Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment (University of Naples)
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From a Smart City to a Smart Up-Country. The New City-Territory of L’Aquila
No full textEver since it was founded in the Middle Ages, the city of L’Aquila has been known as a City-territory. This was because it was established through an original unification process involving approximately 70 minor centres, which transferred a number of their inhabitants into the new City, in an act that we today would call Territorial Cohesion, thereby forming a city that was inextricably linked to its territory. While it is now undergoing radical transformation with dedicated resources, it is within this context that the issue of Smart Cities has emerged, which has, however, focused its work solely on established urban systems and historic centres. By reflecting on L’Aquila’s role as a City-territory, which falls within the disadvantaged inland areas, and by preparing the Project in the Junction 2 - Abruzzo Territories of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport and the Abruzzo Region, we are able to extend the objectives of the Smart-City to the L’Aquila City-territory and in particular to the Seismic Crater, a pertinent example of an “inland area” (or rather “Up-Country”) that today has been increasingly deprived of its identified resources. With a view to the development of inland areas based on the “smart” concept and involving planned integration between the Macro-region, the Territory Project and the Urban Planning Project, this paper supports the need for immediate intervention in the L’Aquila City-territory, and more broadly speaking for the entire territorial settlement system that is a feature of inland areas in Abruzzo. Nowadays, it is not possible to prepare a development project for inland areas without providing them with suitable access to connectivity and other more general networks
Zero Emission Mobility Systems in Cities. Inductive Recharge System Planning in Urban Areas
No full textIn the last few years, “Sustainable” and “Smart” mobility became concepts of fundamental importance and led national government to adopt programmes and measures aimed at reducing the carbon emissions of private and commercial vehicles. The final goal is to pursue the EU objectives of reducing the greenhouse gases emission in transportation sector. The progressive electrification of the circulating vehicles represents a possible solution to the air pollution relating problems. A recent innovative research field, which could significantly contribute to the diffusion of the electric vehicles, consists of the inductive recharge systems for electric vehicles. This technology could also bring to considerably environmental and logistic advantages, especially in urban areas. Starting from the analysis of the main ongoing experimentations of these innovative systems in the world, the present paper proposes a possible application of the inductive recharge technology to the public transport vehicles, through the presentation of the case study of Brescia
Li-Fi for a Digital Urban Infrastructure: A Novel Technology for the Smart City
No full textThe process of “building a smart city” implies that the way a urban area provides its traditional functions be properly re-designed, in order to meet the often conflicting requirements of furthering the economical development and of improving the quality of the life. ICT can make available methodologies and tools able to support such process, as far as the new solutions are carried out within a global vision of the task to be carried out i.e. within a system approach. In such context, even traditional infrastructures as the streetlamp system of a city can reveal interesting opportunities, when coupled with updated technologies. Here, the potential benefits of moving to the LED technologies are presented. The relevance of Li-Fi technology is pinpointed. in relation to the ability of efficiently install wireless links for data transfer without increasing (or also reducing) the microwave background in a urban area. Also the data collection can be improved leveraging upon the already installed streetlamps: the ever increasing amount of sensors (required for many functions, from street security to environment protection) can be deployed without further waste of urban 3D space
Diachronic Analysis of Parking Usage: The Case Study of Brescia
No full textThe paper proposes a methodology for the investigation of the space-time relations between public services and individual mobility, by checking the space-time efficiency of the allocation of public and private parking areas. The methodology has been applied to the case study of Brescia, in northern Italy. The spatial distribution of car parking has been assessed as well as the usage variations during the day. First of all, the location and the density of parking areas within the city has been taken into account, and represented to show the spatial coverage of car parking supply. Then, the temporal issue has been considered, since the degree of use of each parking area varies within the time of the day. Therefore, the degree of use of each parking area has been mapped at three significant instant of the day (10.00 a.m.; 01.00 p.m. and 04.00 p.m.). This kind of analysis is particularly helpful to highlight the availability of parking areas during the day. The results of the analysis, even if referred to a case study, can be extended to similar situations as the methodology of the analysis has a broaden sound meaning. The aim of the paper is to illustrate a method to develop mobility policies and plans
Transportation Infrastructure Impacts Evaluation: The Case of Egnatia Motorway in Greece
No full textTo expand GIS abilities to the consideration of decision criteria, OR/MS researchers strongly pronounce in favor of developing synergies between GIS and multicriteria decision making tools. The rationale of this integration is the GIS ability to store and manage and visualize geographically referenced data and the efficiency of Operational Research tools for modeling decision problems. As a result, MultiCriteria Spatial Decision Support Systems (MC-SDSS) provide a consistent framework that allows alternatives’ ranking combining both spatial data and DMs preferences according to a selected decision rule. Regarding to their applicability in situations that involve classification, multiattribute decision models are considered as a very attractive procedure in urban and regional planning concerning the appraisal of transportation infrastructure construction. In the present a spatial multicriteria evaluation of the impacts derived by the realization of Egnatia Motorway is performed. Egnatia Motorway is considered one of the most significant interventions that have taken place in Greece during the early pre-Olympic Games period and up to the year 2007. With a length of 670 km, it crosses 12 prefectures starting from the Igoumenitsa Port, which provides links by boat to Italy, ending to Kipi in Evros (Greek-Turkish borders). It is a dual carriageway with two traffic lanes per direction with an overall construction cost of about 6b€. Aiming to enrich Northern Greece’s potential in transport industry and tourism, European Union has heavily invested in its construction. In the present paper an integration among GIS functionalities and multi-attribute decision making models such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Ideal Point Methods is proposed in order to estimate the impacts provoked by the construction and operation of Egnatia Motorway in regional level
Urban Smartness Vs Urban Competitiveness: A Comparison of Italian Cities Rankings
No full textThis paper describes a part of the research carried out by the Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering (DICEA) of the University of Naples “Federico II”, within the Project Smart Energy Master for the energy management of territory, financed by PON 04a2_E R&C Axis II, from 2012 to 2015. Today that the idea of smart city draws the attention of urban planners and policy makers and, at the same time, global competitiveness is considered essential for the success of a city, the paper aims to investigate the relationship between the concept of smart city and that of competitive city, identifying common characteristics and differences and answer the question: is “smartness” a new concept for urban studies? The analysis has been conducted in the Italian context, comparing the competitive structure of Italian provinces with their performance as smart cities. To rank Italian provinces because of their level of competitiveness, a previous ranking, carried out in 1995, has been updated with the most recent data available and the new hierarchy, thus obtained, has been compared with that of Italian smartest cities proposed by Forum PA. The benchmarking shows that smartness and competitiveness are strictly connected: today, a city needs to improve its smart quotient in order to be more attractive and so more competitive, in fact, the efficiency and livability of cities, sought by potential citizens, can be improved by using ICTs, as supported by the advocates of smart cities, and represent a strategic factor for gaining a competitive advantage
Urban Gaming Simulation for Enhancing Disaster Resilience. A Social Learning Tool for Modern Disaster Risk Management
No full textAn emergence of the disaster resilience concept broadens the idea of urban risk management and, at the same time, enhances a theoretical aspect in a way in which we can develop our cities without making it more vulnerable to natural disasters. Nevertheless, this theoretical plausibility is hardly translated into a practical implication for urban planning, as the concept of resilience remain limited to some scholars’ debate. One of substantial factors that limit the understanding of people about disaster risk an resilience is a lack of risk awareness and risk preparedness, which can be solved by restructuring social learning process that enable a process of mutual learning between experts and the public. This study, therefore, focuses on providing insights into the difficulties of disaster risk communication we face, and how gaming simulation can be taken as a communication technique in enhancing social learning, which is regarded as a fundamental step of disaster risk management prior the mitigation process takes place. The study argues that the gaming simulation can facilitate planners in acquiring risk information from the community, conceiving the multitude of complex urban physical and socio-economic components, and conceptualizing innovative solutions to cope with disaster risks mutually with the public
EU Smart City Governance
No full textIn recent years European Commission has developed a set of documents for Members States tracing, directly or indirectly, recommendations for the transformation of the European city. The paper wants to outline which future EU draws for the city, through an integrated and contextual reading of addresses and strategies contained in the last documents, a future often suggested as Smart City. Although the three main documents (Cohesion Policy 2014-2020 of European Community, Digital Agenda for Europe and European Urban Agenda) face the issue of the future development of European cities from different points of view, which are respectively cohesion social, ICT and urban dimension, each of them pays particular attention to urban and territorial dimension, identified by the name of Smart City. In other words, the paper aims at drawing the scenario of evolution of Smart Cities that can be delineated through the contextual reading of the three documents. To this end, the paper is divided into three parts: the first part briefly describes the general contents of the three European economic plan tools; the second part illustrates the scenarios for the future of the European city contained in each document; the third part seeks to trace the evolution of the Smart Cities issue developed by the set of the three instruments, in order to provide the framework of European Community for the near future of our cities. Negli ultimi anni la Commissione Europea ha elaborato una serie di documenti per gli Sati Membri che tracciano, direttamente o indirettamente, indirizzi per la trasformazione della città europea. Il paper vuole tentare di delineare quale futuro l’Unione Europea traccia per la città attraverso la lettura integrata e contestuale di indirizzi e strategie contenuti negli ultimi documenti, futuro spesso indicato sotto il nome di Smart City. Sebbene i tre principali documenti (la Politica di Coesione 2014-2020 della Comunità Europea, un’Agenda Digitale per l’Europa e l’Agenda Urbana Europea) affrontino il tema del futuro sviluppo degli Stati Europei da differenti punti di vista, quali rispettivamente coesione sociale, ICT e dimensione urbana, ognuno di essi dedica particolare attenzione alla dimensione urbana e territoriale, individuata sotto il nome di Smart City. L’obiettivo del paper è, in altre parole, tracciare lo scenario di evoluzione delle Smart Cities che può essere delineato attraverso la lettura contestuale dei tre documenti. A tal fine il paper si articola in tre parti: la prima parte descrive brevemente i contenuti generali dei tre strumenti di programmazione europea; la seconda parte illustra gli scenari per il futuro della città europea contenuti in ciascun documento; la terza parte cerca di tracciare le linee evolutive che l’insieme dei tre strumenti offre in tema di Smart Cities al fine di fornire il quadro di riferimento della Comunità Europea per il prossimo futuro delle nostre città.
Urban Green and Environmental Processes: Towards a Multifunctional Landscape Design
No full textL’impermeabilizzazione delle superfici determina un’alterazione del sistema idrologico, con un incremento dei volumi e dei picchi dei deflussi delle acque meteoriche. Il fenomeno è destinato a progredire, sia per il contributo che vi deriva dalla costante crescita delle superfici urbanizzate (urban sprawl), sia per i cambiamenti climatici in atto, che accentuano la frequenza delle piogge critiche. Una serie di misure e tecniche (Best Management Practices, BMPs) sono state sviluppate per la gestione sostenibile delle acque meteoriche urbane. Alcune BMPs (es: verde pensile, bacini di detenzione/ritenzione, zone umide) possono svolgere inoltre una funzione ecologica (divenendo habitat per specie animali e vegetali), di termoregolazione, estetica e di promozione del capitale sociale. È quindi necessario sperimentare metodologie di progettazione e gestione del verde urbano e periurbano, la cui multifunzionalità consente di perseguire la strada della sostenibilità ambientale. Su tale traccia, questo lavoro presenta un percorso metodologico orientato a valutare alcune strategie integrate di controllo dei deflussi urbani, attraverso l’aumento della permeabilità di alcune parti sensibili di città. Il verde, quindi, non è visto come semplice infrastruttura necessaria a soddisfare generici standard urbanistici, ma ne sono analizzate le funzionalità, in questa prima fase di carattere idrologico, ma che, in prospettiva, con la stessa armatura verde, esso può assumere un ruolo ecologico, sociale, di mitigazione del clima e di emissione di gas clima-alteranti.Urbanisation phenomena, associated with soil sealing, can lead to an increase in surface runoff, environmental pollution and ecosystems degradation with risks to human health and economic losses by floods. Then, new urban development strategies and land management models are essential. The European Union Water Framework Directive (2000) requires Member States to draw up efficient measures to ensure sustainable use of water resources. Several Best Management Practices (BMPs) were developed at this aim. BMPs are usually multifunctional structures (e.g. wetland and green roofs) that can provide suitable Habitat for species and bring to the maintenance of biodiversity, allow climate regulation by evaporation and adsorption of solar radiation together with aesthetic/amenity, recreational and educational benefits, enhancing the urban quality of life and social interaction. However, especially in Italy, the full integration of BMPs in territorial planning and urban (re-) design is not fully realized yet. The control of water quality and quantity has often been realized by isolated and localized interventions (e.g. detention/infiltration basins) without a “smart” and systemic project based on a holistic environmental sustainability concept. Through an application of a synthetic index for urban permeability assessment (RIE Index), this paper presents a systemic approach to urban green planning to reduce surface runoff in a pilot area of Bari city, increasing soil permeability and reducing hydraulic risk. This green and sustainable stormwater management approach would be able to furnish environmental benefits and services to the citizens, enhancing quality of life in urban contexts
Direct and Indirect Information in Urban Space Planning
No full textIl tema del rapporto tra nuove tecnologie e spazio urbano è diventato, soprattutto con l’introduzione del concetto di smart city, la chiave nella definizione delle scelte di gestione della città.Le opportunità offerte dall’utilizzazione delle nuove tecnologie consentono di gestire la complessità legata ai molteplici aspetti del rapporto città – individuo indirizzando le strategie e l’innovazione tecnologica al fine di migliorare la qualità della vita degli abitanti. Le nuove tecnologie consentono infatti di raccogliere ed analizzare informazioni sia in maniera diretta, attraverso l’utilizzazione di sistemi di raccolta dati (sensori), che indiretta, analizzando quanto la popolazione racconta all’interno dei social network. In questa maniera è possibile monitorare esigenze diversificate di popolazioni differenti senza coinvolgerle direttamente nel processo di trasformazione dello spazio urbano.Il rischio è quindi duplice. Da un lato si può cedere alla tentazione di incasellare la realtà in categorie facilmente monitorabili attraverso opportuni sensori, perdendo così la sua complessità e articolazione. Dall’altro si rischia di limitare l’apporto diretto dell’uomo nella costruzione dello spazio urbano.In tal senso dovrà intendersi più o meno smart quella città che sarà capace di utilizzare la tecnologia per diminuire il divario che oggi esiste tra le informazioni raccolte e la loro traduzione in azioni fisiche in maniera congruente non solo alle informazioni stesse, ma in particolare al ruolo che le popolazioni urbane hanno nella mediazione tra l’esigenza generale e quella particolare.The relationship between new technologies and urban space has become, especially with the introduction of the concept of smart city, the key in the definition of management options in the city itself.The opportunities provided by the use of new technologies to manage the complexity of multiple aspects on the relationship between city and people can address strategies and innovation in order to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants. In smart cities different groups of people with different instances can be directly involved in the transformation process and the planners’ choices can be supported by information that once would have required costly research. This possibility is granted by the availability of great quantities of data that can be collected and analyzed. Direct information can be gathered by multiple sensors (accelerometer, a geomagnetic sensor, and proximity sensor, etc.) that offer an immediate evaluation of a specific phenomenon. At the same time other aspects can be evaluated by information obtained in social networks: these can contribute to the definition of urban design as the result of a multi criteria analyses. The way to achieve these strategies is a process of interaction between spatial reality and perceived reality made available by passive forms of participation that can help planners in understanding territorial actors’ / territorial users’ needs and requirements.Through this approach, the design and decisions about urban space are not to be indifferent to the needs expressed by various categories of population