Jurnal Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjadjaran
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The Responsibility of Foreign Fishing Vessel Masters in Fulfilling the Rights of Crew Members
No full textThe case of the death of four Indonesian crew members on a Chinese-flagged ship needs special attention, this is due to negligence committed by the captain, namely refusing to take sick crew members to the nearest hospital and only providing medicine without clear information because it speaks Chinese. As the supreme leader on board, the captain is not only responsible for the navigation and operation of the ship, but also has a legal obligation to ensure the safety of all crew members, including in terms of fulfilling the right to medical assistance. The crew is part of the skipper's direct responsibility during the voyage, as stipulated in the provisions of national and international maritime law. This research is a normative juridical law research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The collection of legal sources in this study will use primary and secondary legal sources. This study aims to examine specifically the legal responsibilities of foreign fishing vessel captains to crew members, focusing on the obligation to provide medical assistance. The results of this study are expected to identify the legal responsibility of the captain in ensuring the fulfillment of the rights of Indonesian crew members on foreign-flagged ships
Menakar Kepastian Hukum Kriteria ”Tidak Diusahakan” dalam Regulasi Tanah Terlantar
No full textPenelitian ini menganalisis kekaburan norma dari frasa “tidak diusahakan” dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 20 Tahun 2021 tentang Penertiban Tanah Terlantar yang tidak dilengkapi kriteria standar minimal pengusahaan tanah. Ketiadaan tolok ukur yang objektif menumbulkan ketidakpastian hukum yang bertentangan dengan Pasal 28D ayat (1) UUD NRI 1945, dibuktikan melalui disparitas putusan pengadilan dalam kasus serupa yakni Putusan Nomor 274/G/2014/PTUN-JKT dan Putusan Nomor 90 PK/TUN/2016. Menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kekaburan norm aini memberikan diskresi berlebihan kepada pejabat dan menghambat reforma agrarian. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan formulasi kriteria minimal pengusahaan bertahap yang terukur, yakni HGU 25%-75% dalam waktu 2-5 tahun, HGB 50% dalam waktu 3 tahun, dan Hak Pakai 60% dalam waktu 2 tahun, disertai mekanisme pengecualian force majeure untuk mewujudkan kepastian hukum dan keadilan.
Kata kunci: disparitas putusan; reforma agraria; tanah terlantar
Disharmoni dan Inkonsistensi Pengaturan Hak Pengelolaan di Atas Hak Ulayat Karapatan Adat Nagari
No full textPengaturan Hak Pengelolaan Lahan (HPL) dalam hukum agraria nasional menimbulkan persoalan mendasar ketika diterapkan di atas tanah ulayat, terutama akibat disharmoni antara Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA), Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja (UUCK), dan inkonsistensi dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 18 Tahun 2021. UUPA mengakui hak ulayat sebagai hak asal-usul yang melekat pada masyarakat hukum adat, sementara UUCK memperluas intervensi negara melalui instrumen HPL tanpa batasan yang jelas terhadap tanah adat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kesesuaian norma, mengidentifikasi implikasi yuridis dari disharmoni tersebut, serta merumuskan rekomendasi kebijakan yang selaras dengan prinsip pluralisme hukum agraria. Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan dukungan studi kasus Nagari Sitapa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian HPL atas tanah ulayat berpotensi bertentangan dengan Pasal 3 UUPA dan Pasal 18B ayat (2) UUD 1945, sehingga diperlukan harmonisasi regulasi dan mekanisme verifikasi partisipatif untuk melindungi hak ulayat.
Kata kunci: disharmoni; hak pengelolaan lahan; hak ulayat; hukum agraria; peraturan pemerintah nomor 18 tahun 2021
The Ineffectiveness of PERAC 2022: Why Environmental Damage in Armed Conflict Demands a Binding International Convention?
No full textEnvironmental damage in armed conflict causes severe ecological damage. Although various international legal instruments have attempted to protect the environment in situations of armed conflict, in reality many countries still ignore the principles contained in these international legal instruments. This study examines the urgency of establishing a binding convention through doctrinal legal research using a constructive approach. Existing legal instruments will be analyzed to identify systemic gaps in the form of: normative ambiguity in protection standards, the absence of operational accountability mechanisms, and the non-binding status of the most comprehensive instrument (PERAC). The results of the study show that various international legal instruments aimed at protecting the environment in situations of armed conflict still have legal gaps, therefore an international binding convention is needed to address this. In addition, this study also proposes a conceptual framework for the convention by integrating the principles of lex specialis, state responsibility, and lessons from successful international environmental agreements such as the Montreal Protocol, as well as the experience of the UNCC in the 1991 Gulf War. This study contributes to the progressive development of international law by bridging the gap between normative consensus and binding accountability for environmental damage in warfare
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN HUKUM PPAT DALAM PEMBUATAN AKTA JUAL BELI TANAH YANG DIBUAT KARENA ADANYA WANPRESTASI DALAM PERJANJIAN UTANG PIUTANG
No full textPPAT hanya boleh membuat Akta Jual Beli (AJB) yang berdasarkan pada perjanjian jual beli yang sah dan memenuhi syarat hukum agraria serta perdata. Namun dalam praktik beberapa PPAT terkadang membuat AJB yang dihubungkan dengan perjanjian hutang piutang, baik secara langsung maupun melalui akta pendahulu seperti Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli (PPJB) yang seharusnya hanya bersifat pengikat awal, bukan sebagai dasar peralihan hak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, dan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptiF-analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PPAT bertanggung jawab secara hukum apabila membuat Akta Jual Beli tanah yang didasarkan pada wanprestasi dalam perjanjian utang piutang, karena perbuatan tersebut merupakan kelalaian profesional yang menyebabkan akta tidak mencerminkan perbuatan hukum yang sebenarnya, sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan cacat hukum dan kerugian bagi para pihak. Akta Jual Beli (AJB) yang dibuat oleh PPAT sebagai sarana pelunasan perjanjian utang piutang tidak sah dan tidak memiliki kekuatan hukum sebagai peralihan hak atas tanah, karena bertentangan dengan asas kepastian hukum, ketentuan UUPA, serta rezim hukum jaminan yang secara tegas mensyaratkan penggunaan Hak Tanggungan sebagai satu-satunya mekanisme pembebanan tanah untuk menjamin pelunasan utang
Urgensi National Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines dalam Menjaga Keamanan Antariksa Indonesia
No full textRuang udara dan antariksa merupakan aset strategis bagi suatu negara yang tidak hanya berperan dalam pertahanan dan keamanan nasional, tetapi juga sebagai katalisator utama dalam pengembangan inovasi teknologi. Regulasi terkait pengelolaan ruang udara dan antariksa di Indonesia nyatanya masih menyisakan celah, terkhusus mengenai pengelolaan serta tanggung jawab suatu negara terhadap adanya sampah antariksa (space debris). Hal tersebut menyebabkan minimnya pengelolaan risiko yang timbul akibat jatuhnya puing-puing dari objek luar angkasa ke wilayah Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis urgensi pembentukan pedoman nasional mengenai mitigasi space debris atau National Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines di Indonesia serta membandingkannya dengan kebijakan mitigasi space debris di beberapa negara lain sebagai bahan rekomendasi kebijakan nasional. Metode penelitian yang diterapkan merupakan penelitian hukum dengan pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan serta dianalisis secara kualitatif. Dengan demikian, dibutuhkan kebijakan nasional yang komprehensif mengenai mitigasi space debris guna meningkatkan perlindungan terhadap keamanan negara dan keberlanjutan aktivitas antariksa Indonesia
Kata kunci: space debris; ruang udara; antariksa; pedoman mitigas
Liability of Single-Member Limited Liability Company on Its Sole Ownership Structure
No full textThe Single-Member Limited Liability Company (PT Perorangan) represents an innovation for individuals who wish to operate a legally incorporated business professionally. The consequence of having a legal entity is that it can act as a legal subject to perform legal acts with the separation of assets from the owner’s personal wealth. Problems may arise due to sole ownership of shares and the absence of a supervisory board; operationally, the owner may serve as director or appoint an employee to hold that position. This study aims to formulate and provide answers regarding the Principle of Limited Liability in PT Perorangan. The research employs a normative juridical method, analyzing based on legal principles and statutory regulations as guidelines for problem-solving. The results indicate that PT Perorangan can be an option for medium-scale entrepreneurs to start their business under a professional legal entity form. The founder’s liability is limited only to the capital invested; however, in cases of unlawful acts, Piercing the Corporate Veil applies. Founders are personally liable with their assets to fulfill obligations or compensate losses
THE U.S TARIFF MEASURES 2025 AND THE CONSISTENCY UNDER THE WTO LEGAL FRAMEWORKS : The Future of Multilateral Trade?
No full textOn 2 April 2025, the United States implemented an additional tariff measure on all products exported to its market, sparking significant contention among World Trade Organization (WTO) members. Introduced through a State Declaration of National Emergency and Executive Order 14257, the measure established a Reciprocal Tariff system, purportedly aimed at rebalancing the United States’ position within the multilateral trading system under the justification of national security. Nevertheless, serious concerns have arisen regarding the measure’s consistency with established international trade obligations. This article employs a normative juridical research method to examine its conformity with WTO law, with particular reference to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994. The analysis finds that the Reciprocal Tariff Measure breaches several GATT provisions covering the most favored nations principle, bound tariff commitment, and potentially the enabling clause under GATT. Further, the reliance on the national security exception under Article XXI does not meet the requisite legal thresholds. If upheld, such measures may undermine the integrity of the multilateral trading system and disrupt global trade governance
Consumer Protection in The Digital Era: Analyzing Legal Gaps in Online Lending
No full textThis article aims to analyze regulatory gaps and weaknesses in consumer protection in online lending (fintech lending) practices in Indonesia, particularly regarding legal protection, personal data security, contract transparency, and law enforcement mechanisms. The main gap lies in the suboptimal integration of legal norms governing consumer protection, fintech oversight, and digital data governance, resulting in legal uncertainty, consumer vulnerability to data misuse, excessive interest rates, and intimidating debt collection practices. This research uses a doctrinal study method with an analysis of national regulations and a comparison of international regulatory frameworks to evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of existing policies. The study results show that although Indonesia has regulations such as the Consumer Protection Law, POJK No. 77/2016, and the Personal Data Protection Law, their implementation remains weak due to limited oversight capacity, legal fragmentation, and low public digital literacy. This condition results in difficulties in prosecuting illegal lenders and rampant violations of consumer rights. Therefore, comprehensive regulatory reformulation, increased digital forensics and cross-border investigation capacity, strengthened sanctions for violators, and public education are needed to create a fairer, more transparent, and more sustainable digital lending ecosyste
The Authority and Challenges of the UNSC regarding the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destructions: Sanctions Resolutions against North Korea as material for analysis
No full textRegarding the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has adopted sanctions resolutions against North Korea's nuclear weapons development program. However, the use of veto power by Russia, as a permanent member, has placed the sanctions system against North Korea in a precarious position, highlighting structural problems within the UNSC. This study uses a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical approach based on official documents, academic journals, and reports from the UN. The results of this study show that the UNSC has been effective in some cases, particularly in the post-Cold War international community. However, structural problems within the UNSC remain to this day, whereby the UNSC has the potential to become dysfunctional due to the use of vetoes, highlighting the need for structural reform of the UNSC.