Tokyo Woman's Christian University Repository / 東京女子大学学術情報リポジトリ
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Study on Mathematical Framework for Data Analysis Based on Machine Learning
Get PDFIn reference to IEEE copyrighted material which is used with permission in this thesis, the IEEE does not endorse any of Tokyo Woman\u27s Christian University\u27s products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. If interested in reprinting/republishing IEEE copyrighted material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution, please go to http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/rights_link.html to learn how to obtain a License from RightsLink.博士(理学）東京女子大
労働概念の歴史（２）
Get PDF本稿では，17，18 世紀の労働概念の変化について検討する．社会史家のヴェルナー・コンツェによると，17，18 世紀に労働概念の経済化が進んだ．労働の概念は，技術の発展によりキリスト的な倫理から解放され，労働によって，物が変化され，価値が作り出されると考えられるようになった．その結果，労働は，苦役や貧困と直接結びつくものではなくなり，その代わりに，経済の中心に置かれ，喜びを与え，幸福への道を開く活動になっていった．また，労働は豊かさを生むとされ，労働のもたらす豊かさは，個人のレベルだけでなく，国家の富にも関係するものとなった．他方，労働の選択は，権利として認められるようになり，労働の解放が始まった．これにより，新たな経済化された労働の概念は，市民革命の前提のひとつになった．しかし，労働概念の経済化の結果，労働が，移動可能な物として扱われるようになったり，豊かさの分配の問題が生じるようになった．楽観的な経済学者は，生産の拡大により，問題は解決できるとしたが，このような流れに対して反発も現れた．フランス革命においては，平等の権利が主張されるようになり，ドイツの観念論的哲学においては，フィヒテは，労働により，自由が実現するとし，また，ヘーゲルも，労働を，経済的なものに限定せず，精神世界の発展との関係の中で見ている．According to German historian Werner Conze, the meaning of work changed greatly during the 17th and 18th centuries. He referred to this change as the "economization" of work.Due to technological developments, work was freed from the limitations of Christian ethics, and there was a shift in emphasis toward “conquering nature” and deriving values based on work. Work was no longer thought of as burdensome or directly related to poverty. Instead, work was perceived to occupy a central role in the economic sphere and became a source of joy placing citizens on the road to happiness.Wealth could now be produced through work, including at the national level. Work thus became a key factor in the development of national power.As work began to be seen a route to personal happiness, and the freedom to choose one’s vocation came to be regarded as a human right, work began to be liberated from traditional restrictions. However, in economic terms, work became a commodity that could be freely withdrawn. Thus, work was not guaranteed for everyone, so unemployment became unavoidable. Furthermore, the unequal distribution of wealth produced by work became problematic. Optimistic liberal economists thought that these problems could be solved by further development of the economy.Two reactions to this economized concept of work were particularly remarkable. The first of these was the French Revolution. During the revolution, demand for equality and opposition to a free market economy grew. The other remarkable reaction was German idealistic philosophy. For Fichte, work was the means to freedom, while Hegel thought that, through work, individuals could aid the development of a world of reason
『はじめに音楽、次に言葉』をめぐって : 近世音楽思想における「声楽」の問題
Get PDFWhat is vocal music? The purpose of this study is to reveal the true nature of vocal music through a close study of the connection between music and language in the eighteenth century. It will first refer to the “querelle des bouffons,” a controversy about the strengths and weaknesses of Italian and French opera. Underlying this controversy is the issue of the relationship between music and language. This study will examine the outline of this controversy and establish that it is at root a linguistic one. It will then analyse Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s famous Essai sur l’origine des langues. From the standpoint of language, Rousseau thought that the essence of music is melody. Finally, it will elucidate the meaning of music and language in vocal music for the purpose of eliminating the conflict between melody and harmony. It will reveal the meaning of Prima la musica e poi le parole by referring to Wilhelm Furtwängler’s Ton und Wort.声楽とはなにか。本論文の目的は、18世紀における「音楽」と「言葉」の関係をみることで声楽の本質を浮きあがらせることにある。ここで参照したいのは、18世紀におけるブッフォン論争である。これは、イタリア・オペラとフランス・オペラの優劣に関する論争であったが、その根底には、まさに、音楽と言葉をめぐる問題が存していた。そこで、まずブッフォン論争の概要を検討して、問題が言語的特色にあることを確認する。次にこの言語的特色に関するJ.J.ルソーの主張を、彼の有名な『言語起源論』からみていこうと思う。ルソーは、「言葉」を重視する立場から、音楽の本質は旋律にあると考えていた。そこで、次に旋律と和声の対立の解消のために、声楽に内在する「音楽」と「言葉」の意味を浮かび上がらせることにしようと思う。ここでは、ドイツの指揮者W.フルトヴェングラーの『音と言葉』を参照し、“Prima la musica”ということの意味を示していきたいと思う
日本手話の視線の役割
Get PDFNative signers of Japanese Sign Language make eye-contact with the addressee at the beginning and the end of utterances. This article argues that signers’ gazes establish the utterance event in time and space, which is incorporated in the common ground for the interpretation of the signed utterance. The signer’s gaze is shifted when the signer describes an event from someone else’s viewpoint, a phenomenon often referred to as Role Shift. This article proposes that the ability of the signer’s gaze to set up the actual utterance event in time and space also serves to establish the time and space of a new event seen from a point of view other than that of the current signer. The two types of Role Shift, quotational Role Shift and action Role Shift, have scope over vP, the constituent that characterizes events. The differences between the two types are claimed to be based on the difference between utterance/thought events, which involve de se awareness, and non-cognitive physical events.本稿は、日本手話の発話者の視線が、文全体および文中の要素の意味解釈の基盤となる時空間を設定する役割を果たすことを示す。手話の発話では、冒頭と終了時の発話者の視線が、発話者・受信者および発話空間と発話時、すなわち発話事象の存在を確定する積極的な役割を果たす。さらに、発話時の発話者自身とは別の人物の発話・認識・行動・体験をその人物の視点から表現するロールシフトRole Shift （RS）では、発話者の視線の方向が変わり、視線によって現実の発話事象とは異なる事象が新たに設定される。本稿では、日本手話の例文の調査に基づき、二種類のロールシフトはいずれも統語構造内のvPを作用域とすること、両者の間に観察される違いは、表出される事象が発話・思考であるか行動であるかに帰因すると論じる
ディアスポラの言語、メディア、そしてアイデンティティ : 日本人海外在住経験者のメディア利用とその影響を中心として
Get PDFA diaspora is a population that has dispersed from its original home country to another country. Diasporas are increasing owing to the growth in human mobility. This study explores media consumption, language experience and cultural identity among the Japanese diaspora in comparison to the findings of previous studies conducted on the diasporas of various ethnic groups. The diaspora has access to multiple media sources including homeland and ethnic media, and media in the host society. Transnational media has increased the opportunities for members of the diaspora to acquire information and interact with people in their home country, which in turn leads to the maintenance and expansion of their ties to the home country. On the other hand, the diaspora likely has fewer opportunities to use the host societyʼs media to deepen their understanding of the host society, interact with people in the host society, and take part in the community. Previous literature has indicated that there are two main motives for the consumption of homeland media in the context of diaspora: entertainment and information. Due to language proficiency and cultural proximity, pastime is considered as an important motivating factor for homeland and ethnic media use. Members of the diaspora also use those media to maintain and reinforce their ethnic resources. In addition, diasporas keep up with current events and issues in their homeland to communicate and share with other members of the diaspora in the host country and people in the homeland.The study drew on two online surveys of media consumption, language experience and cultural identity among Japanese who have lived abroad for more than six months within five years at the time of the survey. The results highlighted that many respondents consumed Japanese media when they lived outside of Japan. The most important reason for using Japanese media was interpersonal interaction with Japanese people in their home and host country. Attitude toward homeland was another factor that fostered the homeland media use, and the longer they lived abroad, the more they used homeland media. In the case of staying abroad for a short period, there was a tendency to refrain from using homeland media, focusing on achieving goals such as learning the language and adapting to the host society. The motivations for using homeland media included emotional and intrinsic factors, such as the attachment to the homeland and entertainment, and instrumental factors that are useful for interacting with people in the home and host country. It was interesting to note that some respondents use media to compare viewpoints on global issues between Japan and the host society, and to acquire information on relations between Japan and neighboring countries. The perceived effects of consuming homeland media included four dimensions: heavy viewing, reaffirming ethnicity as Japanese, mental comfort and impact on the sense of place. Regarding social media, a large number of respondents had used some kind of social media, which played a significant role in interaction with Japanese people online and adaptation to the home country when they return to Japan. Additionally, almost half of the respondents relied on ethnic media in a host society for acquiring local news in Japanese and interacting with Japanese people in the host society.Overall, the current situation, that the diaspora has real-time access to the home country information from a place far away from the home country, has great significance not only for connecting with the home country but also for being included in the host society. Most studies have focused on the exclusive sense of belonging to the national and ethnic identities, but it will be necessary to take a more detailed approach from the perspective of the diaspora
