Tokyo Woman's Christian University Repository / 東京女子大学学術情報リポジトリ
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韓国における介護の質に関する定期評価及び昼・夜間保護サービス提供の研究 : 介護サービス供給の法的基盤との関連で
Get PDF本研究では，韓国が 2008 年に老人長期療養保険制度を創設以後，保険者である国民健康保険公団が毎年実施している介護サービス提供事業者への定期評価の過程及び評価結果に注目する．直近の在宅サービスの評価結果・分布及び施設サービスの評価結果・分布がサービス提供事業者の特性や利用者数の規模の影響をどの程度受けているかについて検討した．その結果，個人が経営している場合及び利用者数が 10 人未満の場合に，公団の定期評価の点数が他の場合に比べ著しく低いことが明らかになった．なお，運営の形態としては，他に法人と地方自治体の場合があり，利用者数については，他に 10人以上 30 人未満と 30 人以上の区分がある．本研究では，介護の質が，①介護サービスが正しいルールに基づき適切に提供されること，②サービス利用者自身が望むサービスを適切な頻度で利用できること，という 2つの条件から構成されるという視点に立つ． しかしながら，政府機関である保健福祉部が 2013 年に創設した 2 つのタイプの「昼・夜間保護サービス」の条件付き介護報酬増額ルールは，この介護の質の視点に真っ向から対立するルールでしかないという構造的問題性を指摘した．増額ルールというのは，1 日の昼・夜間保護サービスが 8 時間以上で 1 か月に 20 日以上利用すれば当該の高齢者の等級で定められた月額介護報酬額が 20% ないし 50% 増額されるというルールである．当該高齢者が認知症対応型の昼・夜間保護サービスを利用するか否かで増額の比率が 2 つのタイプに分かれる．こうした新ルールを創設した保健福祉部の価値観が，高齢者モデルではなく「介護者家族モデル」に立脚するものであることを本研究で指摘した．本研究の主要な関心の 1 つである介護者家族モデルの発想が，長期療養に深く関連する老人長期療養保険法，保健医療基本法，老人福祉法という重要な法律の法理に見られるかどうか検討した結果，老人長期療養保険法及び保健医療基本法の 2 つの法律についてその目的が記載された条文に含まれていることが確認できた．The main purpose of this study was to clarify relationships between the degree of assessment, ranging from classes A to E by the National Health Insurance Service, the three types of service providers, including individual and municipal corporative organizations, and the number of service recipients (> 30 people > 10 people and < 10 people)．This study addresses serious problems related to the use of day and night care services. The Department of Health and Welfare set two rules for this service in 2013. The first rule is that when a frail older patient receives day and night care for more than 20 days/month at more than 8 hours/day, the monthly limit of the benefit is up to 120%. The other rule is that for demented older patients who receive day and night care for more than 15 days /month and more than 8 hours/day, the monthly limit of the benefit increases to 150%．The concept of quality of care consists of two principles, The first principle is that care service should be provided appropriately and properly, and the other is that frail or demented older patients should receive care services of the proper length and frequency．There is a serious problem with the two new rules set out by the Department of Health and Welfare in 2013. How could extraordinary usage of day and night care make the frail or demented patient comfortable and secure?This research address three laws : the Act on Basic Health and Medical Care, the Act on Social Welfare for Older Adults, and the Act on Long-Term Care Insurance for Older Adults．Two models have been proposed in previous research, such as the older adult-centered care model, and that involving a caregiver in a family-oriented care model, in the long-term care policy. The Act on Long-Term Care Insurance for Older Adults and the Act on Basic Health and Medical Care are based on the caregiver in the family-oriented care model．We conclude that the policy of the Department of Health and Welfare is based on the caregiver in the family-oriented care model, but not on the older adult-centered care model
日英中3言語の「甘い」の比較
Get PDFJantima（1999）points out that the Japanese adjective amai（sweet）can be used in the negative sense of ‘insufficiently precise/strict’, which is not observed in Thai or English. To identify the possible source of the difference, the present study examines the meaning of amai and of the corresponding expressions in English and Chinese（sweet and 甜, respectively）, as well as their antonyms. Consultation with monolingual and bilingual dictionaries has led to the following findings:（ⅰ）Amai, sweet, and 甜 share the basic meaning of ‘containing sugar’ and have the connotation of comfort. While all the three languages allow the semantic extension of the target word to the nonpositive meaning of ‘pleasant on the surface with possible danger lurking behind’, only amai in Japanese has the negative meaning of ‘inadequate for the lack of precision’.（ⅱ）The antonym of amai is karai, which means ‘containing such stimulative substance as salt, spice, or an excessive amount of alcohol’（ⅲ）English has two antonyms of sweet, namely, bitter and sour, both of which are unpleasant characteristics. There is no English word precisely corresponding to karai, with salty or hot as the closest synonyms.（ⅳ）The antonym of 甜 is 苦, meaning ‘bitter’ and ‘painful’.The results show that the antonyms of the English sweet and Chinese 甜 describe unpleasant or even painful characteristics, and therefore sweet and 甜 can only convey the meaning of pleasant characteristics. This is in contrast with the Japanese amai, which implies the lack of stimulative substance as salt, spice, or alcohol. Where such substance is considered a necessary ingredient, the lack thereof can lead to a negative meaning of insufficient rigor
『源氏物語』の中の品の男たち : 空蝉物語周辺の男性官人をめぐって
Get PDFBetween the end of the tenth century and the beginning of the eleventh century, when the author of The Tale of Genji, Murasaki Shikibu, lived, the transition to the ritsuryō political system had been completed and the social changes that led directly to the medieval period were underway. Shikibu had an eye for viewing the aristocratic society in which she lived in the context of this ongoing historical transformation. In the light of such historiographical knowledge, this article will investigate the portrayal of men of the middle-ranking aristocracy, who were called the naka no shina in The Tale of Genji, especially those surrounding Utsusemi, such as Kogimi, Ukon no Jō, Iyo no Suke, and Ki no Kami. In doing so, it will clarify how keenly Shikibu understood this contemporary transformation.『源氏物語』の作者である紫式部が生きた10世紀末から11世紀初めにおいては、律令国家体制の変容が行き着くとともに、中世に直接繋がるような社会の変化が、進行していた。紫式部は、自分の生きる貴族社会を、歴史のなかに、つまり進行する変容のなかの現在として捉える目を持っていた。そのことを、歴史学の知見に照らしながら、『源氏物語』のなかで「中の品」と呼ばれた中流貴族の男性たち、特に小君、右近将監、伊予介、紀伊守など、空蝉を取り巻く男性がいかに造形されているかを考究することにより、明らかにした
感性的表現と「順序・秩序」としての「ordre」: コンディヤック『人間認識起源論』の「美的・感性的なもの」を巡る一視座（2）
Get PDFThis second part of our study（its fourth, fifth, and sixth sections), the former part（its first three sections）of which was published in the previous issue of this Bulletin（vol.LXXII （no. 2), 2021), focuses successively on the visual dimension of the aesthetic expression of inversion in the Essai sur l’origine des connaissances humaines （1746）（the fourth section）and on the generation theory of visibility in the Traité des sensations（1754）（the fifth and six sections). We underline in particular the fact that, taking over the orientation introduced by the aesthetic expression theory of the Essai, Condillace starts to deepen his thought in the Traité about the decisive role played for his epistemology by the “peinture” and “tableau,” which might be realized not only through the rhetorical technique of inversion（the Essai）but more explicitly through the generated simultaneous visibility supported by the “imagination”（=“mémoire”）and by successive analytical tactility（the Traité). Furthermore, his later works such as the Grammaire （1775, though its drafting possibly began, from 1758）, the Logique（1780）and the Langue des calculs（1798（posthumous publication））were to prove the epistemological significance of this ordered simultaneousness for Condillac, the original form of which is implied already in the aesthetic expression theory in the Essai, which will be examined in the last part of our study（its seventh and eighth sections）in the next issue of this Bulletin.本研究は、哲学者エティエンヌ・ボノ・ド・コンディヤックの『人間認識起源論』（一七四六年）を中心に、彼の経験論哲学の美学的射程を検証する一連の試みの第二部である。先回の第一部の三節の論考を受けて、第二部最初の第四節では『人間認識起源論』の倒置論における行動言語の影響を受けた音声言語による美的表現技法に分析の焦点を当てる。行動言語の美的表現の核たる「絵画」性が、「倒置」によって作動する想像力の働きを通じて「タブロー」として音声言語の美的表現へと昇華されるコンディヤックの議論構成の内実を明らかにする。残りの第五節と第六節では、『人間認識起源論』のほぼ八年後の著作『感覚論』（ 一七五四年）の視覚の「全体瞬時性」の生成論に着目する。ここでは、「彫像」の「視覚」が外界世界を「全体瞬時な」「タブロー」として把握するためには、「想像力」（『感覚論』では「記憶」）そして「触覚」の介在が不可欠であることが示される。従来から研究者達が強調するのは特に後者の「触覚」の重要性だが、本論ではそれを踏まえた上で「想像力」と「全体瞬時性」としての「視覚」を支えることの認識論的意義を強調する。つまり、「触覚」の「分析性」による「秩序」化された「全体瞬時性」を、「想像力」（「記憶」）を介して「視覚」が飛躍的に拡大することの認識論的意義である。これこそが、『人間認識起源論』の美的言語論の孕んでいた認識論的意義の『感覚論』が齎らした決定的進展に他ならない。そしてこの方向は、次回の本論第三部が検証する、コンディヤックその後の晩年に至るまでの期間の著作群、『文法』（『教程』（一七七五年）所収だが執筆はおそらくパルマ赴任の一七五八年から始まっていると思われる）、『論理学』（一七八〇年）そして『計算の言語』（一七九八年（死後出版））でも変わらずに引き継がれることになろう。これを明らかにした上で、コンディヤック哲学の美学的射程が現代の我々にとって持つべき意義を明らかにするのが次号掲載予定の第三部の課題となろう
A Bibliography of William Empsonʼs Japan and Japanʼs William Empson
Get PDFThis is the first bibliography of the poet, literary critic, and philosopher William Empson (1906-1984) in his relation with Japan. Empson arrived in Tokyo in May 1931 to take up a position as Professor of English Literature at Tokyo University of Literature and Science (Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku), and departed from Yokohama to return to England in July 1934. During the interim, as Japan was entering fully into a period of unprecedented turmoil, and Tokyo was shaken by earthquakes and political assassinations, Empson, inspired by seventh-century Buddhist sculptures in Nara and Kyoto, wrote the early drafts of Some Versions of Pastoral (1935) and The Face of the Buddha (2016).The bibliography draws on the work of three years by members of a research group affiliated with Tokyo Womanʼs Christian University, conducted in libraries and other institutions in Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, South Korea, China, and Sri Lanka. The results are presented in six sections.First is the 1,800-word technical introduction, which includes explanation of the principles of inclusion, organizational structure, and bibliographical conventions, the latter of which are a hybrid of English and Japanese, designed to make citations understandable to readers of both English and Japanese, or of either one but not the other.This is followed by the 7,600-word essay, ‘Empsonʼs Japan’, which more fully than any previous work traces the cultural history of Empson in Japan. The essay outlines the political milieu of Japan whilst Empson was in the country, documenting the political violence of Tokyo while he lived in the city, and includes details from primary sources that trace his activities and affiliations, including new details about the identity of the Japanese woman who appears in Empsonʼs most engaging poem of Japan, ‘Aubade’ (1933), with whom Empson had an affair serious enough that they considered marriage. Andō Haru, the presiding presence in Empsonʼs ‘Aubade’, is given a full name here for the first time in any critical work, and a history more complete than any that has come before.Following this is the bibliography itself in four bilingual sections. Section A, ‘Works by William Empson Published in English in Japan’ (17 entries), offers for the first time full details of Empsonʼs writing and publications while he was in the country, including details not before noted about his first book of poems, published in Tokyo in a limited edition of 100 in 1934, and of the first appearance of five central chapters of Some Versions of Pastoral, ‘Marvellʼs Garden ’and‘ The Double Plot in Troilus and Cressida’ in 1932, ‘Proletarian Literature’ and ‘They That Have Power’ in 1933, and ‘The Beggarʼs Opera’ published over nine issues of a Japanese literary journal in 1933 and 1934. These works have been noted before in Empson scholarship, but with details scrambled, titlesand dates wrong, to such a degree that this work is the first that will allow researchers actually to find them in libraries that hold them.Section B, ‘Japanese Translations of Empson’ (18 entries), offers the first full accounting of the subject, from early translations of Empsonʼs poems through two full translations of Seven Types of Ambiguity and the only Japanese translation of Some Versions of Pastoral.Section C, ‘Reminiscences of Empson and Related Works Published in Japanese’ (21 entries), offers the first full accounting of these primary documents, some not noted before in any work, others noted before but with errors in citation serious enough to impede finding the works in libraries that hold them.Section D, ‘Critical Works and Reviews of Empson Published in Japan’ (106 entries), offers the first and only systematic accounting of the critical reaction to Empson in Japanese
測定の標準誤差および平均への回帰をめぐる問題
Get PDFThis study addressed the issues of measurement errors and the regression toward the mean. Two types of measurement errors（Standard error of measurement and Standard error of estimate）were compared in terms of their conceptualizations and interpretations. Subsequently, the issue of “difference scores” between two test scores was examined. There are two types of difference approaches; nonoverlapping intervals and reliable difference approaches. Analyzing hypothetical data on TOEFL ITP, this study compared four major methods for assessing difference scores. The findings revealed that all of the four methods yielded the same results, indicating that they can be used interchangeably. A possible reason for the same results across the four methods was discussed.本稿ではテストスコアの関する測定誤差および平均への回帰についてデータをもとに具体的に論じた．まず，「測定の標準誤差」と「推定値の標準誤差」の考え方や解釈の仕方の違いについて論じた．次に，同一テストを2回受けた場合のスコアの差の分析方法について，TOEFL ITPに関する架空のデータをもとに詳しく検討した．Charter and Feldt（2000）及びCharter（2009）によると，テストスコア差の分析方法には信頼区間の重複を検討するアプローチとz検定を用いたアプローチの2種類があり，それぞれに伝統的および回帰ベースのアプローチがある．本稿では代表的な4つの手法を取り上げ，データをもとに比較検討した．その結果，いずれの手法を用いても同一の結果が得られることが明らかとなった．最後に，なぜ平均への回帰を明示的に考慮した方法とそうではない方法で同じ結果が得られるのかについて考察した