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A previously unknown variant of the calcaneofibular ligament
Get PDFThe lateral ankle joint is composed of 3 ligaments: the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL). The ATFL and CFL demonstrate morphological variation, especially regarding their shape and number of bands. During standard anatomical dissection, an unusual type of triple CFL was observed: the CFL was composed of 2 bands originating on the lateral malleolus, and the presence of a lateral talocalcaneal ligament (LTC) originating on the talus bone. The insertion point of each band was located on the calcaneal bone. An understanding of these anatomical patterns allows a clearer view of ankle joint biomechanics, and improved planning and performance of surgical treatment
Three-dimensional morphometric and volumetric analysis of maxillary sinuses
No full textBackground: The maxillary sinus is a pyramid-shaped cavity with variations in shape, size, and capacity. Its dimensions increase gradually until early adulthood. Anatomical knowledge of the maxillary sinus is essential to understanding sinonasal disorders, planning surgical procedures, and preventing complications. Awareness of the sinus’s proximity to critical structures helps avoid injuries during surgery. European, Korean, and Sri Lankan population study parameters show varying results and do not necessarily apply to the Indian population. The standard morphometric data of the maxillary sinus is scanty in the Indian population. The study aimed to determine the volume and morphometry of the maxillary sinus along with gender differences in the Eastern population of the Indian. Materials and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the cone beam computed tomography data of maxillary sinuses of 100 normal individuals. The data were analysed after the three-dimensional reconstruction of digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) images with the help of DICOM for printing and Geomagic freeform software in the Anatomy department. The different linear morphometric variables and volume of the maxillary sinus were studied. SPSS version 27.0 was utilised for statistical analyses. Results: The mean values of antero-posterior diameter, transverse diameter, craniocaudal diameters, the height of ostium from the floor, and the volume of the maxillary sinus in males on the right side were 36.61 mm, 20.7 mm, 40.31 mm, 26.02 mm, and 16055.24 mm3 and on the left side they were 37.17 mm, 20.17 mm, 40.73 mm, 26.91 mm, and 15712.66 mm3; whereas, in females the values on the right side were 38.10 mm, 21.56 mm, 38.96 mm, 25.81 mm, and 14687.78 mm3 and on left side they were 38.23 mm, 21.53 mm, 38.48 mm, 25.28 mm, and 14203.13 mm3, respectively. The side-to-side parameter differences were non-significant within the male and female groups, respectively. The females had significantly (p < 0.05) larger transverse diameters than males in both the right and left maxillary sinuses. The males tended to have a slightly larger mean craniocaudal diameter than females, but the difference was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) only in the left maxillary sinus. The gender differentiation based on the measured parameters of bilateral maxillary sinus accuracy rate was 89.4% in males and 61.8% in females. Conclusions: These parameters serve as a standard or reference point, allowing radiologists and surgeons to compare individual patient scans to population averages, aiding in better clinical outcomes. The mean values of different parameters of the maxillary sinus may be utilised to differentiate various suspected sinus pathologies, which is helpful for functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Gender differentiation can be done more accurately by forensic experts using maxillary sinus transverse diameter bilaterally, followed by craniocaudal diameter of the left side sinus for predicting the gender of an unknown maxilla
A bicaudatus sartorius muscle: a rare variant with potential clinical implications
Get PDFBackground: The sartorius muscle (SM) belongs to the thigh anterior compartment musculature. It is the longest muscle of the human body, while its variations are described rarely. The current case report aims to describe a distal bifurcation of the SM, forming the bicaudatus SM variant.
Materials and methods: An 84-year-old male cadaver was dissected for educational and research purposes at the Department of Anatomy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
Results: On the left lower limb, the SM originated, typically, from the anterior superior iliac spine. After 351.22 mm of length, it was bifurcated into an anterior and posterior part. Both muscular parts contributed to the pes anserinus morphology. Femoral nerve branches provided innervation to the variant muscle, while the saphenous nerve and vein coursed posteriorly to the variant muscle.
Conclusions: SM morphological variability is described quite rarely. The current case report corresponds to the bicaudatus SM variant. Accessory parts of the SM could lead to compression symptoms to the femoral nerve anterior branches, as well as to the saphenous nerve
Morphological variability and clinical significance of testicular arteries — a comprehensive review
Get PDFThe testicular artery is the vessel that provides oxygen-rich blood to the testes. It is also involved in many more processes that play important roles in spermatogenesis, such as thermoregulation. As the vessel has a number of anatomical variants, it may often be responsible for difficulties and complications during abdominopelvic surgical procedures. The main aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the anatomical variants of testicular arteries, focusing not only on their origins, but also on the course and number of vessels. We also provide a short review of pathological conditions related to the testicular artery such as aneurysms or testicular torsion, which we feel will be of particular interest to general surgeons and urologists
Prevalence of left kidney vein entrapment signs on computed tomography angiography images of kidney donors
Get PDFBackground: The nutcracker phenomenon (NC-P) is the entrapment of the left kidney vein (LKV) between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal portion of the aorta. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of significant left renal vein compression in a healthy population.Materials and methods: The computed tomography angiography images of 131 healthy patients who underwent living kidney donor nephrectomy at our institution were enrolled in this retrospective, descriptive anatomic study.Results: Three (2.3%) cases had severe stenosis, and 26 (19.8) cases had moderate stenosis. The mean aorto-mesenteric angle was narrower in females (p < 0.05). The mean LKV diameter ratio and beak angle were shorter and narrower in females (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Thirteen cases (9.9%) showed 3 or 4 positive criteria for NC-P. Younger pateitns and those with body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg/m2 had increased rates of positive criteria determination (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively).Conclusions: The NC-P criteria were seen with a high frequency in healthy individuals. Female and younger individuals with lower BMI showed a greater prevalence of positive criteria. Revision of the current standards for NC-P with a distinct classification between sex, age, and BMI is required to better assess LKV compression
Therapeutic potential of stromal vascular fraction in early diabetic nephrotoxicity: a histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis in a type 2 diabetes rat model
Get PDFBackground: Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a common complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D), significantly contributes to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Despite conventional treatments aimed at slowing disease progression, there is a pressing need for novel therapies. This study evaluates the potential therapeutic impact of adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) on early diabetic nephrotoxicity in a rat model.Materials and methods: Thirty-one male albino rats were divided into control and diabetic groups, with the latter further split into untreated (T2Da) and SVF-treated (T2Db) subgroups. Biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric analyses were conducted.Results: We demonstrated that SVF treatment reduced oxidative stress, lowered serum creatinine, and improved renal architecture by mitigating fibrosis and cellular infiltration, suggesting enhanced tissue regeneration and reduced inflammation. SVF also facilitated cellular repair, indicated by increased endothelial cell proliferation and reduced glomerular damage.Conclusions: This study underscores SVF’s potential as a promising regenerative approach for managing early-stage DN, warranting further research to elucidate its mechanisms
Newly proposed classification of plantaris tendon insertion based on branching patterns: a morphological study
Get PDFBackground: Although the plantaris muscle (PM) is considered vestigial in humans, it plays a significant clinical role in procedures such as grafting. Recent reports have suggested its potential involvement in mid-portion Achilles tendon tendinopathy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological variations of the PM, focusing on its branching patterns at the level of insertion.
Materials and methods: Dissections were performed on 58 lower limbs obtained from 29 adult cadavers preserved in a 10% formalin solution. The morphology of the PM was assessed concerning its branching patterns at the insertion level and its relationship with the calcaneal tendon.
Results: The PM was present in 52 out of 58 cases (89.65%). In most of these cases (37 limbs, 63.79%), there was no splitting of the plantaris tendon (PT) at the level of the extensor expansion (ExP). Bifurcation occurred in 10 cases (19.23%), trifurcation in four (7.69%), and in one instance, the tendon divided into four slips. In 11 cases (22.4%), the insertion blended with the Achilles tendon (Type VII), which may increase the risk of Achilles tendinopathy.
Conclusions: Our study indicates the existence of new types of PM tendon insertions that could potentially influence the development of Achilles tendinopathy. Variations in the anatomical morphology of the PM tendon may lead to potential conflicts with the Achilles tendon and the tibialis posterior tendon, thereby increasing the risk of tendinopathy
Coordinated medical care program for neurofibromatosis type 1 children and youth in Poland influences the future of their affected parents as well — a single academic reference center experience and national program description
No full textIntroduction. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is an inherited neoplastic syndrome. In Poland, most affected adults are unaware of the disease-related risk of cancer.
Material and methods. During 36 months of described pilotage, 764 children and youth, and 48.2% of familial cases, were registered.
Results. Among parents, 30.4% were unaware of NF-1 diagnosis and 10.8% had any knowledge of NF-1-related risk of malignancy. As a consequence of advised prophylactic examinations, in 6 (1.6%) parents, clinically silent tumors were detected accidentally in preclinical stage: one 1B-breast cancer, one IA malignant melanoma, 2 pheochromocytomas and 2 low-grade CNS gliomas.
Conclusions. The early successful prevention of malignancy in professionally counselled NF-1 patients, proven currently, necessitates the urgent extension of prophylaxis and coordinated medical care program to the whole NF-1 population, not only in Poland, but worldwide. Precise knowledge concerning the disease-related medical risks should become a subject of the training of medical professionals regardless of their specialty.