Tokyo Woman's Christian University Repository / 東京女子大学学術情報リポジトリ
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「かわいい」の意味について
Get PDFIt is thought that the Japanese adjective kawaii is a very popular word among young women in Japan. However, its clear definition remains to be seen. The purpose of this study is a discussion about what kawaii represents these days. Kawaii is related to the user’s values, and analyzing this adjective can reveal evidence that helps us to know changes in people’s values, surroundings, and culture.In the second section of this review, I set three points of view based on previous studies: about the exterior and the interior of an object, about the function to reduce the friction in conversations, and about an expression of Japanese culture. In the third section, I explain my research which used the following approach. I analyzed contextual search results in which kawaii is used in the Shonagon corpus. These contents included: a sample of young women’s conversations, search results of pictures about kawaii for people in other countries, and contents of Japan Expo―a Japanese culture expo in France. In the fourth section, I collated data of the research, and in the fifth section, examined the results.The results of my analysis clearly shows that kawaii has more uses than before. In addition to the function of conveying the sense of lovely, kawaii is used: 1) to express adoration of what the user is pleased with, 2) to provide topics and give responses in conversation, and 3) to describe Japanese culture, especially, colorful and ostentacious fashion and goods. The word kawaii was used in ancient times by those who were in the higher social position rather than those of lower social standing. However, today, it has come to be a word which everyone uses easily regardless of age or gender, and in foreign countries, it is recognized as a word which expresses a characteristic part of Japanese popular culture. The result of this study hopefully will give an insight into the change in meaning and usage of kawaii in the future
外国語における学習動機：大学初年次の第一・第二外国語学習に焦点を当てて
Get PDFThis study investigates the following three issues: first foreign language (hereinafter referred to as English) and second foreign language learning motivations, recognition rates of learning methods and degrees of burden of learning, and learning plans. In this study, 163 firstyear students at Tokyo Woman’s Christian University were surveyed.There are four types of motivation: cultural, hobby-related, career-related, and academic. From the results of the questionnaires, both in English learning and in second foreign language learning hobby-related motivation came first though the diffence from other motivations was very small. The results also show that the students had career-related motivation in English learning, and cultural motivation in second foreign language learning.In addition, recognition rate of second foreign language learning methods was lower than that of English learning methods. However, in both English learning and second foreign language learning, the degrees of burden of learning were almost the same.Furthermore, in English learning, about 50% of the students plan to take elective subjects, and the proportion of the students who do not plan to take electives was about 15%. In contrast, in second foreign language learning, the rate of those who want to take as electives was about 50%, while that of those who do not was about 30%. It was also found that the proportion of the students who plan to continue studying English after graduation was 75%, but as for second foreign language learning students, it was about 30%.From these results, it can be said that English learning and second foreign language learning students are similar in motivation and degrees of burden of learning, but they have very different learning plans
失読症の研究：英語圏と非英語圏の諸言語にみる表層性失読
Get PDFDyslexia is a speech defect in reading. It occurs as difficulty in reading words and sentences aloud with accuracy, and the symptoms include a deficit of reading comprehension. Acquired dyslexia is classified into surface dyslexia, deep dyslexia, and phonological dyslexia. Most researchers explain the characteristic symptoms that each type of acquired dyslexia has, based on the dual-route model of the reading process. The dual-route model of reading assumes that readers use two strategies to read words: lexical route and non-lexical route.This study is based on the dual-route model, and investigates the specific symptoms of acquired surface dyslexia in languages of the English-speaking world and non-English-speaking world. The purpose of this report is to reveal the relationship between the characteristic of each language and acquired surface dyslexia symptoms. The languages of this survey are English, French, Hebrew, Japanese, and Spanish, from which I could obtain a case report.As a result of the analysis, through the comparison of documents and case reports about acquired surface dyslexia in the five languages, two main conclusions are obtained. First, the difference of transparency and the kind of writing system of each language causes differences in the mechanisms of reading and appearances of symptoms of acquired surface dyslexia. Second, in regard to the languages without the custom of writing vowel sound information, the new model of the reading process is necessary because the classification of the dyslexia pattern based on the dual-route model was not appropriate. Through this report it was found that language properties affect the outbreak mechanism of dyslexia symptom; and some insight into the complex mechanisms of reading in various languages was obtained
「タミの夢」：パウンドとヘミングウェイと日本を結ぶ橋
Get PDFCarlos Baker’s 1969 biography of Ernest Hemingway noted two paintings in Hemingway’s first Paris lodgings, 1922, one by the “Frenchman Masson,” the other by “the Japanese Kumae.” In Hemingway scholarship it was not until Michael Reynold’s biography of 1989, however, that “Kumae” was given a full name, along with a different surname: Tami Koume does not sound Japanese, and in Japan we could find no trace of him or his paintings. The mystery was solved by Collete C. Hemingway in her 2009 in his time: in his first year in Paris Hemingway “purchased works by the French surrealist, Andre Masson (1896-1987), and the Japanese avant-garde painter, Tamijuro Kume (1893-1923), the later all but forgotten until recent scholarship.”Scholars of Pound’s Canto76 will know the lines: “things have ends and beginnings/ and the gilded cassoni neither then nor up to the present/ the hidden nest, Tami’s dream.../and the care in contriving.”My paper is the first to explore the influence of Tamijuro Kume, a major but littleknown link between “the Orient” and both literary and visual Modernism, on both Hemingway and Pound
伊藤道郎とモダニストの渦（ヴォーテックス）
Get PDF“Michio Ito and the Modernist Vortex” explores the links between the Nobel Prize winning author, Ernest Hemingway, and the Japanese modern dancer, Michio Ito. Though they never met, they had friends in common and played key roles in the development of modernism in the twentieth century. The essay first focuses on Ito’s early years in London when he introduced W.B. Yeats and Ezra Pound to Japanese noh drama and danced the role of the hawk in Yeats’s famous noh-inspired play, At the Hawk’s Well. After examining Ito’s importance to the play, the essay turns to his dance career in the United States first in New York and then in Hollywood, where he organized large-scale productions in the Hollywood Bowl, mixing influences from Japan and the West. Hemingway and Ito were caught up in World War II in different ways, Hemingway as a journalist in Europe and Asia, and Ito, unjustly accused of being a spy, as a prisoner in a Department of Justice camp before being repatriated to Japan in a prisoner exchange. Ito, deeply affected by his disillusioning experience, spent the rest of his life in Japan. The essay concludes by looking at general parallels in the lives of these two modernist pioneers. Both of them were expatriate artists who crossed international boundaries seeking inspiration for their art. Both also adopted complex personae in literature and dance to express the modern world. Hemingway’s well-known hair fetish, appearing frequently in his works, provides a final link to Ito, whose long black hair, visible in numerous photographs from his years in London and New York, became an androgynous trademark Hemingway would have appreciated
鎌倉仏教者の注釈活動：親鸞と覚如の左注を視点として
Get PDFThis research shows the style of annotations （chushaku） of two Buddhist priests in the Kamakura era, Shinran and his great-grandchild Kakunyo, and focuses on the interlinear annotation to the left of the words （sachuu） that both priests made in order to clarify the meaning of sentences.Shinran uses a variety of chushaku forms. In contrast, Kakunyo uses fewer forms. Some of the same chushaku forms are used by both priests.The words they used are not complex but mainly basic and ordinary.The active manner of annotation, （chushaku） by Shinran and Kakunyo represents the verbalism of Buddhist priests in the Kamakura era.鎌倉仏教者の親鸞と曽孫の覚如の注釈活動を、語の左側の行間に書き入れた左注から検証した。親鸞同様、覚如にも左注という注釈活動が盛んであった。両者とも紙面の行間に注を施し、文意の伝達に意を用いようという積極的的な表現活動が窺えた。親鸞は実に多彩な諸形式を用いていたが、覚如には親鸞ほど多くの形式は見られなかった。左注に用いられた語に両者同様なものもあり、難解な語でなく基本的で通用語の使用が窺われた。鎌倉仏教者の言語表現法は二人の注釈活動に見られるのであった