870 – 1910).
Get PDFA través de una descripción de una peregrinación, escrita por un cronista en el diario El Sur de la ciudad de Concepción, el 20 de enero de 1904, buscamos contextualizar desde un análisis crítico e histórico los aspectos culturales y sociales de una de las festividades religiosas más importante del sur de Chile. El objetivo de este trabajo es poder dar evidencia los modos y costumbres de los fieles peregrinos, tanto descrito por el cronista de El Sur, como a través de diversas fuentes como son las periodísticas, relatos de otros viajeros y de los informes de la Intendencia de Concepción y la gobernación de Rere, durante el periodo de 1870 a 1910. La razón de esta periodización de 40 años, es poder constatar la evolución del culto desde un punto de vista cultural y social, tomando como referencia temporal la construcción y extensión de la línea ferroviaria dentro de la provincia de Concepción. Esto sería finalmente traducida con la construcción de la estación de Yumbel en 1873, suponemos como hipótesis, que tras la incorporación de la línea del tren, generó un progresivo aumento del número de fieles; dando como conclusión un importante aumento en la problemática de seguridad pública y sanitaria.Through a description of a peregrination, written by a chronicler of the newspaper El Sur of the Concepción city, on January 20, 1904, we seek to contextualize the cultural and social aspects of one of the festivities from a critical and historical analysis of most important religious party in the south of Chile. The objective of this work is to be give evidence of the ways and customs of the faithful pilgrims, described by the chronicler of El Sur, as well as through other sources such as journalism, traveller stories and the reports of the intendancy of Concepción and the local government of Rere, during the period from 1870 to 1910. The reason for this 40 years period, is to be able to verify the evolution of the cult from a cultural point of view, taking as a time reference the construction of the Yumbel’s Station in 1873, we assume as a hypothesis, that after the incorporation of the train line, it generated a progressive increase in the number of faithful, giving as a conclusion a significant increase in the problem of public safety and health
Mechanical, thermal, and morphological behaviour studies on coconut shell and palm kernel filler biocomposite
Get PDFIn the present work, the composite materials were prepared from coconut shell powder, palm kernel powder, and epoxy resin. The addition of coconut shell powder was considered when preparing the composite samples, and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, impact, bending strength, physical behavior water absorption, as well as morphological tests, were conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Thermogravimetric Analysis for both the prepared composite material boards and chipboard. The minimal variation of tensile stress and percentage of elongation between the 50 % coconut shell powder composite material and the wooden chipboard material is 4,44 MPa and 1,00 %, respectively, according to the findings of experimental tests.The lowest compressive stress and hardness variations between coconut shell powder composite material and wooden chipboard are found to be 0,14 MPa and 3,2 MPa, respectively. It is determined that the composite materials made from waste shell powders and epoxy resin are suitable for applications such as panel boards, automotive interior dashboards, roof sheets, and doors
Gobernanza de ciudades intermedias: aprendiendo de acciones post-desastre en la zona Metropolitana de Acapulco, México
Get PDFEste artículo analiza los patrones de gobernanza de la acción pública post-desastre realizada tras el paso de los huracanes Ingrid y Manuel en 2013, en Coyuca de Benítez -municipio que forma parte de la Zona Metropolitana de Acapulco, México-, buscando contribuir a expandir el conocimiento sobre los modos de gobernanza de las ciudades intermedias y, en particular, aquellos relacionados con la reducción del riesgo de desastre. Conceptualmente, se moviliza el concepto de gobernanza adaptativa para contrastar y reflexionar los patrones de gobernanza imperantes en Coyuca. Metodológicamente, este trabajo se basa en la sociología de la acción pública para analizar los procesos de reconstrucción de infraestructura, servicios públicos y vivienda a través de entrevistas, grupos focales y diversas fuentes escritas. El artículo argumenta que, a pesar de los esfuerzos de descentralización y democratización en las últimas décadas, los patrones de gobernanza son altamente centralizados y poco adaptativos, lo que limita el desarrollo de intervenciones participativas y articuladas que atiendan las necesidades cotidianas de las personas y que mejoren su calidad de vida; contexto en el cual, la acción pública más que reducir los riesgos de desastre ha incrementado y/o generado nuevos riesgos en territorios urbanos ya de por sí precarios y vulnerables. Asimismo, se pone en cuestión la relevancia de marcos conceptuales y normativos, como el de gobernanza adaptativa, para guiar cambios significativos, dada la distancia entre los patrones de gobernanza deseables y aquellos existentes en los territorios.This article analyses the governance patterns of post-disaster public action carried out after Hurricanes Ingrid and Manuel hit Coyuca de Benítez in 2013, a municipality that is part of the Metropolitan Area of Acapulco, Mexico, seeking to contribute towards broadening knowledge about the modes of governance of intermediate cities, and in particular, those related to disaster risk reduction. Conceptually, the concept of adaptive governance is presented to contrast and reflect on prevailing governance patterns in Coyuca. Methodologically speaking, this work is based on the sociology of public action, to analyse the reconstruction processes of infrastructure, public services, and housing, through interviews, focus groups, and diverse written sources. This paper argues that, despite the decentralization and democratization efforts of recent decades, governance patterns are highly centralized and not very adaptive, limiting the development of participatory and articulated interventions that meet people's daily needs and improve their quality of life. In this context, public action, rather than reducing disaster risks, has increased and/or generated new risks in already precarious and vulnerable urban territories. Along the same vein, this paper questions the relevance of regulatory and conceptual frameworks, such as adaptive governance, to guide significant changes, given the distance between ideal and existing governance patterns in the territories
Crystallinity and impact strength improvement of wood-polylactic acid biocomposites produced by rotational and compression molding
Get PDFPolylactic acid is one of the most used biopolymers due to its overall properties and biodegradability. Nevertheless, polylactic acid has important drawbacks such as brittleness, low thermal stability, and higher cost than most commodity polymers. In order to overcome those disadvantages without compromising biodegradability, the addition of wood particles and thermal annealing on the crystallinity and impact strength of wood-polylactic acid biocomposites were studied. The samples were prepared by compression and rotational molding using two different wood particles: white ash and tzalam. The results showed that thermal annealing at 100 °C, 40 minutes, increased the crystallinity up to 60 % and also improved the thermal stability of polylactic acid and its biocomposites as determined via dynamic mechanical analysis. The specimens not exposed to thermal annealing exhibited important storage modulus loss above 60 °C, which mostly disappeared with the thermal treatment. Furthermore, the impact strength was substantially increased by the thermal treatment. Additionally, accelerated weathering tests showed that the thermally annealed samples had better dimensional stability growing their potential applications over a wider range of conditions
Particle image velocimetry technique for analysis of retractibility in woods of Pinus elliottii
Get PDFThe aim of this work was to verify the ability to use the Particle Image Velocimetry technique for measurements of dimensional variations resulting from wood retractability of Pinus elliottii wood, initially saturated and with the surface marked with multiple dots of ink randomly distributed, was used in this work to apply the Particle Image Velocimetry technique. The specimens were dried and images were captured during the process. The images obtained were processed by the Particle Image Velocimetry algorithm and the deformations that occurred were calculated. For comparison, a conventional method (pachymeter) was used to measure the dimensions of the specimen during drying. The variation in dimensions obtained on the surface of the specimens from the Particle Image Velocimetry technique was 2,28 % for the radial direction and 0,20 % for the longitudinal direction of the fibers. With the standardized method, these values were 2,18 % for the radial direction and 0,21 % for longitudinal. The reduction in the average area of the specimens was 3,85 % by the Particle Image Velocimetry technique and 3,77 % by the conventional methodology. It was concluded that the Particle Image Velocimetry technique was able to accurately measure the displacements on the surface of the Pinus elliottii specimens, resulting in values statistically similar to those reached through the use of the conventional measurement method, demonstrating its reliability.
 
A novel method for producing a glulam from the wood of peeler cores
Get PDFThis study presents an opportunity for rational utilization of poplar wood peeler cores in the production of glued laminated timber (glulam) beams. An approach for optimal use of small-diameter raw material with a circular cross-section is also proposed in order to obtain a final product in a significantly high quantitative yield. The applied novel method of sawing the peeler cores and subsequent combination of gluing the obtained lamellas allows to achieve: reduction of labor and energy consumption in the processing; rational utilization of this waste raw material; obtaining a product sought by consumers; opportunity to implement technology for the production of glulam from peeler cores. The results showed that sawing the peeler cores and obtaining lamellas with a trapezoidal cross-section leads to a high quantitative yield of 76,3 %. The final quantitative yield in subsequent technological operations in the manufacturing of engineered wood of glulam type reaches 48,8 % of the volume of raw material. In addition, equations have been working are used for the determination of the most suitable sizes of the lamellas, depending on the diameter and the kerf width