Economics. Ecology. Socium (E-Journal) / Економіка. Екологія.Соціум
Not a member yet
254 research outputs found
Sort by
Technological Aspects and Environmental Consequences of Mining Encryption
Full text linkIntroduction. The digital economy has significantly changed not only the types, forms and mechanism of payments, but also the form of money itself. Electronic money is becoming more popular, which increases the relevance and importance of the study of technical aspects and environmental consequences of mining encryption. The choice of equipment for cryptocurrency mining and its impact on the environment remains a rather debatable issue. It is also not clear how to calculate the costs of mining cryptocurrencies in order to determine the cost of such coins which creates obstacles to the normal reflection in the accounting of such activities in the future and the payment of the corresponding taxes on such operations where cryptocurrencies are involved.
Aim and tasks. The study aims is to investigate modern approaches to cryptocurrency mining and the characteristics of the mining process itself, as well as the selection of the main equipment and a list of costs to ensure this activity takes into account the environmental consequences of mining encryption.
Results. Cryptocurrency mining is the process of creating digital currencies. All transactions in the network are not processed by any central authority, but by any user connected to the network. The creation of cryptocurrency, i.e. its emission, is the acquisition of certain property rights. Determining the cost of mining, for example, one bitcoin depends on the amount of resources spent: the depreciation of the equipment that was used to generate new blockchain blocks and the monthly costs of its maintenance, the cost of high-speed Internet service, the configuration of the mining software product on a particular pool, combined electricity costs.
Conclusions. The development of the cryptocurrency market has both positive and negative consequences at the micro and macro levels. Advantages include independence from the state-regulated banking system and general accessibility; high economic efficiency of mining; transparency of transactions, confidentiality and anonymity, security of data owners; high data security against external influences and attacks; absence of time or territorial restrictions; general availability and lack of need to create centralized data repositories; effective mechanism against theft, counterfeiting and inflation, irreversible nature of transactions. At the macro level, the advantages are the high capitalization of cryptocurrencies, which can contribute to meeting the financial needs of the state as a whole and independence from the state. Therefore, further accounting of such a specific asset as cryptocurrency requires detailed research
Retrospective Statistical Study of Dependencies in The Formation of Tourist Flows
Full text linkIntroduction. The activity of tourism establishments takes place in conditions of intense competition and changing dynamics of the tourism market influenced by various factors. The phenomenon of tourism lies in its complexity and high sensitivity to changes in the external environment. In order to determine the directions for the development of the tourism industry, it is necessary to understand the factors that influence the formation of tourist flows and forecast their changes in the defined perspective, which justifies the relevance of applying statistical research methods.
Aim and tasks. The aim of the study: based on statistical information and methods of statistical analysis, to identify the dynamics of changes in tourist flows during specific periods of the new reality and to refute or confirm the hypotheses put forward in the research. Main tasks are: to identify periods of new reality characterized by special conditions of tourist flows formation; to formulate research hypotheses; to identify features of major trends in tourist flows for confirmation or refutation of the proposed hypotheses.
Results. According to the developed methodology, periods were identified according to one leading feature that could form the trend of tourist activity in Ukraine for: the period of development of stabilization and economic growth (2000-2008); the period of coverage of the economic crisis and its relative overcoming (2009-2013); Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO) period and subsequent stabilization of economic growth (2014-2019); period of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic downturn, isolation (2020-2021); martial law (since February 24, 2022). The periods identified in the study formed excellent conditions for tourism, which affected the volume of tourist flows, as a result of which the forecast indicators will not correspond to the actual ones. Domestic tourism flows are more influenced by GDP per person, while outbound tourism flows are more influenced by available income per person.
Conclusions. The applied methods of mathematical forecasting allowed for the verification of the hypotheses regarding the causes that influenced or did not influence tourist flows as the resulting indicator. The general outcome of the research is the confirmation of the hypotheses proposed, which position the tourism industry as particularly susceptible to the influences of various factors that can significantly impact tourism activity both in the context of tourist flow formation and the priorities of tourism enterprises' operations
Integration Strategies for Sustainable Positioning of Shipping Companies in the Maritime Trade Market System
Full text linkIntroduction. The maritime transport of individual countries, operating in a single space of the World Ocean, determines the tasks and problems of creating standard requirements for the reliability of cargo flows and system security of operation. This significantly differentiates the conditions for the development of maritime transport as a subsystem of the global maritime transport market between its individual structures, on the one hand, and national maritime transport complexes, on the other. This is what determines the expediency of various integration processes in the system of the maritime trade market.
Aim and tasks. The study examined the role of integration technologies in the global maritime trade market and the analysis of the development of the country's maritime transport complex in relation to its real needs for participation in integration processes, as well as possible strategies for integration principles and finding ways to implement such strategies in the activities of the country.
Results. The study resulted in the identification of three approaches to the forms of integration in the maritime trade market. The first form includes the processes of creating the gross national product based on the international division of labor, when the global sectoral equilibrium is achieved by combining the technology of producers of one country with the resources and territory of another state. The second form of integration is the M&A strategy for the further development of shipping companies and other enterprises of the maritime complex. The third form is the interaction of individual maritime transport enterprises in intermodal connections. The implementation of all the above forms of integration is in line with globalization trends in the socio-economic development, achievements of technological progress and strategic interests of shipping companies.
Conclusions. The development of maritime transport in terms of integration characteristics and technical priorities reflects the principle of sustainability. At the same time, activities are separated in the system of achieving a balance in the state of the main components of the transport services market according to the criteria for optimizing the investment flow. The latter necessitates a constant search for optimization of the fleet's carrying capacity and cargo terminal throughput. The main thing is to study the optimization of development from the perspective of both macroeconomic and business structures
Criterion for Ensuring the Effectiveness of the Management of the Global Maritime Industry
Full text linkIntroduction. The significant dynamic nature of modern geopolitical and military threats sets new requirements for evaluating the criteria effectiveness of solving maritime industry management problems, requires new methodological approaches and mathematical models for evaluating criteria, and determines a new architecture of information systems in the structure of which these approaches and models are implemented. This makes the issue of the analysis of the application of criteria and the development, research, and implementation of such models and systems extremely relevant.
Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to create a methodological approach to evaluating the criteria that characterize the effectiveness of the management of the maritime industry, with the dynamic change of criteria due to the influence of threats and challenges.
Results. A methodological approach has been developed to evaluate the criteria that characterize the effectiveness of the management of the maritime industry based on the model for assessing the convergence of the absolute values of the first derivatives of the criteria over time, which, at short time intervals, can be considered as criteria change trends. It has been established that instead of reducing transportation costs, management switches to the principle of ensuring optimal costs, which leads to an increase in the cost of freight and shock reactions in the sea transportation market. It was established that it is advisable to use the LSCI criterion as an indicator of the negative effect of “local optimization”. After determining the development trends of the criteria, their evaluation as well as the assessment of their convergence were carried out, which became the basis for proposing directions for improving the efficiency of maritime industry management.
Conclusions. The developed methodological approach and the mathematical model of its implementation make it possible to conduct both quantitative and qualitative analyses of the effectiveness of management of the maritime industry. To increase the efficiency of management, it is proposed: to integrate port community systems; to increase the stability of the port infrastructure so that it can function in crisis conditions; to achieve coordination of management actions at all levels; to avoid “local optimization” and introduce integral optimization; to respond not only to direct threats but also to detect the cascading effects of threats
Analysis and Assessment of Infrastructural Potential in Rural Territories
Full text linkIntroduction. Since the mid-twentieth century, research has focused on agriculture as an important and structurally determining economic sector, constructing a significant part of the production infrastructure that serves an important function in generating economic growth in society. The asymmetry in the development of the territories and the general problems in the lagging areas are the subject of regional policy at the national and community level, to which a serious financial resource is directed, seeking a synergistic effect of the various support instruments on the entire territory. Over half of Bulgaria's territory is used for agriculture, and in rural areas it is also the main economic sector and source of livelihood. It is of crucial importance for the overall economic development of rural areas. In-depth research is needed to assess the infrastructure potential and analyze its impact on the generation of gross value added (GVA) and cohesion between regions.
Aim and tasks. The aim of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the infrastructural potential of rural territories and its impact on the GVA generated by the agricultural sector.
Results. The analysis compares the infrastructural potential of the districts with the production of the agricultural sector, the leading sector of the Bulgarian economy, and seeks ways to optimize it. Within the framework of the present research, the social, transport, tourist, and production infrastructure at the regional level is analyzed, and their relation to the GVA generated by the agricultural sector is examined. The social, transport, tourist, and production infrastructure by regions in Bulgaria and their impact on agribusiness were analyzed, and the results were summarized and mapped. As a result of the research, the territories were systematized depending on the ratio between the GVA from the agricultural sector and their infrastructural potential, and the trends in their development were outlined.
Conclusions. The well-developed infrastructure in rural territories is a driving force for diversifying the functional use of the territory and the optimal utilization of available resources, ensuring not only economic progress but also sustainability in the development of rural territories. Improving infrastructure has a positive effect on the GVA of the agricultural sector, encourages diversification and the use of available resources, and helps make rural territories more sustainable
Theoretical and Empirical Models of Organizational Learning Processes in Knowledge Management
Full text linkIntroduction. This study undertakes a comprehensive exploration of existing instructional organizational models, spanning various disciplines within contemporary educational theory and knowledge management practice. The core objective is to propose an all-encompassing model tailored specifically to the preparation of future educational managers. This model places a significant emphasis on integrated educational strategies, further enriched by the integration of organizational learning processes in the context of knowledge management.
Aim and tasks. This study critically examines established models of organizational learning processes with the goal of developing a tailored model for training future educational managers. The goal is to equip aspiring educational managers with integrated didactic skills based on analyses of existing educational models that include concept analysis, model evaluation, and theoretical framework establishment.
Result. Organizational learning principles drive data-driven refinement, collaborative cross-disciplinary strategies, and leadership development. Sharing best practices enhances strength, whereas iterative feedback processes mitigate its limitations. This dynamic framework encourages adaptable education, fostering continuous improvement in teaching methods, curricula, and managerial training for a sustained educational evolution. Leveraging insights from existing models, the primary aim is to establish an instructional framework that seamlessly integrates a diverse range of content. Notably, the suggested model for training educational managers integrates teaching methodologies, character development, and methodological support for cultivating cultural learning skills, all underpinned by organizational learning processes within the domain of knowledge management. Furthermore, this integrated model incorporates progressive learning objectives that progressively increase in complexity and span the methodologies and resources employed to ensure effective learning outcomes based on comprehensive feature assessment techniques that gauge understanding and competencies.
Conclusions. This study navigates the landscape of models, culminating in the proposal of an integrated framework that caters to comprehensive aspiring training. This model facilitates the harmonious amalgamation of various subjects, and proficiencies introduce organizational learning processes within the domain of knowledge management. By fostering a multidisciplinary and holistic approach, this model equips future educators with the multifaceted demands of modern primary education while adequately managing knowledge within their organizational contexts
Institutional Provision of Tariff and Non-Tariff Regulation of Cross-Border Trade
Full text linkIntroduction. The study is devoted to a comprehensive study of the global trade system in conditions of global economic instability, in particular, to the identification and analysis of the determinants of deepening its asymmetries in the regional perspective. The study contains a description of the peculiarities of the modern global trade system and regulatory regime, including tariff and non-tariff methods of regulating cross-border trade and key trends in its development.
Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to diagnose the institutional provision of tariff and non-tariff regulation of cross-border trade in order to determine the presence or absence of asymmetries in the global trade system in the regional context.
Results. The study identifies and systematizes fundamental features of the modern global trade system whose development has been directly or indirectly influenced by regional asymmetries. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the major international economic organizations as the main regulators of the cross-border trade process, and to the study of the impact of the use of tariff and non-tariff import and export regulatory tools on cross-border trade asymmetries. The world trading system is divided by country and individual customs territory, depending on whether it belongs to a certain geographical area or to a group of countries with a certain level of economic development.
Conclusions. Although the expansion of global trade has visually slowed down, the integration of world trade is not over, on the contrary, there are clear signs of the beginning of a completely new phase of globalization. The presence of asymmetry in the world trading system in a geographical context, regardless of the size of the region, has been theoretically proven. According to the criterion of the asymmetry of the trading system depending on the level of economic development of the countries, in general, there is a tendency to increase the level of liberalization of trade regimes by the increase in the level of development. At the same time, it has been proven that belonging to the group of least developed countries does not necessarily mean closed access to national markets, and categorization as a developed country does not indicate the application of the least number of non-tariff measures to regulate trade volumes. At the same time, Ukraine remains a country that has undertaken the most liberal obligations regarding providing access to markets for both goods and services. As one of the world's leading exporters of agricultural products in 2020, Ukraine has set the customs tariff level at 11%, the lowest among group members
Digital Tools for Accounting and Analytical Support of Enterprises: Innovation and Management Aspect
Full text linkIntroduction. The modern global economy requires the digitalization of all spheres of enterprise activity, including accounting and analytical processes. This creates new synergistic effects on all related production, management, and business processes and new opportunities and business directions. The analytical process begins to include new information resources, which gives an impetus to the systematic development of support for decision-making by the management of enterprises, increasing the level of relevance of management decisions, and providing opportunities for operational restructuring of market tactics and strategies.
Aim and tasks. The study aims to introduce digital tools for analytical accounting support for Ukrainian enterprises based on innovative management aspects and develop a mathematical model for using digital resources to optimize the architecture of enterprise information systems.
Results. A mathematical model of the use of digital resources was developed to optimize the architecture of the company's information systems. The process of introducing digital tools for accounting and analytical support of enterprises in Ukraine was also studied and compared with the practice of their implementation under the conditions of “Economy 4.0” in developed countries. The advantages of introducing digital tools for accounting and analytical support were determined and obstacles to this process are named. It is indicated that the main guarantee of the effectiveness of the use of digital tools in view of the innovation-management aspect of their implementation is adaptability to internal and external influences, technological innovations, changes in tasks, goals, and even the sphere of economic activity of the enterprise. It is noted that this largely depends on the architecture of the information systems. According to estimates, the annual “cumulative effect” growth rate from introducing IT technologies in accounting and analytical processes may exceed 19%.
Conclusions. The developed mathematical model makes it possible to propose a new approach to the transformation of the system of digital accounting tools and analytical support instead of the traditional eclectic approach, which ensures effective auxiliary functionality or implements new functionality of the entire information management system, the elements of which are digital accounting tools. Factors that prevent the implementation of digital tools, which will increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian enterprises, are indicated
The Role of Employer Branding Practices on Management of Employee Attraction and Retention
Full text linkIntroduction. An employer brand includes everything practiced to position an organization as a preferred employer. Nowadays, business companies are having more difficulty procuring qualified employees who are vital for company success under keenly competitive business conditions. To cope with this difficulty, companies carry out different practices to attract and retain talent, and the employer brand concept has become one of the tools that business companies use to attract and retain talent.
Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to investigate, determine and describe how business companies are efficacious in their employer brand management practices to meet the expectations of current and potential employees. It is also aimed to determine which activities are carried out by the business companies for employer branding. In this context, a literature review is carried out within the scope of employer branding to brief the concepts of organizational attractiveness and to ensure organizational commitment.
Results. Within the scope of the research, the semi-structured in-depth interviews with the human resources professionals of seven large-scale, domestic, and foreign companies operating in the Izmir, Istanbul, and Manisa provinces were examined. The findings of the interviews are evaluated by the qualitative analysis method according to the research methodology. The result of the research conducted and the references to the definition of the employer brand were compiled under five nodes. These are the work environment, economic benefits, work-life balance, career development opportunities, and social activities. On the other hand, the economic benefits node was compiled under two different sub-nodes, namely wages and fringe benefits. The characteristics and contributions of the employer branding were investigated, and the effects of the employer brand on retention within the scope of talent management were investigated.
Conclusions. It has been observed that the organizations' awareness level of the employer brand concept is high, and it has been discovered that they have many practices for both potential candidates and current employees. These practices have revealed that they differentiate themselves from their competitors in terms of business characteristics, working environment, and global opportunities. All these efforts provide many benefits such as increases in the number of applications, increases in attractive employer rankings, increases in employee motivation, and decreases in employee turnover rates
Analysis of the Economic and Environmental Policy of Ukrainian Defence Industry Enterprises
Full text linkIntroduction. The regulation of economic and environmental impacts of the entire military-industrial complex is a cross-sectoral and international problem. At the same time, research in this area is rather fragmented, which reduces the effectiveness of systematic reviews of the security and defence sector in the context of the green economy. The relevance of the issue of greening the defence industry is significantly enhanced by the need to regulate and operate domestic defence industries in the context of the country's military operations.
Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to substantiate the economic mechanism for regulating the greening of enterprises of the defence industry of Ukraine.
Results. The economic and environmental security requirements for defence industry enterprises are studied, as the activity of polluting sources of enterprises, including defence enterprises in Ukraine, has generally decreased, in 2021, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources decreased by 9.0% compared to 2020, to almost 2.2 million tonnes, ammunition was disposed of (235.29 thousand tonnes of ammunition were disposed of from 2014 to 2020) and liquid rocket fuel (16.7 thousand tonnes of melange). In 2021, enterprises, organisations and institutions spent UAH 41.3 billion on environmental protection, compared to UAH 43.7 billion in 2020. Of the total environmental costs in 2021, 68% were current expenses and 32% were capital investments. The strategic directions of greening the defence industry enterprises have been identified, including the introduction of resource-saving technologies, environmental monitoring of environmental impact and reduction of the negative impact of the defence industry units.
Conclusion. The realisation of the greening potential will help protect the country's natural resource potential under the influence of the defence industry. A system of measures should be developed to ensure the protection and restoration of natural systems at a certain cost. Given the importance of the defence industry for the country in the context of current external threats and armed conflicts in certain parts of the territory, it is necessary to develop a strategic vision of environmental security with the involvement of all relevant organisations and taking into account the degree of responsibility and motivation for eco-oriented management